Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century

by Peter Watson

  2. John Rewald, Cézanne and America: Dealers, Collectors, Artists and Critics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989, page 175.

  3. Judith Zilczer, The Noble Buyer: John Quinn, Patron of the Avant-Garde, Washington, D.c.: Published for the Hirschhorn Museum by the Smithsonian Institution Press.

  4. Milton Brown, The Story of the Armory Show, New York: Abbeville Press, 1988, pages 107ff.

  5. Peter Watson, From Manet to Manhattan: The Rise of the Modern Art Market, London: Hutchinson, 1992; New York: Random House, 1992, pages 176ff.

  6. Rewald, Op. cit., pages 166–168; Brown, Op. cit., pages 64–73.

  7. Watson, Op. cit., page 179.

  8. Brown, Op. cit., pages 133ff.

  9. Ibid., page 143.

  10. Ibid., pages 119ff and 238–239.

  11. Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years, Op. at., pages 282–283.

  12. Marcel Adéma, Apollinaire, London: Heinemann, 1954, page 162.

  13. Ibid., pages 163–164; Everdell, Op. cit., page 330.

  14. Adéma, Op. cit., page 164.

  15. Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 330.

  16. For an excellent introduction to Apollinaire, see: Shattuck, The Banquet Years, Op. cit., chapters 9 and 10, pages 253–322.

  17. Schonberg, The Lives of the Great Composers, Op. cit., page 431.

  18. Everdell, Op. cit., pages 329–330.

  19. Peter Watson, Nureyev: A Biography, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1994, pages 87–88.

  20. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 433.

  21. Ibid.

  22. Ibid., page 434.

  23. Ibid.

  24. Richard Buckle, Diaghilev, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979, page 175.

  25. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 430.

  26. Everdell, Op. cit., page 331.

  27. Buckle, Op. cit., page 251.

  28. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 431; Buckle, Op. cit., page 253.

  29. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 431.

  30. Buckle, Op. cit., page 254.

  31. Ibid., page 255.

  32. Everdell, Op. cit., page 333.

  33. Henri Quittard, Le Figaro, 31 May 1913; quoted in Everdell, Op. cit., page 333. The reference to the ‘music subconscious’ is in Schonberg, Op. cit., page 432.

  34. Everdell, Op. cit., page 335.

  35. Clark, Einstein, Op. at., page 199.

  36. White and Gribbin, Einstein, Op. cit., pages 132–133.

  37. Clark, Einstein, Op. cit., page 241.

  38. White and Gribbin, Op. at., page 135.

  39. C. P. Snow, The Physicists, London: Macmillan, 1981, page 56.

  40. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Op. cit., page 69; Snow, Op. cit., page 58.

  41. Ruth Moore, Niels Bohr: The Man and the Scientist, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1967, page 71. See also Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 69–70.

  42. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 70ff.

  43. Moore, Op. cit., page 59.

  44. Snow, Op. cit., page 57.

  45. Ibid., page 58.

  46. David Luke, Introduction, in Thomas Mann, Death in Venice and Other Stories, translated and with an introduction by David Luke, London: Minerva, 1990, page ix.

  47. Ibid., page xxxv.

  48. Ronald Hayman, Thomas Mann, New York: Scribner, 1995, page 252.

  49. Luke, Op. cit., pages xxxiv-xli.

  50. Brenda Maddox, The Married Man: A Life of D. H. Lawrence, London: Sinclair Stevenson, 1994, page 36.

  51. Helen Baron and Carl Baron, Introduction to: D. H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers, London: Heinemann, 1913; reprinted Cambridge University Press and Penguin Books, 1992, page xviii.

  52. James T. Boulton (editor), The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, volume 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pages 476–477; quoted in Baron and Baron, Op. cit., page xix.

  53. Baron and Baron, Op. cit., page xviii.

  54. See: George Painter, Marcel Proust: A Biography, volume 2, London: Chatto & Windus, 1965, especially chapter 3. For the note on the unconscious, see Harold March, The Two Worlds of Marcel Proust, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948, pages 241 and 245.

  55. See the index in Painter, Op. cit., for details, pages 407ff.

  56. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., pages 305–306.

  57. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., page 76, for the links Freud saw between Viennese social life and ‘frustration.’

