by Sally Denton
American hostages held in, 185, 187
Bechtel projects in, 63, 139
warfare in, 142, 147, 177
Lee, Wen Ho, 252–53
Levi, Edward, 125–26
Libya, 178
Bechtel’s projects in, 63, 94, 96, 124, 139
CIA’s covert operations in, 78, 96
oil industry in, 94, 96
Qaddafi in, 87, 96, 124, 306
Lidgerwood Manufacturing, 36
Liedle, Steven B., 264
Life (magazine), 67
liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry, 9, 95–96, 101, 158, 205, 304
Livermore. See Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
LLNS, LLC, 258, 263–64, 265–66, 283, 289, 290, 294
lobbying
Bechtel’s use of, 27, 41–42, 76, 104, 113, 121, 128, 130, 141, 146, 148, 149, 150, 162, 173, 189–90, 202, 207, 211, 218, 224, 257, 261, 282, 291, 307
for Boston’s Big Dig project, 207
Business Roundtable for, 112–13, 130
Dad Bechtel and, 27, 41–42
former government officials as, 211, 246, 261, 307
Hoover Dam labor problems and, 41–42
Kearns International for, 103
for Iran nuclear reactors, 121
for Kuwait reconstruction, 202
for MX missiles, 162
nuclear industry and, 149, 150, 257, 261, 282
Rappaport and, 189–90
for sale of AWACS planes to Saudi Arabia, 131, 146
for projects in Iraq, 141, 166, 173, 189–90, 194
Rumsfield and, 173
Saudi Arabia’s use of, 128
Snodgrass’s firm for, 76
against Soviet expansionism, 131, 163
Lohbeck, Kurt, 181
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
Bechtel-led partnership to manage, 10–11
Bechtel’s construction of, 68, 262
Bechtel’s contracts at, 157
end of Cold War and, 263
LANS LLC, formed by Bechtel to manage, 258, 263, 270, 271, 282
Lee’s espionage case and, 252–55
Manhattan Project and, 68–69
national laboratory system with, 157
as “a separate state,” 156
University of California management of, 251
Los Alamos National Security, 258
Los Alamos Study Group (LASG), 254, 269–70
Los Angeles Herald Examiner, 139
Los Angeles Times, 91, 190, 202, 234, 236, 242, 260, 297
LSG Associates, 76
Luce, Henry, 67
Ludwig, Daniel, 86
Lugar, Richard, 215
M-1 tanks, 165
MacArthur, Douglas, 118
MacDonald & Kahn Co., Inc., 30
Mack Companies, 36
Malaysia, 209
Manhattan Project, 68, 104, 149, 150, 157, 161, 276
Manila, Philippines, 223, 225
Marchetti, Victor, 97
Marks, Herbert S., 156
Marks, John D., 97
Marshall Islands, 262, 295
Marshall Plan, 5
Mars Observer probe, 206
Masco, Joseph, 270
Mayer, Jane, 219
Mayman, Raynal, 134
McCain, John, 300
McCarran International Airport, Las Vegas, 9
McCartney, Laton, 24, 38, 46, 61, 75, 88, 94, 125, 158, 310–11
McCone, John Alex, 48–52, 78–82
Allende coup in Chile and, 97
anti-Communist and anti-Soviet views of, 66–67, 75, 130–31, 163
background of, 48
Bechtel culture and, 74
Bechtel-McCone Corporation formed by, 49–50
Bohemian Grove membership of, 88, 184
as CIA director, 74, 78–82
conflicts-of-interest accusations against, 72
cost-plus model of business contract invented by, 49, 262
Cuba and, 81–82
departure from Bechtel by, 54, 72
government connections of, 54, 66, 68, 72, 74–75, 78, 79, 82, 83, 97, 162
Hoover Dam construction and, 48
intelligence community and, 75–76, 78
Kennedy’s assassination and, 80–81, 82
legacy of, 82
move to Bechtel by, 48–50
nuclear industry and, 68, 70–71, 72–73, 154
oil industry connections of, 48–49
personality of, 50, 67, 79
shipbuilding contracts and, 50–51, 52
Steve Sr.’s bond with, 48, 49–50, 68, 82
stock investments of, 53–54, 59, 72
turnkey contract used by, 49
McCoy, Charlie, 226
McFarlane, Robert C. (“Bud”), 300, 303
McGrory, Mary, 214
McKay, James C., 190, 191
Meese, Edwin III, 163, 178, 189–90, 191–92, 201
Mello, Greg, 254, 255, 257–58, 266, 267–71, 272–73, 282, 283
