The Cigarette Century
Page 76
At the Department of Social Medicine, I have been in the unusual situation of relying on senior mentors on a daily basis. Julius B. Richmond, Leon Eisenberg, and Rashi Fein have all offered consistently sage advice over more than two decades. In different ways they each have offered a critical role model of committed scholarship that I have worked to follow. Arthur Kleinman and Byron Good provided an excellent environment for my research as well as an ongoing tutorial on the nature of cultural meaning and change. And Helena Martins and Christine Moreira offered crucial administrative support. Abigail Henderson ably assisted in the preparation of the manuscript. The expert editing skills of Stephen Scher greatly improved the final product. I am very grateful to Alison Fillmore of Vervaine Design Studio for her excellent work on the charts.
I have had the benefit of working in great libraries and archives throughout the United States and abroad. At the Countway Library of Medicine, the remarkable reference and archival skills of Richard Wolfe and Thomas Horrocks proved indispensable.
Early on in my research, John Pinney and Thomas Schelling at the Institute for the Study of Smoking Behavior and Policy provided both intellectual and research support. Several foundations provided crucial backing in the form of fellowships and grants. These include the Rockefeller Foundation for the Humanities, the Charles E. Culpeper Foundation, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, and the Flight Attendants Medical Research Institute. I was especially honored to be named a Dr. William Cahan Distinguished Professor by FAMRI. This award supported the final stages of my research and writing.
William Frucht of Basic Books has been greatly patient and supportive in shepherding this sometimes unwieldy project to press. I am enormously grateful for his ongoing encouragement and confidence in this book, as well as for his exceptional editing skills. He has made this a much better and (believe it or not) shorter book.
Wynne Lundblad’s research and editorial skills proved essential to the completion of this work. Her intelligence, unlimited energy, and great kindness helped the project to clear major hurdles. And her steadfast dedication to the work consistently reminded me of the larger purpose of the book.
Over a number of years Martha Gardner has brought her many historical skills and insights to this project. She has provided outstanding research, editing, and ideas with great generosity and commitment. During the course of our work together, we became both colleagues and collaborators. I have come to rely on her excellent judgment and true friendship.
A book like this inevitably creates a shortage of time and energy. My greatest debts are to my wife Shelly Greenfield and my sons, Daniel and Jacob. Without the love and unconditional commitment of my family, this book would not have been possible. No doubt, they will be greatly pleased and relieved to see it in this final form.
This book is ultimately about agency and responsibility. As a result, I feel compelled to take responsibility for any errors, omissions, or other faults, large and small.
AMB
Boston, Massachusetts
2006
INDEX
Page numbers in italics indicate charts
AAHM. See American Association for the History of Medicine
Abbott, Twyman
ABC
Acceptance of smoking
“Accommodation Program” (Philip Morris)
ACS. See American Cancer Society
Action on Smoking and Health
Addiction Research Center
Addiction to tobacco . See also Nicotine
Additives, cigarette
ADL. See Arthur D. Little
Adolescents. See Children and smoking
Advertising and Selling (trade magazine)
Advertising campaigns ; antitobacco ads; “Apology Accepted,” ; Camel campaigns ; campaigns against bans ; Chesterfield campaigns; Cigarette Advertising Code ; against FCTC ; against federal regulations; for filter cigarettes; Hill & Knowlton campaign ; L&M campaigns ; Lucky Strike campaigns ; Marlboro campaigns; for menthol cigarettes ; Old Gold campaigns; Parliament campaigns; Rosser Reeves campaign ; on safety of cigarettes; “Tar Derby,” ; True campaigns; Virginia Slims campaigns . See also African-Americans and smoking; Children and smoking; Marketing campaigns; Promotions; Regulation of smoking; Women and smoking
Advertising regulations. See Regulation of smoking
Advisory Committee to Surgeon General . See also Smoking and Health
African-Americans and smoking
AIDS
AIDS as a “bigger monster,”
Airplanes and smoking
Allen, George
Allen, Richard
Allen & Ginter
Allergies and smoke
Alternative designs for cigarettes. See Safer cigarettes
AMA. See American Medical Association
American Association for the History of Medicine
American Association for Thoracic Surgery
American Board of Thoracic Surgery
American Cancer Society ; and scientific studies
American Heart Association
American Journal of Public Health
American Law Institute
American Legacy Foundation
American Lung Association
American Medical Association
American Mercury (magazine)
American Society for the Control of Cancer
American Tobacco Company ; under “Buck” Duke ; efforts to cast doubt on smoking-cancer connection ; litigation against ; and Tobacco Industry Research Committee . See also Lucky Strike cigarettes; Tobacco Trust
American Voices (Philip Morris)
“Americanization,”
Americans for Non-Smokers Rights
“Analysis of Cigarette Smoke Condensate” (Rodgman)
Anderson, Jack
Animal studies
“Another Frank Statement to Smokers,”
ANR. See Association for Non-Smokers’ Rights
Antitobacco efforts ; antismoking ads; dangers of secondhand smoke; nonsmokers’ rights . See also Bans; Litigation against the tobacco industry
Antitrust. See Trusts and monopolies
Apology from ABC News
Archives of Environmental Health (journal)
Arizonans Concerned About Smoking
Army Girls Transport Tobacco Fund
Arrowsmith (Lewis)
Arsenic
Arthur D. Little
Asbestos; litigation
ASCC. See American Society for the Control of Cancer
ASH. See Action on Smoking and Health
Asia, East
Association for Non-Smokers’ Rights
Association vs. cause in scientific studies
Assumed warranty
Atlantic Monthly (magazine)
Attorney-client privilege, abuse of
Auerbach, Oscar (study by)
Austern, Thomas
Axton Fischer (company)
Baker, Howard
Baker, S. Josephine
Baltimore Sun (newspaper)
Bankruptcy, fear of
Bans: on billboards; on interstate shipping of high-tar cigarettes; in other countries ; on sale of cigarettes in U.S. ; on smoking in public places ; on smoking on airplanes; on television ads for cigarettes ; and tobacco industry; on use of certain terms
Banting, Frederick
Banzhaf, John F.
