For the Common Defense
Page 99
SPENDING (MILLION DOLLARS)
STRENGTH U.S. ARMY
SPENDING (MILLION DOLLARS)
STRENGTH U.S. NAVY
STRENGTH USMC
1790
3.9
.632
1,000+ est.
.570
Unknown
(1789–91)
1800
5.3
2.5
4,000+ est.
3.4
5,400
525
1810
7.2
2.2
5,956
1.6
5,149
449
1820
9.6
2.6
10,554
4.3
3,988
571
1830
12.8
4.7
6,122
3.2
4,929
891
1840
17.0
7.0
12,330
6.1
8,017
1,269
1850
23.0
9.4
10,929
7.9
8,794
1,101
1860
31.0
16.4
16,215
11.5
9,942
1,801
1870
39.8
57.6
37,240
21.7
10,562
2,546
1880
50.0
38.1
26,594
13.5
9,361
1,939
1890
62.9
44.5
27,373
22.0
9,246
2,047
1900
75.0
134.0
101,713
55.0
18,796
5,414
1910
91.0
189.0
81,251
123.0
48,533
9,560
1920
105.0
1,600.0
204,292
736.0
121,845
17,165
1930
122.0
464.0
139,378
374.0
96,890
19,380
1940
131.0
907.0
269,023
891.0
160,997
28,345
* * *
Source: Statistical History of the United States, dated volumes. Social Science Research Council, rev. ed., (1965). U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States of America, 1789–1945 (Government Printing Office, 1949).
Appendix C
The Armed Forces of the Cold War and After
* * *
DEFENSE SPENDING (BILLION DOLLARS)
STRENGTH* U.S. ARMY
STRENGTH* U.S. AIR FORCE
STRENGTH* U.S.NAVY
STRENGTH* USMC
1945
80.9
8,200,000
—
3,300,000
475,000
1950
16.5
593,000
411,000
382,000
74,000
1955
32.9
1,100,000
960,000
661,000
205,000
1960
44.3
873,000
815,000
617,000
171,000
1965
50.6
963,000
825,000
670,000
190,000
1970
75.3
1,300,000
791,000
691,000
260,000
1975
86.0
784,000
613,000
535,000
196,000
1980
143.0
777,000
558,000
527,000
188,000
1985
294.0
781,000
602,000
571,000
198,000
1990
301.0
761,000
531,000
578,000
198,000
1995
252.6
509,000
401,000
435,000
175,000
2000
260.8
477,000
353,000
371,000
172,000
2005
401.7
489,000
352,000
359,000
179,000
2010
533.8
565,000
335,000
327,000
202,000
* * *
*Rounded to the thousands.
Source: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1992 (Government Printing Office, 1992), 334–342; Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), www.defense.gov/Releases. (1990–2011).
Appendix D
U.S. Troops Stationed Abroad*
* * *
1995*
2000*
2005*
2010*
Europe
110,359
113,140
98,765
79,687
Former U.S.S.R.
87
152
132
162
Latin America
15,730
1,686
2,043
1,947
North Africa,
4,733
13,113
3,836
3,286
Near East &
South Asia
Iraq and Kuwait
—
—
207,000
85,600
Afghanistan
—
—
20,400
103,700
Pakistan
28
22
146
146
East Asia & Pacific
76,065
76,863
65,646
36,016
Sub-Saharan Africa
696
325
1,576
1,731
Afloat
53,456
115,848
128,398
101,648
* * *
*As of last day of year.
Source: Congressional Research Service and Washington Headquarters Service (Information Operations and Reports, Department of Defense).
Appendix E
American Military and Diplomatic Deaths, Terrorist and Military Actions, 1980–2000
* * *
BATTLE DEATHS
OTHER DEATHS
WOUNDED
Iran Rescue Raid, 1980
0
8
5
Beirut, Lebanon, 1982–1984
263
9
169
Grenada, 1983
18
1
119
Panama, 1989
22
1
324
Mogadishu, Somalia, 1992–1994
29
14
175
Haiti, 1994–1996
0
4
3
Khobar Towers, Saudi Arabia, (Terrorist Attack) 1996
19
0
372
Kenya Tanzania, (Embassy Bombings) 1998
52*
0
12
USS Cole, Yemen, (Terrorist Attack) 2000
17
0
39
* * *
*Includes all U.S. and foreign civilian and military embassy personnel.
Sources: Department of Defense, “Military Casualty Information,” http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm; Center for Defense Information, Military Almanac: 2001–2002, http://www.scribd.com/1Anonymouspatriotusa/d/12928711-Military-Almanac-20012002; Department of State, “Bombings of the US Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on August 7, 1998,” http://www.state.gov/www/regions/africa/board_victims.html.
ALLAN R. MILLETT is University Research Professor, Ambrose Professor of History, and Director of the Eisenhower Center for American Studies at the University of New Orleans. He is also the Major General Raymond E. Mason, Jr., Professor Emeritus of Military History at The Ohio State University.
PETER MASLOWSKI is Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
WILLIAM B. FEIS is Professor of History at Buena Vista University in Storm Lake, Iowa.
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Index
A3D Skywarrior, 483
A–4 Skyhawk, 521, 530
A–6 Intruder, 521
A–6s, 602
A–10s, 604
ABC–1 Staff Agreement (March 1941), 371–73, 377–78
Abercromby, James, 9, 34–35, 38, 39
ABM (anti-ballistic missile) programs, 500, 501, 567, 579, 608
ABM Treaty (1972), 567, 579, 608
Abolitionists, 130–31, 183, 189
Abrams, Creighton W., 546–53, 558, 562
Abrams, Elliott, 636
Abu Ghraib, 647, 665
Acadia, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31
Accelerated Pacification Campaign (APC), 550
Acheson, Dean, 444, 445, 453, 456, 460, 461, 465, 466, 497, 539
AC–130s, 454, 615
Adams, John, 47, 60, 74, 89–91
Adams, Samuel, 54
Adams-Onis Treaty (1821), 127
Adelman, Kenneth, 636
Adenauer, Konrad, 467, 490
ADSIDS, 519
Advanced Base Force, 290, 302
Advanced Research Projects Agency, 489
Aerial rocket artillery (ARA), 531
Afghanistan, 571, 575, 577, 585–87, 606, 613, 624–26, 630–31, 638, 670–79
Afghanistan War (2001–), 635, 640–50, 672–79, 682
Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), 674–77
African Americans. See Blacks
Agency for International Development, 504
Agenda for Peace (Boutros-Ghali), 609
Agent Orange, 532
Age of Limited Warfare, 19
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 267, 273–80
Aideed, Mohamed Farrah, 614, 615
Ainsworth, Fred C., 293, 294
Air Corps, 349, 360–66, 370, 372
Air Corps Act (1926), 349, 360
Air Corps Tactical School (ACTS), 360–61
Air Defense Command, 465, 494
Air Forces Central Command, 597
“Airland Battle” doctrine, 580
Air-launched cruise missile, 572
Air National Guard, 463
Air Service, 331–33, 348, 349
Aisne-Marne counteroffensive, 334
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 34
AK–47, 614
Alamance, Battle of, 7
Albany Conference (1754), 36
Albany Plan, 43
Albright, Madeleine, 626
Alexander, Harold R.L.G., 402
Alexandria, Egypt, 240
Alger, Russell A., 254, 259, 270–71
Algiers, 88, 109
Algonquin Indians, 23, 24
Alien and Sedition Acts, 90
Allen, Ethan, 58
Al-Majud, Ali Hassan (Chemical Ali), 602, 627, 653
Al-Maliki, Nouri, 669, 670, 671
Al-Qaeda, 628–33, 636–50, 664, 668–72
Al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 664, 669, 672
Amazon River, 123
American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), 309, 313–17, 319, 324–28
American Legion, 357
American military and diplomatic deaths, terrorist and military actions, 1980–2000, 686
American Regiment, 32, 33
American Revolution, 5, 44–76, 91, 99, 106, 130, 148, 161
battles of, 47–48, 50–51, 58–74
beginning of, 46, 47–50
blacks in, 49, 50, 53, 59, 65
blockade, 57
casualties, 58, 62, 75, 681
“dual army” tradition, 50–57
events leading to, 44–47
logistical support, 49, 55–57, 64–65
Native Americans in, 49, 51, 59, 64, 65, 70–71
navy in, 73–74
northern theater, 56, 60–66
officers, 50–52, 54–60, 62, 64, 67, 68
Peace of Paris, 75
southern theater, 60, 65–70
“uprising” phase, 58–60
Amherst, Jeffery, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45
Amphibious landings, 1, 139, 353–54, 390, 404, 405, 417, 418, 437, 448, 471
Ampudia, Pedro de, 136
ANACONDA, 648–50
Anaconda Plan, 150
Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Boston, 6, 121
Anderson, “Bloody Bill,” 161
Anderson, Robert, 142
Andrew, John, 155
Andrews, Frank M., 363
Angola, 571, 586
Annan, Kofi, 609
Anne, Queen of England, 28, 29, 30
Antietam (Sharpsburg), Battle of, 175–76, 186
Anti-Imperialist League, 268
Antisubmarine warfare. See Submarines
Antitank rockets, 390, 422
Antiwar movements, 130
in Civil War, 188–89, 207
in Iraq War, 665
in Mexican War, 130–31, 134, 140
in Vietnam War, 537–39, 544–48, 553, 560–61, 568
ANVIL, 405, 406, 425
Anzio, 404
Apache Indians, 128, 225, 383
Ap Bac, 514–15
Appomattox Court House, 214, 228
Aquino, Corazon, 591
Arab-Israeli conflict, 444, 575, 576, 586, 628
Arab Spring (2011), 672
Arapaho Indians, 225, 226
Arc Light strikes, 530, 540, 547, 554
Argentina, 572, 575, 580
Arista, Mariano, 129, 130, 131, 136
Aristide, Jean-Betrand, 616
Armed forces and national expansion, 683
Armed forces of the Cold War and after, 684
Armed Forces Reserve Act (1952), 464
Armor, 3, 13, 117, 199, 238, 241, 286, 288
Armored forces, development of, 359
Arms control, 475–79, 486–87, 501, 567, 572–73, 578–80, 590, 607–609, 626–27
Armstrong, John, 101
Army Act (1901), 278
Army Air Forces (AAF), 447, 448, 464–65
Army aviation, 298–99, 317, 331, 333, 345–49, 360–65, 370, 372, 495
Army Industrial College, 356
Army Medical School, 242<
br />
Army of the Republic of Vietnam. See South Vietnamese army (ARVN)
Army War College, 293
Army Water Transport Code, 391
Arnheim, 425
Arnold, Benedict, 58, 59, 62, 67, 68, 69
Arnold, H. H. “Hap,” 380, 406, 411, 412, 431
“Arsenal of Democracy” policy, 381–91
Arthur, Chester A., 236, 238, 240
Articles of Confederation, 77
Artillery School of Practice, 119, 243
Art of War, The (Jomini), 118
Ashcroft, John, 646
Aspin, Les, 609, 612, 616
Assistant Secretary of War, 349, 370
Atlanta, 177, 210–11, 212
Atlantic, Battle of the, 373, 391–96
Atlantic Charter, 377
Atlantic Squadron, 366
Atlas missile, 483
Atomic bomb, 390, 437–39, 444–47
Atomic Energy Act (1946), 445
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 444–47, 483, 484
Atrocities, 268, 276–77, 279, 280, 433, 472, 559–60, 618–20
Atta, Mohammed, 637
Automatic weapons, 297–98, 317, 329
Automobiles, 298, 317
Auxiliary Naval Force, 255, 256, 305, 353
AV–8s, 604
AWACS, 599
AWPD–1, 372
Axis aggression, 367–68
Aziz, Tariq, 594
B–1 bomber, 572, 578, 588
B–2 bomber, 588
B–9 bomber, 362
B–10 bomber, 362
B–17 bomber, 374, 409–413
B–24 bomber, 395, 430
B–25 bomber, 376, 430
B–29 bomber, 372, 406, 418, 430–32, 435, 438, 446, 447
B–36 bomber, 447, 450, 482
B–47 bomber, 465, 482
B–50 bomber, 446, 447
B–52 bomber, 482, 521, 530, 540, 552, 555, 557, 563 and n., 573, 602
B–70 bomber, 500
Bacon, Nathaniel, 18–19
Bacon’s Rebellion, 18–19
Bad Axe, Battle of, 127
Baghdad Pact (1955), 477, 493–94
Baghdad Security Plan, 670–71
Baker, James A. III, 585, 589, 594, 595, 670