Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941-1942
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ABDACOM in, 190
British air defenses in, 49–50
Japanese attack on, 36, 48, 54, 64, 141, 172, 182, 234, 244–48, 250, 253, 271, 312, 319, 410
rubber plantations and tin mines in, 248
Malay barrier, 262, 263
Malay Peninsula, 236, 245, 249
Malays, British army discrimination against, 247, 248–49
Maloelap, Enterprise carrier raid on, 203, 212, 215, 217, 220
Malta, 265
Manchester, William, 67
Manchukuo, 85
Manchuria, xviii, xxiv, xxix
Japanese annexation of, 85–86, 88–91, 107, 111, 276
Soviet border with, 111
Mandates, 316
Manila, xxxii, 48
Japanese advance on, 237–41
Manila Bay, 52, 237, 241
Mao Tse-tung, 91
Marblehead, USS, 254
Marcus Island, 230, 278
Marianas, 82, 384, 404
Marine Guard, 397
Marines, U.S., 26, 28, 34
aviators of, 426
Efate fighter squadron, 392
1st Marine Defense Battalion, 140
4th Marine Defense Battalion, 150
Marine Fighting Squadron 211 (VMF-211), 140, 141, 146, 323
Marine Fighting Squadron 221, 410
Marine Squadron VMSB-241, 414–15, 464
in Samoa, 202–3, 205
in simulated combat exercises, 7
on Wake Island, 140–47, 151–56
Marshall, George Catlett, 15, 162, 169, 179–80, 239, 386, 389
Admiral King as partner with, 196–97, 267
command unity promoted by, 188–93, 235
on FDR, 242–43
Hawaii attacks anticipated by, 316
Marshall Islands, 21, 48, 82, 139, 140, 141, 143, 150, 153, 199, 384
Japanese airfield on, 406
U.S. carrier raids on, 200–231, 218, 278
Marshalls Defense Force, 222
Martin, Joseph, 30
Martin B-26 Marauder bomber, 340, 411–12, 413
Maruyama, Taisuke, 448, 450, 454–55, 463
Marxism, 76
Maryland, USS, 10, 39
Mason, Theodore, 12, 16, 20, 33, 38–39
Masuda, Reiji, 238–39, 259
Matthews, Martin, 10
Mayflower, xxxiii
Mayflower Hotel, 173
McAlister, John A., 145
McCain, J. S., 318
McClusky, Clarence “Mac,” Jr., 421, 426–29, 431–32, 444
McClusky, Wade, 216, 225
McCrea, John L., 180
McCuskey, E. Scott, 399, 444, 449
McGoran, John H., 12
McIntire, Ross T., 178
McKinley, William, 201
administration of, xxxvi
McMorris, Charles H., 150, 153, 155
Mears, Fred, 400–402, 418–19, 427, 466, 472–73, 476
Medal of Honor, 353
Mediterranean, xxxiii, 265
Meiji Constitution of 1889, 78, 120
Meiji emperor, xix, xxv–xxvi, 77, 78, 108
Meiji Restoration, xxv, xxvii
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 115
Melbourne, cryptanalytic unit in, 310, 315, 387, 480
Menado Peninsula, 234
message externals, 306
Mexico, xxxii
Michener, James, 328–29
Micronesia, 82
Middle East, 25
Australian troops in, 264
Midway, Battle of, 95, 229, 339, 377–83, 402–66
Allied victory in, 471–73, 479, 482–83
compromises in Japanese planning of, 379–80
Coral Sea carriers missing from, 375
Japanese media distortions of, 483–84
Japanese naval forces at, 407
Japanese plans for, 36, 47, 277–81, 301, 320, 322, 377–83
Japanese withdrawal from, 462
Kondo’s suggested postponement of, 382
motivation for, 379–80
myths about, 396
orders and preparations for, 392–402
piecing together story of, 437, 472–73
radio intelligence and, 311–12, 315, 384–91, 480–81
segregation of Japanese veterans of, 484–85
wargaming of, 381–82
Midway atoll, 140, 232, 464
U.S. airpower on, 381, 407–8, 409–14, 419, 461–62, 465, 477
Midway Invasion Force, 462
Mikuma, 464–66
Mili, Yorktown carrier raid on, 203, 205, 226
Military Academy, U.S. (West Point), xv, 131
Miller, Henry F., 284–85, 293
Mindanao, 48, 234, 243, 490
Ministry of War, Japanese, 89
Minneapolis, USS, 22, 323, 358, 367
Minobe, Tatsukichi, 88
Misima Island, 340
Mississippi River, 44
Mitchell Field, 43
Mitscher, Marc, 290, 453, 477
Mitsubishi, 86, 92, 93
Mitsubishi A5M Type 96 “Claude” airplane, 92–93, 217–19, 341