background of, 267
Metzenbaum, Howard, 147
Mexico, 31, 81, 87, 157, 207, 218, 225
Michael, Michelle, 307
Middle East
Bechtel’s role in, 53, 58, 59–65, 131, 146
nationalization of resources in, 96–97
Steve Jr.’s projects in, 87
Steve Sr.’s intelligence reporting on, 76
US-Iraq relations and, 3
Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA), 244
Mies, Richard, 292
military base construction projects, 10, 51, 53, 58, 82, 122, 236
military-industrial complex, 83, 88, 275
Miller, George, 265–66
Miller, T. Christopher, 235
mining and minerals, Bechtel projects in, 9, 80, 87, 104, 111, 152, 157, 304
Mississippi, 246–47
Mobutu, Joseph, 80
Mohammad Bin Fahd, Prince, 127
Mojave Desert, California, Ivanpah Solar Power Facility in, 7, 206, 296–97
Moore, John L., 157
Moral Majority, 136
Morgan Guaranty Trust Company, 112
Mormans, 23, 29, 285–86
Morris, Edmund, 114–15
Morris, Roger, 37, 65, 167
Morrison and Knudsen, 30
Mossad, 178
Mossadegh, Mohammad, 65
Motorola facility, Tianjin, China, 208
Moyers, Bill, 81
Mumm, Cliff, 239, 242, 243
MX missile system, 162
Nagasaki bombing, Japan, 10, 68–69
Nation (magazine), 309
National Academy of Sciences, 70, 259
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 206
National Business Advisory Council, 74
National Committee for a Free Asia, 75
National Environmental Policy Act, 270
National Ignition Facility (NIF), 265–66
National Industrial Conference Board, 87
nationalization policies, 65, 95, 96–97, 209
National Laboratory System, 256 see also Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Los Alamos National Laboratory
function of, 157
government owned and contractor operated (GOCO) model of, 157, 258
privatization of management of, 10, 11, 251, 255, 256–60, 261, 263, 265–66, 270, 272, 290, 292
University of California management of, 10–11
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), 253, 256, 257, 260, 263, 265, 266, 271, 282, 292, 294, 295
National Reactor Testing Station, Arco, Idaho, 10
National Research Council, 259
National Resources Defense Council, 265
National Security Act (1947), 64, 67
National Security Agency, 14, 79, 276
National Security Archive, 200, 302
National Security Council (NSC), 76, 132, 171, 190, 198
Natsios, Andrew, 233, 234, 238
nat
ural gas industry, Bechtel’s projects in, 7, 86, 87, 205
natural gas pipeline projects, 101–02, 110–11, 240
Naval Intelligence Anti-Terrorism Unit, 184
Naval Ocean Surveillance Information Center (NOSIC), 177, 181
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 13, 299, 300
Nevada Test Site, Las Vegas, 256
new cities projects, 9, 122–23, 127
New Deal, 30, 118, 214
Newmont Mining Company, 122
New Right, 136
New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), 274–75, 280, 281–82, 283
Newsweek (magazine), 6, 11, 88, 143
New Yorker (magazine), 219–20, 235, 272
New York Times, 5, 20, 36, 43, 46, 75, 110, 111, 128, 140, 166, 173, 189, 191, 192, 195, 201, 225, 230, 233, 238, 239, 246, 251, 252, 265, 276, 279, 283, 300, 311
Nicaragua, 185, 187–88
Nidal, Abu, 170
Nies, Judith, 30, 122, 151, 207
Nixon, Richard
arms control efforts of, 163
Bechtel contracts and, 90, 95, 100, 104, 105
China’s nationalization of ITT and, 97
CIA covert operations and, 95, 96, 97
energy policy of, 103
McCone’s relationship with, 78
Pacific Rim strategy of, 88, 89, 100
presidential run of, 89–90, 119
Shultz’s Cabinet posts with, 105, 109–11, 123, 143
Soviet policy of, 101–02, 110–11
Steve Jr. and, 87–88, 89, 90
Steve Sr. and, 75, 95, 101
Weinberger and, 119
Nixon Doctrine, 100
Nobel Peace Prize (2000), for Obama, 280, 281, 282
Norquist, Grover, 11