Barbour, Haley
Barnes, Stanley
Barrett, Don
Baxter, Percival
Bayne-Jones, Stanhope
Beginning smokers. See Recruitment
Belt, Benjamin
Benson and Hedges
Bentley, Herbert
Benzopyrenes
Bergen County Record (newspaper)
Bergman, Lowell
Berkson, Joseph
Berlind, Mark
Bernays, Edward
Bernick, David
Bernstein, Elmer
Better Business Bureau
“Beyond Any
Doubt” (Time)
Bias in medical studies
Bible, Geoffrey
Big Five (tobacco companies) . See also American Tobacco Company; Liggett & Myers (Liggett Group); P. Lorillard; Philip Morris; R.J. Reynolds
Big Four (cigarette brands). See also Old Gold cigarettes
Big Three (cigarette brands) . See also Camel cigarettes; Chesterfield cigarettes; Lucky Strike cigarettes
Bill of Rights for Smoking
Bill of Rights for the Nonsmoker
Billboards
Biological plausibility
Black markets for tobacco
Blackmun, Harry B.
Blasingame, F. J. L.
Blatnik, John A.
Bleakley, Peter
“Blended” cigarettes
Bliley, Thomas
“Blow Some My Way,”
BlueCross BlueShield
Boeing Company
Boeken, Richard
Bogdanich, Walt
Bogen, Emil
Bonsack, James (Bonsack Machine Company)
Bonsack Machine Company
Boston Globe
Brandeis, Louis
Brands, national ; brand loyalty ; brand stretching ; brand switching
Brandt, Edward
Braren, Warren
Breyer, Stephen G.
Bright tobacco
Brill, A. A.
British American Tobacco
British Medical Journal
British Tobacco Research Council
Broadcast ban on cigarette ads
Broadcasters
Brody, Stephen
Broin v. Philip Morris
Broughton, Martin
Brown & Williamson ; and African-Americans ; globalization strategies; litigation against ; litigation by ; public disclosure of internal documents ; testimony during Waxman hearings; and Tobacco Industry Research Committee; whistle-blowers and . See also Viceroy cigarettes
Brown, Samuel A.
Brundtland, Gro Harlem
Bryan-Brown, Adam
Budd Larner, Gross, Rosenbaum, Greenberg & Sade
Buffalo Evening Post (newspaper)
Bull Durham chewing tobacco
Bundesen, Herman
Burdette, Walter J.
Bureau of Corporations
Bureau of Scientific Information (R.J. Reynolds)
Burley tobacco
Burnett, Leo
Burney, Leroy
Burnham, William H.
Burpos cigarettes
Burson-Marsteller
Bush, George H. W.
Bush, George W.
CAB. See Civil Aeronautics Board
Califano, Joseph
California ; state court
“Call for Philip Morris” campaign
Cambridge University
Camel cigarettes ; Camel Man ; campaign against Lucky Strike ; “Coming of the Camel,” ; “I’d walk a mile for a Camel,”; Joe Camel campaign ; “More Doctors Smoke Camels” campaign . See also R.J. Reynolds
Cameo cigarettes
Cameron, Charles
Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. See Tobacco-Free Kids
Campbell, William
Cancer . See also Carcinogens; Lung cancer
“Cancer by the Carton” (Norr)
Cancer Research (journal)
Capital Cities
Carbon monoxide
Carbonic acid
Carcinogens ; carcinogenesis ; environmental tobacco smoke and ; tobacco industry knowledge of dangers of ; types of
Carnes, Betty
Carreras (company)
Carstensen, Frederick C.
Carter [Grady] v. Brown & Williamson
Carter, Peggy
Cartoon characters
Case Against the Little White Slaver, The (Ford)
Castano [Peter] v. American Tobacco
Castle, W. E.