Mitsubishi AGM “Zero,” 11, 48, 49, 51–52, 58, 93–94, 101, 154, 213, 217, 316, 341–42, 352, 353, 354, 358, 370, 376, 378, 400, 410, 485
as accompaniment to bomber, 233, 344–45
dogfighting with, 51–52, 209, 254, 399
at Midway, 41, 408, 411, 413–15, 422–26, 428–31, 433–35, 442, 444, 448, 454, 455, 465, 478
weaknesses of, 337
Mitsubishi G3M “Nell” bomber, 48, 49, 54, 93, 140, 142–43, 219, 222, 224–25, 254
torpedo-armed, 55
Mitsubishi G4M “Betty” bomber, 48, 54, 93
torpedo-armed, 55, 66
Mitsui, 86
Miwa, Yoshitake, 75, 230–32, 276
Miyashita, Hachiro, 353, 371
Miyo, Tatsukichi, 280–81
Moana Hotel, 475
Mogami, 464–66
Molucca Sea, 234
Monroe Doctrine, xx, 82
Montauk Point, 43
Moorer, Thomas H., 22
Moran, Lord (Sir Charles Wilson), 173, 177, 193, 194
Moreell, Ben, 126
Morinaga, Takayoshi, 439–40
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 147, 158, 201, 230, 233, 330–31
Morita, Akio, 88
Morotai, 490
Morris, USS, 368
Moscow:
German forces stopped at, 182
siege of, 60
Mount Fuji, 100
Mount Natib, 240
Mukden, 85
Battle of, xxv
Mukden Incident, 85–86
Munitions Building, 124
Murray, George D., 223–25
Musashi, 103–6, 482
Musashi, Miyamoto, xix, 477
Musashino, 92
Mussolini, Benito, 25, 59–60, 115
Mutsu, 105
Mutsuhito, see Meiji emperor
Mutsuki, 146
Nachi, 257, 259
Nagano, Osami, 116, 301, 378
Naganuma, Michitaro, 440
Nagaoka, 68, 71
Nagara, 441, 475
Nagasaki, 84, 103–5, 482
atomic bombing of, 491
Nagato, 65–66, 75, 105, 117, 255, 272
Nagoya, 92, 286
Nagumo, Chuichi, 40, 231, 254–55, 262, 275, 286, 307, 474–75, 485–86
Indian Ocean raid of, 255, 264–66, 293, 295, 315–16, 321–22
in Midway operations, 379, 381–82, 390, 402, 404, 406, 409, 411–16, 426, 431, 441, 447, 455–56, 460, 462–63, 477–78
at Pearl Harbor, 65–66, 119, 122, 209, 487
suicide contemplated by, 474
Nakai, Kazuo, 222, 224
Nakajima B5N2 Type 97 “Kate” carrier attack plane, 93, 117–18, 212, 344–45, 347, 355, 358, 404, 412, 439–40, 442, 448–49
Nakajima Ki-27 Type 97 “Nate” plane, 213–14
Nakazawa, Iwao, 445
Namur Island, 213
Nanchang, 300
Nanking, 111
Japanese atrocities at, 91, 300–301
Napoleon I, emperor of France, xxiv
Napoleonic Wars, 164
Nashville, USS, 288–89
National Airport, 172–73
National Guard, 148
District of Columbia, 25–26
ethnic Japanese in Hawaiian, 149
National Mobilization Law of 1937, 106
National Spiritual Mobilization, 113
“National Spiritual Motivation,” 108
Nautilus, USS, 415, 427
Naval Air Command, Japanese, Technical Department of, 94
Naval Air Corps, Japanese, 101–2
Naval Air Station, 164
Pensacola, 202
naval arms race, xvii
Naval Communications, Office of (ONC), 310
naval doctrine, xiii
Naval General Board, U.S., 130
Naval General Staff, Japanese (NGS), 63, 65, 66, 102, 119, 274–76, 279–81, 301, 389, 482
Aleutians operation as pet project of, 379–80
rivalry of Combined Fleet with, 389
Naval Institute, 303
Naval Institute Proceedings, 132, 164
Naval Intelligence, Office of (ONI), 202, 310
Naval Observatory, 171
naval officers, qualities of, xiv–xvi, xxiii–xxiv
Naval Postgraduate School, 164
Naval Radio Intelligence Section (OP-20-G), 309–12, 316, 386–87, 480–81
Naval Reserve Midshipman’s School, 133–34
Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), 136–37
Naval Staff College, Japanese, xix, 69
Naval War College, U.S., xvi–xvii, xxxiii–xxxiv, 132–33, 164, 202
naval warfare, pace of change in, xiii
Navy, British, see Royal Navy, British
Navy, Japanese, see Imperial Navy, Japanese
Navy, Russian, xxxiv, 274, 275
Navy, U.S., xxvi–xxvii, xxxiv, 180, 186, 190, 199, 275, 375, 381, 484
access to Pacific by, xxxi
Annapolis grads vs. reservists in, 136–37
Army friction with, 268
Asiatic Fleet of, see Asiatic Fleet, U.S.