  58. Frank McLynn, Carl Gustav Jung, London: Bantam Press, 1996, page 72.

  59. Ibid., pages 176ff.

  60. Barbara Hannah, Jung: His Life and Work, London: Michael Joseph, 1977, page 69.

  61. J. A. C. Brown, Freud and the Post-Freudians, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961, page 43. See also pages 46 and 48 for Jung’s theory of the racial and collective unconscious, and page 43 for the ‘evidence’ in support of his theories.

  62. McLynn, Op. cit., page 305. Brown, Op. cit., page 43.

  63. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., page 332.

  64. Richard Noll, The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Gustav Jung, London: Macmillan, 1997, page 108.

  65. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., page 331.

  66. Ibid., page 352.

  67. Ibid.

  68. Peter Gay, A Life for Our Time, London: J. M. Dent, 1988, page 332.

  69. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., page 356.

  70. Gay, Op. cit., page 242, who raises the question as to whether Freud ‘needed’ to make his friends into enemies.

  71. Robert Frost, Op. cit., verse 4: ‘Reluctance,’ page 38.

  CHAPTER 9: COUNTER-ATTACK

  1. Ronald Clark, Freud, Op. cit., page 366.

  2. Ibid., page 366.

  3. Caroline Moorehead, Bertrand Russell: A Life, Op. cit., page 205.

  4. John Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 1907–1917: The Painter of Modem Life, volume 2, London: Jonathan Cape, 1996, pages 344–345.

  5. Everdell, The First Modems, Op. cit., page 346.

  6. Ibid.

  7. Ibid.

  8. See for example: Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975; and Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

  9. Fussell, Op. cit., page 9.

  10. Ibid., page 11.

  11. Bid., page 13.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Ibid., page 14.

  14. Ibid., page 41.

  15. Ibid., page 18.

  16. Maxwell Maitz, The Evolution of Plastic Surgery, New York: Froben Press, 1946, page 268.

  17. Kenneth Walker, The Story of Blood, London: Herbert Jenkins, 1958, page 144.

  18. Walker, Op. cit., pages 152–153.

  19. Harley Williams, Your Heart, London: Cassell, 1970, pages 74ff.

  20. Walker, Op. cit., page 144.

  21. Encyclopaedia Britannica, London: William Bennett, 1963, volume 3, page 808.

  22. Walker, Op. cit., pages 148–149.

  23. Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, New York: W. W Norton, 1981. Revised and expanded, Penguin, 1997, page 179.

  24. Raymond E. Fancher, The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy, New York: W. W. Norton, 1985, page 60.

  25. Gould, Op. cit., page 179.

  26. Ibid., page 386.

  27. Ibid., page 188.

  28. Fancher, Op. cit., page 107.

  29. Gould, Op. cit., page 190.

  30. H.J. Eysenck and Leon Kamin, Intelligence: The Battle for the Mind, London: Macmillan, 1981, page 93.

  31. Gould, Op. cit., pages 286ff.

  32. Fancher, Op. cit., pages 136–137.

  33. Ibid., pages 144–145.

  34. Gould, Op. cit., page 222.

  35. Ibid., page 223.

  36. Ibid., page 224.

  37. Fancher, Op. cit., pages 124ff.

  38. Gould, Op. cit., page 227.

  39. Ibid., pages 254ff.

  40. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., pages 366–367.

  41. Ibid., page 375.

>   42. John Rawlings Rees, The Shaping of Psychiatry by War, New York: W. W. Norton, 1945, page 113.

  43. Rees, Op. cit., page 28.

  44. Emanuel Miller (editor), The Neuroses in War, London: Macmillan, 1945, page 8.

  45. Peter Gay, Op. cit., page 376.

  46. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., pages 386–387.

  47. Ibid., pages 404–405.

  48. Fussell, Op. cit., page 355.

  49. Bernard Bergonzi, Heroes’ Twilight: A Study of the Literature of the Great War, London: Macmillan, 1978, page 32.

  50. Ibid., pages 42 and 44.

  51. Ibid., page 36.

  52. John Silkin, Out of Battle, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972, page 65.

  53. Bergonzi, Op. cit., page 41.

  54. Ibid.

  55. Martin Seymour-Smith, Robert Graves: His Life and Work, London: Bloomsbury, 1995, pages 49–50.

  56. Bergonzi, Op. cit., pages 65–66; Desmond Graham, ‘Poetry of the First World War,’ in Dod-sworth (editor). Op. cit., page 124.

  57. Martin Seymour-Smith, ‘Graves’, in Ian Hamilton (editor), The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, page 194.

  58. Silkin, Op. cit., page 249.

  59. Ibid., page 250.

  60. Ibid., page 276.

  61. Kenneth Simcox, Wilfred Owen: Anthem for a Doomed Youth, London: The Woburn Press, 1987, pages 5 off.

  62. Simcox, Op. cit., page 129.

  63. Bergonzi, Op. cit., page 127 and Silkin, Op. cit., page 207.

  64. Silkin, Op. cit., page 232.

  65. Fussell, Op. cit., pages 7–18 and 79 (for the ‘versus habit’).

  66. Winter, Op. cit., pages 78ff.

  67. Ibid., page 132.

  68. Ibid., page 57.

  69. Ibid., pages 133ff.

  70. Ray Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius, London: Jonathan Cape, 1990, page 112.

  71. Ibid., page 112.

  72. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 167ff.

  73. Monk, Op. cit., page 12.

  74. Ibid., page 15.

  75. Ibid., pages 30–33.

  76. Brian McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life, Volume One, Young Ludwig, 1889–1921, London: Duckworth, 1988, page 84.

  77. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., page 176.

  78. Monk, Op. cit., page 48.

  79. McGuinness, Op. cit., pages 179–180.

  80. Monk, Op. cit., page 138.

  81. Ibid., page 145.

  82. McGuinness, Op. cit., page 263.

  83. Monk, Op. cit., pages 149–150.

  84. McGuinness, Op. cit., page 264.

  85. Georg Henrik von Wright, Wittgenstein, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982, page 77.

  86. Monk, Op. cit., pages 157 and 180ff.

  87. Magee, Op. cit., page 82; Monk, Op. cit., page 215.

  88. Ibid., page 222.

  89. See Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., for comments on both the Vienna Circle and Wittgenstein (pages 214–215) and some other reactions to Tractatus (pages 180–201).

  90. Monk, Op. cit., page 156. For details, with Commentary, see McGuinness, Op. cit., chapter 9, pages 296–316. P. M. S. Hacker, Wittgenstein, London: Phoenix, 1997, passim.

  91. McGuinness, Op. cit., page 300. Magee, Op. cit., pages 80 and 85.

  92. Van Wright, Op. cit., page 145.

  93. For this paragraph I have relied on: Robert Short, ‘Dada and Surrealism’, in Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (editors), Modernism, Op. cit., page 293.

  94. William S. Rubin, Dada and Surrealist Art, London: Thames & Hudson, 1969, page 63.

  95. Short, Op. cit., page 295.

  96. Rubin, Op. cit., page 36.

  97. Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 61.

  98. Short, Op. cit., page 295.

  99. Hughes, Op. cit., page 61.

  100. Rubin, Op. cit., pages 40–41.

  101. Hughes, Op. cit., page 61.

  102. Rubin, Op. cit., pages 52–56.

  103. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 64–66.

  104. Ibid., pages 67–68.

  105. Short, Op. cit., page 296.

  106. Ibid.

  107. Rubin, Op. cit., pages 42–46.

  108. Ibid.

  109. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 75–78.

  110. Short, Op. cit., page 299.

  111. Ibid., page 300.

  112. Ibid., page 300.

  113. Anna Balakian, André Breton: Magus of Surrealism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1971, pages 61 and 86–101.

  114. Short, Op. cit., page 300.

  115. Beverly Whitney Kean, French Painters, Russian Collectors, London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1985, page 144.

  116. Hughes, Op. cit., page 81.

  117. L. A. Magnus and K. Walter, Introduction to Three Plays of A. V Lunacharski, London: George Roudedge & Co., 1923, page v.

  118. For a discussion of this see: Timothy Edward O’Connor, The Politics of Soviet Culture: Anatoli Lunacharskii, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1983, pages 68–69.

  119. Magnus and Walter, Op. cit., page vii.

  120. Hughes, Op. cit., page 87.

  121. Ibid.

  122. Ibid.

  123. Galina Demosfenova, Malevich: Artist and Theoretician, Paris: Flammarion, 1990, page 10.

  124. Ibid., page 14.

  125. Hughes, Op. cit., page 89.

  126. Demosfenova, Op. cit., page 14.

  127. Hughes, Op. cit., page 89.

  128. Demosfenova, Op. cit., pages 197–198.

  129. Hughes, Op. cit., page 92.

  130. Magdalena Dabrowski, Leah Dickerman and Peter Galassi, Aleksandr Rodchenko, New York: Harry. N. Abrams, 1998, pages 44–45.