Norris, Stan, 163
North, Oliver, 139, 347n185
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 68, 167, 229, 306
North Korea, 178, 274, 281
Northwestern Pacific Railroad, 23, 24
Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI), 261
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 158
nuclear power plants
AEC’s policy on, 70–71
Bechtel’s construction of, 10, 68, 70–71, 79, 104
in China, 158
cleanup after accidents in, 10, 149–50, 152, 216
construction of first nuclear plant, 10
Davis as champion of, 153–55
decline in contracts for, 151, 153
DOE’s program for, 156–57
Nixon’s push for, 103
potential for catastrophe in, 120, 121
public opposition to, 71
Reagan’s s policy on, 153–54, 157–58
in South Korea, 10
Steve Jr.’s focus on safety of, 149–50
switch to coal from, 121–22
nuclear test ban treaty proposals, 70, 158, 274
nuclear weapons development and testing
Bechtel’s involvement in, 70–71
Cold War arms race on, 69–70
DOE’s program for, 156–57
Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” speech (1953) on, 69
nuclear test ban proposals on, 70, 158, 274
opposition to, 72
nuclear weapons laboratories. See National Laboratory System
nuclear weapons production facilities
Bechtel as global leader in, 10
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 67
Rocky Flats Plant, Colorado, 269
“Nuclear Winter, The” (Sagan), 164–65
Nunn, Sam, 215, 276, 284, 318
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, nuclear weapons plant, 67
Obama, Barack
New START treaty proposal of, 281–82, 283
Nobel Peace Prize (2000) for, 280, 281, 282
nuclear facilities modernization and, 272, 279, 281–82
nuclear-free world doctrine of, 274–76, 279, 283
nuclear material safeguards promoted by, 280–81
Pollard affair and, 13, 298–300, 301, 303
Prague speech (2009) on disarmament by, 274–75, 279, 280
Shultz on disarmament policies of, 278–79
Occidental Petroleum, 94, 101, 155
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 109, 114, 116, 119, 247, 264
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 8, 55, 56, 59, 64, 132
Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction (SIGIR), 240–41, 243
oil industry
Bechtel’s Middle Eastern projects and, 58, 59, 60, 62
Dad Bechtel’s move into, 26
in Iran, 65, 96, 168
in Libya, 94, 96
Mideast crisis (1970s) in, 103
Reagan’s policy in Iraq and, 172
in Saudi Arabia, 60–61, 62, 85, 96
Steve Sr. and, 48–49, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 124
US financial inducements to, 59
oil refinery construction projects, 26, 48–49, 50, 53, 58, 62, 96, 122, 134, 191, 201, 202, 225, 305
O’Konski, Alvin, 72
O’Leary, Hazel, 260
Olmert, Ehud, 299
Olympics (1992), 208
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 68, 69, 70, 251
Operation Ajax, 65
Operation Desert Storm, 202
Operation Eagle Claw, 133
Operation Iraqi Freedom, 3
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 58, 96, 100
Orrick, Herrington, 290 law firm
Osirak nuclear reactor, Iraq, 141, 142, 178
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 81
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), 171, 215–16, 226, 229
Pacific Bridge Co., 30
Pacific Builder (magazine), 12
Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), 26, 71, 155, 218, 297
Pacific Legal Foundation, 309
Pacific Rim strategy
Nixon and, 88, 89, 100
SRI’s development of, 84, 100
Steve Sr. and, 84
Page, Larry, 295
Pahlavi, Shah Mohammad Reza, 65, 87, 121, 124, 168
Pakistan, 121, 179, 274
palace construction projects, 58, 61
Palestine, 61, 63, 124, 140, 141, 170, 298
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 184–85