aviators of, 202, 282–83, 318, 335, 336–37, 426, 472, 475–76
battle fleet world tour of, xxxii–xxxiii, xxxiv
battleships in, 83, 102
buildup of, 123, 137, 138, 194, 200, 204, 317, 373, 478, 489
Bureau of Aeronautics of, 164, 165
Bureau of Navigation of, 127–28, 136, 318
Bureau of Yards and Docks of, 126
career officers in, 158
carrier groups in, 150–51
change feared in, xxii–xxiii
criticism of, 45, 47–48, 127, 158
FDR and, xxxvi, 28–29
Fifth Fleet of, 384, 395
First Fleet of, 384
General Board of, 168, 194, 489
Japanese attack on Cavite and, 52–53
new aerial search pattern set up by, 43
officers of, xxii–xxiv
Pacific Fleet of, see Pacific Fleet, U.S.
Pacific fuel reserves of, 31
patrol planes of, 21–22
Pearl Harbor and damage to, 30, 39, 44–45
preparedness of, xxxiv
recruits into, 489–91
reform of, xix–xxiv, xxxi, 28, 164
in retreat to Bataan, 237–38
rookie pilots in, 399–401
Second Fleet of, 384
shift from battleships to aircraft carriers by, 56–57, 194
in simulated combat exercises, 7
Task Force 8 of, 39–42
Third Fleet of, 395
TR’s campaign to expand, xix–xxiv
and unified command, 189–90
Wake Island and, see Wake Island
women as yeomen in, 137
“young Turks” in, xxiii
navy bureaus, U.S., xxii
Navy Department, Japanese, 65
Navy Department, U.S., 14, 26, 44, 45, 481
in Depression era, 125
in wake of Pearl Harbor attacks, 124–28, 139
Navy Headquarters, U.S. (“Main Navy”), 124–25, 169, 170, 179, 304
Navy Ministry, Japanese, 87, 114, 120, 273, 281, 484
Navy Order No. 18, 378
Navy Yard Hospital, 11
Nazism, 115
NBC radio, 23
Neches, USS, 151
Nelson, Horatio, 67–68, 72, 156, 158
Neosho, USS, 12, 329, 330, 333, 338, 344–47, 374
Neptune’s Court, in equator-crossing ritual, 326–27
Netherlands, 53, 116, 236
ABDA fleet commanded by, 253–60, 262
government-in-exile of, 253
Pacific forces of, 181, 182, 188, 253
Nevada, USS, 20, 40, 42
New Britain, 202, 229, 277, 306, 316
New Brunswick, 28
Newburg, Peter, 348
New Caledonia, 182, 184, 186, 187, 277, 280, 328, 370
Japanese plans to attack, 281, 301, 311, 319, 381, 382, 385
seaplane base in, 335
New Deal, 126
New England, 43
New Guinea, 181, 182, 276, 338
ABDACOM in, 190
Australian base on, 301
carrier attacks on, 278
Japanese airbases at, 230, 320, 333, 335
Japanese invasion forces and, 264, 315, 316, 319, 334, 337
New Hebrides, 182, 184, 311, 319, 328, 387
New Ireland, 320
New London, Conn., 164
New Order in Greater East Asia, 66, 271–72
New Orleans, USS, 323
Newport, R.I., xvi, xxxiii, 169, 170
Newsweek, 176
New York, N.Y., xviii
air raid sirens in, 43
New York Sun, xxx–xxxi, 27, 126, 129
New York Times, xxxv, 30, 129, 486
New Zealand, 25, 181, 182, 186, 205, 267, 318
Pacific Forces of, 188
Nichi Nichi, 483
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, xxiv, xxviii
Nielsen, John, 340
night surface attack, 460
Nihon University, 115
Niigata prefecture, 68
Nimitz, Anne Elizabeth, 133
Nimitz, Catherine Vance (daughter), 133
Nimitz, Catherine Vance Freeman (wife), 129–30, 133
Nimitz’s letters to, 134, 138, 139, 199
Nimitz, Chester, Junior, 133, 135–36
Nimitz, Chester W., 69, 201, 289, 476, 482
Admiral King’s meetings with, 317–18
Admiral King’s relationship with, 199