  131. Hughes, Op. cit., page 93.

  132. Ibid., page 95.

  133. Dabrowksi et ai, Op. cit., pages 63ff.

  134. Ibid., page 124.

  135. ‘The Future is our only Goal’, in Peter Noever (editor), Aleksandr Rodchenko and Varvora F. Stepanova, Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1991, page 158.

  136. ‘The Discipline of Construction, leader Rodchenko’, in Noever, Op. cit., page 237.

  CHAPTER 10: ECLIPSE

  1. Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, translated by Charles Francis Atkinson, published in two volumes: volume one: Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Gestalt und Wirklichkeit, Munich: C. H. Beck’sche Verlags Buchhandlung, 1918; and volume two: Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Welt Historische Perspektiven, same publisher, 1922.

  2. See also: Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western History, Op. cit., page 228.

  3. Ibid., pages 231–232.

  4. Arthur Helps (editor and translator), Spengler Letters, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966, page 17. Herman, Op. cit., pages 233–234.

  5. Herman, Op. cit., page 234.

  6. Ibid., page 235.

  7. Spengler, Op. cit., volume one, page 21.

  8. Spengler, Op. cit., volume two, page 90. See also: Herman, Op. cit., page 240.

  9. Helps, Op. cit., page 31, letter to Hans Klöres, 25 October 1914.

  10. Thomas Mann, Diaries, 1918–1939, entry for 2 July 1919, Frankfurt, 1979–82, Peter de Mendelssohn (editor), pages 61–64.

  11. Herman, Op. cit., pages 244–245.

  12. Helps, Op. cit., page 133, letter to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 18 September, 1923.

  13. Herman, Op. cit., page 246–247.

  14. Bruce Arnold, Orpen: Mirror to an Age, London: Jonathan Cape, 1981, page 365. ‘The Signing of the Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919’, oil on canvas, 60×50 inches, is in the Imperial War Museum, London.

  15. D. E. Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography, London and New York: Roudedge, 1992, page 6. Women were not allowed to graduate at Cambridge until 1947.

  16. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, volume one: Hopes Betrayed, London: Macmillan, 1983, page 131.

  17. Ibid., page 176.

  18. Moggridge, Op. cit., pages 282–283.
<
br />   19. Skidelsky, Op. cit., page 382.

  20. John Howard Morrow, The Great War in the Air: Military Aviation from 1909–1921, Washington D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993, page 354.

  21. Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914–1918, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986, pages 839–841.

  22. Moggridge, Op. cit., pages 341ff; Skidelsky, Op. cit., pages 397ff; Etienne Mantoux, The Carthaginian Peace; or, The Economic Consequences of Mr Keynes, London: Oxford University Press, 1946.

  23. The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) is now available as volume II (1971) of The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (30 vols 1971–1989), Managing Editors Sir Austin Robinson and Donald Moggridge, London: Macmillan, 1971–1989.

  24. John Fairbanks, China, Op. cit., pages 267–268. Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, The Rise of Modern China, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, revised edition, 1983, page 501, says 5,000.

  25. Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 268; Hsü, Op. cit., pages 569–570.

  26. Chow Tse-tung, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1960, pages 84ff and Part Two, pages 269ff.

  27. Hsü, Op. cit., pages 422–423.

  28. Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 258.

  29. Ibid., pages 261–264.

  30. Ibid., page 265.

  31. Ibid.

  32. Tse-tung, Op. cit., pages 171ff.

  33. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 266.

  34. Ibid.

  35. Hsü, Op. cit., pages 569–570.

  36. See Tse-tung, Op. cit., pages 178–179 for a list.

  37. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 268.

  38. Ibid., pages 269ff.

  39. Paul Johnson, The Modem World, Op. cit., page 197. Fairbanks, Op. cit., pages 275–276.

  40. William Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., page 73.

  41. Ibid.

  42. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., pages 239–240.

  43. M. Weatherall, In Search of a Cure, Op. cit., page 128.

  44. Arpad Kadarkay, Georg Lukács: Life, Thought and Politics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991, page 177. Mary Gluck, Georg Lukács and His Generation, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1985, page 14.

  45. Ibid., page 22, for the discussion of Simmel, page 131 for Gauguin and page 147 for the Manet remark.

  46. Ibid., page 154.

  47. Ibid., pages 154–155.

  48. Ibid., pages 156ff

  49. Kadarkay, Op. cit., page 195.

  50. Gluck, Op. cit., page 204.