Pantex Plant, Amarillo, Texas, 256
Papua New Guinea, 96
Parade (magazine), 164
Paretsky, Nick, 113, 130
Parker, James, 254
Parsons, Ralph M., 49
Parsons Brinckerhoff, 206
Paxon, Bill, 261
PC2 petrochemicals complex, Iraq, 175–76, 180, 184, 197, 199–200, 201, 202–03
Peabody Coal Company, 122, 123
Peabody Holding Company, 122
Pearson, Drew, 72, 79, 80, 148, 318
Pelosi, Nancy, 247
Peres, Shimon, 182, 189–90, 192, 298–99
Peretz, Martin, 301
Perkins, John, 268
Perkovich, Charles, 270
Perle, Richard, 281
Perry, William, 276, 284, 318
Pershing II nuclear missiles, 161
Pertamina, Indonesia, LNG plant, 205
petrochemical plant projects, 87, 94, 193, 304. See also PC2 petrochemicals complex, Iraq
Philippines
Bechtel projects in, 51, 53, 101, 209, 218, 223, 225
Bechtel workers transported from, 123
Pinochet, Augusto, 97
pipeline construction projects, 9, 26, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51–52, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 85, 87, 93, 94, 95, 96, 101, 103, 110–11, 120, 121–22, 124–25, 142, 146, 262, 304–05. See also Aqaba pipeline proposal
Pollard, Jonathan (“Jay”), 13–15, 174–86
background of, 176–77
Bechtel and, 15
as a committed Zionist, 345n174
concern about threats to existence of Israel and, 174–76, 177–78, 180, 184–85
Eitan as handler of, 174, 178–79, 180, 181�
�82
FBI’s arrest of, 14, 181–82
“Free Jonathan Pollard” crusade and, 14–15, 300
guilty plea and sentencing of, 182–84, 185
Iran-Contra affair and, 184–85
Israeli petitions to US presidents for release of, 13
promise to commute sentence of, 14
questions about lifetime sentence given to, 13–14
Shultz and, 15
spying for Israel by, 15, 178–82, 300
Weinberger’s hostility to Israel and, 174–75
Weinberger’s involvement in sentencing of, 15, 183–84, 302–03
Pollard, Morris and Mildred Klein, 176, 182
port facilities, 53, 123, 304
Portland, Oregon, light-rail system, 220–21
Powell, Colin, 115
Pressler, Larry, 145, 146, 147, 148
privatization
Asian companies and, 225
Bechtel projects and, 213, 296
Bush administration and, 256–57, 261, 290
global shift to, 203, 209
Iraq reconstruction and, 235–36, 238–39, 244
management of national laboratories and, 10–11, 251, 255, 256–60, 261, 263, 265–66, 270, 272, 290, 292
revenues from, 225
Riley’s approach to partnerships in, 216, 218–19
water services and, 222, 223, 225, 239
Project MKULTRA, 98
Project on Government Oversight (POGO), 233–34, 258, 290
Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant, Pueblo, Colorado, 305
Qaddafi, Mu’ammar, 87, 96, 124, 306
Qatar, 9, 205, 304
Rabin, Yitzhak, 13
railroad projects, 9, 208
Dad Bechtel’s work on, 19, 20–23, 24, 26, 47, 217
in Saudi Arabia, 53, 58, 60–61, 125
Ramsay, Nonie Bechtel, 93, 205
Ramsay, Sheldon, 205
Rand, Christopher T., 94
rapid transit systems and subway, 9, 87, 103, 208, 220–21, 304
Rappaport, Baruch (“Bruce”), 189–91, 192, 197
Reagan, Ronald, 15
Aqaba pipeline proposal and, 171, 192
Bechtel’s contracts under, 152, 153–54, 157–58
Bechtel’s relationship with, 145, 149, 192, 197
Connally’s campaign against, 130–32
defense policy of, 160–63
DOE operations and, 150–51
as “an evil empire,” 67, 275
Iran-Contra affair and, 186, 187–88
Iraq policy of, 15, 172–73, 184, 198, 200
Iran hostage crisis and, 138–39
Middle East policy of, 184
Nixon’s presidential run and, 89
nonproliferation policy of, 153
nuclear plant licensing under, 150, 155, 157–58
Obama’s opinion about Soviet policy of, 275
Pollard affair and, 15, 184, 299, 303
presidency of, 136
Shultz and, 131, 135, 276–77
Shultz-Weinberger conflict and, 143–44
Soviet policy of, 162, 164–65, 275