appearance of, 127–28
appointed to Pacific Fleet, 127, 129, 152, 169, 305
background and naval career of, 130–33
Battle of Midway Island and, 380, 385–86, 387–90, 392, 396–97, 399, 401, 406, 459, 473–75, 477–78, 480, 481
Battle of the Coral Sea and, 328, 333, 334, 337, 369, 373, 375
character and personality of, 129, 135–36, 137–38, 158–59, 401
as CINCPAC-CINCPOA, 268
on Germany-first principle, 181
intelligence information used by, 307, 308, 311–12, 315–17, 337, 480
in journey to Pearl Harbor, 130, 133–34, 138–39, 150, 152, 157
and Marshalls raid, 200, 202, 207–8, 227–28
Midway-Hawaii-U.S. seaways and, 182
new fleet for, 200
orders to Lexington from, 328
Nimitz, Chester W. (continued)
Pearl Harbor quarters of, 157–58
press relations of, 228
submarine Grayling as flagship of, 160
U.S.-Australia lifeline and, 182
Nimitz, Mary Manson, 130, 133
Nimitz Hotel, 130, 131
Nisshin, 69, 462
&
nbsp; Nitobe, Inazo, xxvi
Nitta Maru, 288–89, 293
Nobel Peace Prize, xviii
Noda, Mitsuharu, 66–67, 73, 75, 405, 446–47, 475
Nogi, Harumichi, 115, 122–23
Nogi, Maresuke, xxvi, 78
Nomonhan, 111
Nomura, Kichisaburo, 116
Norfolk, Va., 172, 283
North Africa, 198, 265
French, 173
invasion of, 185
Rommel pushed back in, 182
North America, 192
North American B-25 Mitchell bomber, in bombing raid on Japan, 281–300, 315, 318, 319, 400
Northampton, USS, 40, 216, 285
Northern Ireland:
troops scheduled for, 186–87
U.S. forces in, 185
North Pacific, 268, 278, 283, 370, 379, 381, 405
Norway, 202
Nouméa, 335, 370
Numazu, 271
Oahu, 15, 21–23, 30, 31, 40, 65, 139, 140, 148, 149, 150, 157, 226, 277, 285, 298, 311, 317, 383, 385, 388, 392, 397, 402, 406, 417, 471
invasion fears of, 386, 398, 475, 477
Japanese submarine sunk off, 24
long-range patrol planes of, 21–22
military bases on, 7
Oahu Cemetery, Pearl Harbor victims at, 38
Oberlin, Ohio, 23
Oceania, 267
southern, 234
Oerlikon antiaircraft guns, 325–26
Office of Production Management, U.S. (OPM), 488–89
Oglala, USS, 40
Ohara, Hisashi, 431
O’Hare, Butch, 336–37
Ohio, USS, 132
oil, 115, 116, 123, 265
in Borneo and Sumatra, 182, 234, 237
in Persian Gulf, 265
oil refineries, 266
oil tankers, 214
Oite, 145
Okada, Jisaku, 430
Okada, Keisuke, 88
Okinawa, 82, 490
Oklahoma, USS, 10, 18, 31, 39, 126, 157
Okumiya, Masatake, 65, 377, 456, 461
Okuna, Takao, 64
Omi, Heijiro, 295
Ominato, 404
Onishi, Takijiro, 118, 475
OP-20-G (Naval Radio Intelligence Section), 309–12, 316, 386–87, 480–81
Opana, 21
Operation MO, 301, 320–22, 321, 338, 377, 383
Operation Plan 29–42, 390
Osaka, 286
Ota, 92
Oxford University, 113
Pacific Destroyer Force, U.S., 394
Pacific Fleet, U.S., 127, 197, 228, 238, 307, 380
Admiral King’s opposition to giving MacArthur command of, 267
in Battle of Midway, 388
CINCPAC of, see Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet
headquarters of, 393
Nimitz appointed to command of, 127–29
at Pearl Harbor, xxxvi, 9–10, 278
Pearl Harbor alert issued by, 14
Pearl Harbor and destruction of, 30, 39, 44–45, 64, 129, 159, 271
remnants of, 280
replacement of senior admirals in, 317
Yamamoto’s Midway Island plans for, 280–81
Pacific Ocean, xxi, xxx, xxxiii, xxxvi, 29, 83, 109, 170, 190, 231, 237, 276, 293, 384