Cattell, McKeen
Causal Factors in Cancers of the Lung (Weller)
Causality of disease ; defining ; difficulty of determining
CBS
CEA. See Cigarette Export Association
Center for Indoor Air Research
Centers for Disease Control
Century (magazine)
Cessation programs . See also Quitting smoking
Chaber, Madelyn
Chadwick, Edwin
Chalmers, Thomas
Charles, J. L.
Chase, Stuart
Chesterfield cigarettes . See also Liggett & Myers (Liggett Group)
Chewing tobacco
Chicago Anti-Cigarette League
Children and smoking ; globalization strategies; promoting cigarettes to . See also Joe Camel campaign
China; China National Tobacco Company
Choice and smoking ; used in litigation
Christian Herald (newspaper)
CIAR. See Center for Indoor Air Research
Cigarette Advertising Code
Cigarette Export Association
Cigarette Information Committee
“Cigarette Papers,”
Cigars
Cipollone [Rose] v. Liggett Group Inc. et al
Cipollone, Antonio
Ciresi, Michael
Civil Aeronautics Board
Clark. Pierce
Clarke, A. Grant
Class-action cases ; and the states
Clayton Antitrust Act
Clean Indoor Air Act
Clements, Earle
Cleveland News (newspaper)
Clinton, Bill
CNN-TV
Coalition on Smoking OR Health
Cobb, Ty
Cochran, William
Code Authority (NAB)
Coffee, John
Coffin nails
Coggeshall, Lowell
Cognitive dissonance
Cohen, Joel B.
Cohn, Donald
Colleges and smoking
“Coming of the Camel,”
Commission of Corporations
Committee of Counsel, Council for Tobacco Research
Committee on Public Information
Committee to Study the Tobacco Problem
“Common knowledge” argument
Comprehensive Smoking Prevention Act of 1984
Comroe, Julius
Conference of Parties (FCTC)
Congress . See also Legislation
Congressional Black Caucus
Connecticut
Connolly, Gregory
Conspiracy of tobacco industry ; efforts to prove in Cipollone case
Constitution, Speech or Debate Clause
Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Consumer Reports (magazine)
Consumer Subcommittee of Senate Commerce Committee
Consumption of cigarettes; after FCLAA; decline in ; growth of in U.S. ; outside U.S. . See also Demographics of smoking
Contests as advertising technique
“Contract for America,”
Controlled Substances Act
Controversy constructed by tobacco industry ; Hill & Knowlton campaign ; Rosser Reeves campaign
Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN)
Cooley, Donald
Coolidge, Calvin
Cooper, Richard
Cornfield, Jerome
Cosmopolitan (magazine) Cotton filters
Council for Tobacco Research . See also Scientific Advisory Board; Tobacco Industry Research Committee
Couric, Katie
Courts, federal. See Federal Appeals Courts; Federal District Courts; Supreme Court
“Cousin Nancy” (Eliot)
Covington & Burling
Cowan, Robert
CPSC. See Consumer Product Safety Commission
“Criteria for Judgment” (surgeon general’s report)
Croninger, Adele
Cross Cut cigarettes
C-SPAN TV
CTR. See Council for Tobacco Res
earch
Cullman, Hugh
Cullman, Joseph
Cumming, Hugh S.
Curing tobacco
Cutler, Max
Dalley, George A.
Damon Runyon Fund (ACS)
Darr, E. A.
Darrow, Dick
Davis, Don
Day One (TV show)
Daynard, Richard
Death and smoking ; globalization of
Deaver, Michael
DeBakey, Michael
DeBethizy, Joseph
“Deep Cough,”
Degeneracy and smoking
Demographics of smoking . See also Consumption of cigarettes; Death and smoking
De-nicotinized cigarettes
Denmark
DeNoble, Victor
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Justice
Department of Labor
Department of State
Department of the Treasury
Dependency on cigarettes. See Addiction to tobacco
Dewey v. Brown & Williamson
Diehl, H. S.
Diethylene glycol
Discovery process
Disease. See Health and smoking
Dispute Resolution Body (GATT)
Dixon, Paul Rand
Doctors and smoking . See also Medicine and smoking
Doctors Ought to Care
Doering, Carl R.
DOJ. See Department of Justice
Dole, Robert
Doll, Richard
Doll/Hill prospective study
Doll/Hill retrospective study
Doubt created by tobacco industry. See Controversy constructed by tobacco industry
Douglas, Clifford “Cliff,”
Dowd, Maureen
Dowdell, J. S.
Drew, Elizabeth
Drew, Ellen
“Drug delivery system,” cigarettes as
Dublin, Louis
Duke, James Buchanan “Buck,”
Duke, Washington
Duke’s Best cigarettes
Dunn, William L.
DuPont/Columbia University award
Durbin, Richard
Earhart, Amelia
Earl Newsom & Company
Edell, Marc
Egypt
Eliot, T. S.
Emphysema
Endicott, Kenneth
Endorsements. See Testimonials in advertising
Engle v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco