A Ton of Crap
Page 11
THINKING
Cognition Cognition refers to the mental processes or functions involved in thinking, gaining and comprehending knowledge, remembering, problem solving, and judging. Cognitive processes can be conscious or unconscious, natural or artificial. Cognition is related to abstract ideas such as intelligence, the mind, memory, perception, and imagination.
GRAPHS
Line Graphs Line graphs are useful for showing data that changes over a period of time. By plotting the dips and peaks on the graph and then connecting them to make a line, you are able to compare, monitor, and analyze improvement and decline of the data. Line graphs use an x axis and a y axis, the x axis going horizontally, and the y axis going vertically.
THE EARTH’S LAYERS
The Crust The outermost layer of the Earth, the layer we are living on, is called the crust. It is the thinnest layer of the Earth, and is composed of two types of rock: granite (otherwise known as the continental crust) and basalt (also known as oceanic crust). Basalt is found underneath the oceans, and granite is the crust of the continents. Granite is also older than basalt.
ALBANIAN
The Origins Albanian does not belong to any other family of the Indo-European languages. The vocabulary of Albanian is distinct, though the language does borrow from Germanic, Balto-Slavic, and Greek. Albanian is believed to have originated from Illyrian, a language spoken in the Western Balkans until the sixth century; however, others believe it is a descendent from Dacian or Thracian, languages spoken in the Balkans until the fifth century. Albanians call their language Shqip.
LESSON 10B
THE CRUSADES
The Second Crusade The Second Crusade took place from 1145 to 1149, and occurred after the County of Edessa, a Crusader state established in the First Crusade, fell. This Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III, and it was led by European kings from France and Germany. The armies of the two kings marched separately and were each defeated by the Seljuk Turks and the Crusade was considered a failure.
THINKING
The Brain Thinking is a complex and abstract idea, but one thing that is not abstract is the location of where we think. In our brain, the cerebral hemispheres are divided into lobes, which specialize in performing different functions. The two frontal lobes are used when imagining, planning, and making reasoned arguments. Broca’s area on the left frontal lobe is responsible for transforming thoughts into words.
GRAPHS
Bar Graphs Bar graphs are excellent for presenting and comparing data. The values are represented by rectangular bars that differ in height according to the values they represent. Whereas line graphs are used to show a change in time, bar graphs are used to show different amounts. Similar to line graphs, bar graphs also make use of the x and y axes, and bar graphs can be presented either horizontally or vertically.
THE EARTH’S LAYERS
The Upper Mantle The layer underneath the crust and above the core is known as the mantle. Mantle rock makes up around 84 percent of the Earth’s volume. The mantle begins around 19 miles below the continental crust and 6 miles below the oceanic crust. It can be divided into two parts: the upper and lower mantle. In the upper mantle is the asthenosphere, which is involved in plate tectonic movement. Part of the lithosphere, the outermost shell of the planet, is also in the upper mantle.
ALBANIAN
Influences The earliest language that Albanian borrowed from was Doric Greek, and from the second to the fifth centuries, Albanian also began absorbing Greek and Latin. Latin had the largest influence on the language. From the seventh to the ninth centuries, the language absorbed Southern Slavic and Proto-Romanian, a result of tribes settling in the Balkans.
LESSON 10C
THE CRUSADES
The Third Crusade Also known as the King’s Crusade, the Third Crusade lasted from 1189 to 1192. The Third Crusade was an attempt to reconquer the Holy Land after it was retaken by Saladin. The king of France and the king of England ended their conflict and united to fight Saladin; however, they achieved little beyond capturing the city of Acre. As the king of France left, the king of England and Saladin eventually came to a truce in which Jerusalem would remain under Saladin’s control but unarmed Christian pilgrims were allowed to visit the city.
THINKING
Sentience Sentience is the ability to perceive, be conscious, experience, and feel. Qualia is the term used to describe the way things seem to someone. For example, the taste of a cookie, the redness of an apple, the pain of a cut, are all qualia. Sentience is the ability to have an experience with qualia.
GRAPHS
Pie Charts Pie charts are very easy to use and do not require an x or y axis. They are used when representing categorical data or values in proportion to the whole. Essentially, a pie chart is a circle that is divided into segments that reflect the values or categories that they are supposed to represent.
THE EARTH’S LAYERS
The Lower Mantle The lower mantle plays a key role in controlling the planet’s thermal evolution; it can be found 190 to 1,800 miles below the crust, with an average temperature of 5,400°F. The lower mantle is mostly made of perovskite, a magnesium silicate mineral, which can change into a high-pressure form.
ALBANIAN
Dialects There are two dialects found in Albanian, Tosk and Gheg, and the two have diverged for at least a millennium. Gheg is spoken to the north of the Shkumbin River, and Tosk is spoken south of the river. The Tosk dialect is considered the official language of the country. There is a transitional language that is spoken in central Albania.
LESSON 10D
THE CRUSADES
The Fourth and Fifth Crusades The Fourth Crusade lasted from 1202 to 1204 and was an attempt to once again conquer Jerusalem by going through Egypt. Instead of Jerusalem, however, the Crusaders sacked Constantinople and established the Latin Empire. The Fifth Crusade, from 1217 to 1221, was an attempt to conquer Jerusalem by defeating the Ayyubid Sultanate in Egypt. The Ayyubid Sultan launched an attack that would lead to the surrender of the crusaders, and an eight-year peace agreement was made.
THINKING
Consciousness Consciousness refers to an awareness or ability to sense feelings, memories, sensations, or thoughts. It is can also be understood as a feeling of being “awake.” One’s consciousness is an unbroken stream of ever-changing thoughts. You might be doing something one minute, and then your mind will think about something else the next. This continues forever, without any breaks or stops.
GRAPHS
Flow Charts Flow charts are used to describe how all of the steps in a process fit together. They represent a progression and are useful in depicting the various stages that go into a project. Flow charts use three symbols that are all labeled according to their description. There are elongated circles, representing the start and finish; rectangles, which show the steps or instructions; and diamonds, which show the decisions that have to be made. Arrows connect the symbols to one another, showing the progression in the process.
THE EARTH’S LAYERS
The Outer Core The core of the Earth is about 15 percent of the Earth’s volume, made of iron-nickel, and is roughly the size of Mars. The outer core is 1,800 to 3,200 miles below the surface and is made of mostly molten iron. The temperature of the molten core ranges from 7,200°F to 9,032°F. The motions of the molten core create the Earth’s magnetic field.
ALBANIAN
The Albanian Alphabet Over the course of history, the Albanian alphabet has been written in several different ways, including using the Greek alphabet, the Turkish alphabet, and Cyrillic. In the 1900s, the Albanian government made a form of the Latin alphabet the standard alphabet. The Albanian alphabet appears as:
A B C Ç D Dh E Ë F G Gj H I J K L Ll M N Nj O P Q R Rr S Sh T Th U V X Xh Y Z Zh
LESSON 10E
THE CRUSADES
The Sixth and Seventh Crusades The Sixth Crusade was from 1228 to 1229, and though there was very little fighting, control of Jerusalem was regained temporar
ily by the crusaders. The Seventh Crusade lasted from 1248 to 1254, and was led by King Louis IX of France. The Christians were defeated by the Egyptian army led by the Ayyubid sultan, with support from the Mamluks, and the king and thousands of European soldiers were captured.
THINKING
Imagination Imagination is the ability to create mental sensations, images, concepts, and ideas without these things having been seen, felt, touched, heard, or tasted. It is the work of the mind that gives meaning to experiences and knowledge. Imagination allows people to think outside of the confines of the reality that is presented to them and it is crucial in the thought process.
GRAPHS
Organizational Charts Organizational charts are used to show the formal and informal relationships in an overall structure. They are mostly used in the workforce, showing the ranks and relationships between employees. Organizational charts also show how different departments can be connected. Generally, they are shaped like pyramids, with the top rectangle representing the highest position such as the president or CEO, and other rectangles descending according to rank. The size of the rectangles relates to the level of authority, and arrows are used to represent the flow.
THE EARTH’S LAYERS
The Inner Core The inner core is 3,200 to 3,960 miles below the surface and is the hottest part of the Earth, with a temperature of 9,032°F to 10,832°F. There is so much pressure in the inner core that it is actually solid metal, and it is believed to be made of a nickel-iron alloy. The extreme heat of the core directly affects the movement of plate tectonics and the Earth’s magnetic field.
ALBANIAN
Grammar Nouns in Albanian have a case, a gender, and indefinite and definite forms. Definite and indefinite articles (such as the word the) are attached to the words as suffixes, and not stand-alone words. Adjectives come after the nouns, and match the gender and number of the nouns. The conjugation of verbs shows tense and person.
LESSON 10F
THE CRUSADES
The Eighth and Ninth Crusades The Eighth Crusade of 1270 only lasted one year and was led by King Louis IX once again. It was originally meant to aid Crusader states but was diverted to Tunis, where two months later, King Louis IX died. The Ninth Crusade was the final Crusade, and it lasted from 1271 to 1272. Prince Edward of England led the Crusade following the death of Louis IX. It failed due to the rising power of the Mamluks in Egypt and low morale among the Crusaders.
THINKING
Creativity Creativity is the process where a person creates something new and the end result has some sort of value. The value might be anything from personal growth to monetary value. Some researchers believe creativity is a result of the cognitive processes involved in intelligence. It is believed that the frontal lobe of the brain is the most important area for creativity.
GRAPHS
Pictographs Pictographs use picture symbols to represent data and compare trends. The symbols used represent a specific quantity, and are repeated a certain number of times along the chart. Pictographs do not provide precise information but rather give a general representation. An example of a pictograph would be a chart showing the amount of apples four students have eaten. The key on the bottom might say that for every picture of an apple, four apples have been eaten. So on the chart, if the students have three apples pictured by their names, it means they’ve actually eaten twelve apples each.
THE EARTH’S LAYERS
The Atmosphere The final layer is not on the ground, but above it. The atmosphere is what surrounds the planet and what gives life to the planet. There are several layers in the atmosphere, and it is about 500 miles thick. It is composed of various gases, dust, and water. The atmosphere provides warmth and even protection from the sun’s rays and meteorites.
ALBANIAN
Useful Albanian Phrases Here are some helpful phrases to use when traveling to Albania:
Hello. Tungjatjeta.
Goodbye. Mirupafshim.
Thank you. Faleminderit.
Yes. Po.
No. Jo.
I don’t speak Albanian. Nuk flas Shqip.
I don’t understand. Nuk kuptoj.
Do you speak English? Flisni Angisht?
Excuse me. Më falni.
Good morning. Mirëmëngjes.
Good afternoon. Mirëdita.
Good evening. Mirëmbrëma.
Good night. Natën e mire.
What is your name? Si ju quheni?
LESSON 10 QUIZ
What happened during the Third Crusade?
The king and thousands of his troops were captured and defeated by the Egyptian army led by the Ayyubid Sultan, with support from the Mamluks.
The king of England and Saladin eventually came to a truce in which Jerusalem would remain under Saladin’s control but unarmed Christian pilgrims were allowed to visit the city.
The Ayyubid Sultan launched an attack that would lead to the surrender of the crusaders and an eight-year peace agreement was made.
None of the above.
Which of the following is true?
The Crusades were only led by popes.
The Crusades were only led by kings.
The Crusades were led by popes at first and then kings later on.
The Crusades were led by kings initially and then popes later on.
An awareness or ability to sense feelings, memories, sensations, or thoughts is:
Consciousness
Creativity
Imagination
Qualia
Which of the following represents qualia?
The taste of an apple
Making up a story in your head
An unconscious stream of thoughts
Creating something new that has an end value
What kind of chart would you use to show categorical data or values in proportion to the whole?
Bar graph
Line graph
Flow chart
Pie chart
Which of the following is true?
Line graphs are used to show a change in time; bar graphs are used to show different amounts.
Line graphs are used to show different amounts; bar graphs are used to show a change in time.
Both line graphs and bar graphs don’t use an x and y axis.
Bar graphs are shaped like pyramids and show how different departments in a workforce are connected.
What is the uppermost layer of the Earth?
The outer mantle
The inner mantle
The crust
The outer core
What type of rock is continental crust?
Basalt
Granite
Magma
Nickel-iron alloy
What do Albanians call their language?
Thracian
Dacien
Proto-Romanian
Shqip
How do you say “excuse me”
in Albanian?
Më falni.
Nuk kuptoj.
Natën e mire.
Mirëmbrëma.
ANSWER KEY: b, c, a, a, d, a, c, b, d, a
Lesson 11
HISTORY:
The Renaissance
What Led to the Renaissance, The Medici Family, Early Renaissance, High Renaissance, Northern Renaissance, Advancements in Technology and Science
LANGUAGE ARTS: Visual Literacy
What Is Visual Literacy?, Why Visual Literacy Is Important, Data Visualization, Typography, Color, The Power of Photography
MATH: Pi
The Symbol, The Definition, Early History of Pi, Pi Gets More Accurate, An Irrational Constant, The Not-So-Accurate Pi
SCIENCE: Natural Disasters
Earthquakes, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Avalanches, Tsunamis, Volcanic Eruptions
FOREIGN LANGUAGE: Portuguese
The Origins, Dialects, Related Languages, The Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990, Portuguese Today, Useful Portuguese Phrases
LESSON 11A
THE
RENAISSANCE
What Led to the Renaissance The Renaissance was a return to the classicism and humanism of Ancient Greece in Europe following the Middle Ages. Following the Black Death, there was a great change in the European economy. That, along with the invention of the printing press, the fall of the Byzantine Empire, and the Crusades all led to the birth of the Renaissance, where Classic Greek and Roman art, literature, and philosophy were reintroduced into European culture.
VISUAL LITERACY
What Is Visual Literacy? Visual literacy is a method of teaching based on the principle that visual images are a language that must be learned, and one should be able to understand, apply, and create visual messages. The term was created by Jack Debes. In a world of mass media, visual literacy has become increasingly more important; however, visual literacy is not limited to simply media.