A Ton of Crap
Page 18
What is the atomic number?
The number of neutrons found in the atom’s nucleus
The number of atoms
The number of protons found in the atom’s nucleus
The number of electrons found in the atom’s nucleus
A set of adjacent groups is called:
A period
A block
A chalcogen
A and C
What was the Illyrian movement?
Turning the alphabet into only thirty letters
An effort by the Holy Roman Emperor to make Latin the official language
Uniting of the two dynasties
An attempt to create a common South Slavic literary language
How do you say “Hello” in
Croatian?
Hvala
Zbogom
Molim
Zdravo
ANSWER KEY: b, d, a, c, b, a, c, b, d, d
Lesson 17
HISTORY: The French Revolution
The Tennis Court Oath, Storming of the Bastille, Women’s March on Versailles, Overthrow of the Monarchy, The September Massacres, A New Republic
LANGUAGE ARTS: Developing a Paragraph
What Is a Paragraph?, The Topic Sentence, Supporting Sentences, The Concluding Sentence, Making Sure Your Paragraph Is Well Developed, When to Start a New Paragraph
MATH: Basic Algebra
What Is Algebra?, Addition and Subtraction with Algebraic Expressions, Multiplication with Algebraic Expressions, Division with Algebraic Expressions, Solving for x, Rearranging Formulas
SCIENCE: Chemical Formulas
What Is a Chemical Formula?, Polymers, Ions, Isotopes, The Empirical Formula, The Hill System
FOREIGN LANGUAGE: Belarusian
The Origins, Grammar Reforms, The Impact of World War II, Dialects, Alphabets, Useful Belarusian Phrases
LESSON 17A
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
The Tennis Court Oath Pre-Revolutionary France practiced a class system. The higher classes were given special privileges, such as not paying taxes. At a time of great debt, King Louis XVI refused to change the system. The Third Estate, which represented the underprivileged class, formed a National Assembly. On June 20, 1789, when the Third Estate was locked out of their meeting hall, they moved to a nearby tennis court. There, they took an oath to never separate until there was a constitution in France.
DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH
What Is a Paragraph? A paragraph is a group of sentences that are related in the subject they are discussing. Good paragraphs are crucial to being a good writer or just having your writing make sense to the reader. Paragraphs organize sentences so that the main idea can get across in an easy and coherent way. A good rule of thumb to follow is to always keep one idea for every paragraph.
BASIC ALGEBRA
What Is Algebra? In algebra, equations are given with unknown numbers. These unknown numbers are represented with letters. Based on the equation laid out, one has to figure out the missing value. The letters can be variables, where the value of the letter can change, or they can be constants, which have a fixed value (such as π).
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
What Is a Chemical Formula? A chemical formula is a method of expressing how a chemical appears in a simple and easy-to-understand way based on the atoms that make up chemical compounds. When writing out the elements involved in a chemical, if there is more than one atom present in a particular element, then it is indicated by a subscript number after the symbol, showing how many atoms there are. For example, water is H2O. This means there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom present in water.
BELARUSIAN
The Origins Belarusian is an East Slavic language, and is a predecessor of Old Belarusian. Old Belarusian was spoken from the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries. The modern form of Belarusian was based on the vernacular of Old Belarusian. The development of the modern language was a result of increased political conflict in the surrounding area of Belarus, and the language, once considered a peasant’s language, started appearing in state offices in the nineteenth century.
LESSON 17B
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Storming of the Bastille The Bastille was a royal prison that became a symbol of oppression. It was also where the arms and gunpowder were held. On July 14, 1789, hundreds of angry citizens demanded the weapons. When they were refused, they stormed the prison. After gunfire from the prison guards left 100 men dead, some prison guards defected, shooting open the prison doors. The governor of the Bastille surrendered and was beheaded. His head was put on a stake.
DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH
The Topic Sentence The topic sentence tells the reader what the rest of the paragraph will be about. Though the topic sentence does not need to be the very first sentence in the paragraph, it certainly is a good approach to take. The idea is that one would be able to summarize from the topic sentence what that paragraph is about. The sentence doesn’t have to blatantly state the topic at the beginning, as long as the paragraph is understandable.
BASIC ALGEBRA
Addition and Subtraction with Algebraic Expressions An example of a single algebraic expression is 6x, where 6 represents the coefficient and x represents the variable, and these numbers are being multiplied together. You can only add and subtract like terms. For example, in 7x + 9z x and z are unlike terms and the problem thus cannot be simplified further; however, with 7x + 9x, since the variables are both x, we can work the problem out and get 16x.
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
Polymers Polymers are macromolecules made up of structural units that repeat. When writing the formula of a polymer, you do not have to write out every one of the repeating units. Instead, parentheses are used followed by a subscript to show how many times it repeats. For example, in a hydrocarbon molecule CH3(CH2)50CH3 the CH2 repeats 50 times.
BELARUSIAN
Grammar Reforms The language has undergone two official grammar reforms, once in 1933, and again in 1959. The 1933 reform simplified grammar, got rid of any Polish influences that were believed to be corrupting the language, maintained artificial barriers between Russian and Belarusian, and removed vulgarisms and neologisms. In 1959 further changes were made to the grammar, resulting in the Belarusian grammar that exists today with a few changes made throughout the years.
LESSON 17C
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Women’s March on Versailles The women’s march on Versailles is one of the most significant events of the French Revolution. On October 5 and 6, 1789, some 7,000 women of the marketplace marched to the king’s palace demanding the price of bread and food be brought down. The crowd forced the king and the French Assembly to return to Paris. The authority of the king had effectively been ended and the balance of power began to shift toward the common folk.
DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH
Supporting Sentences Supporting sentences do just that; they support. If the topic sentence is the main idea of the paragraph, then the supporting sentences should provide the necessary information (images, data, analysis) to back up that statement. A good rule of thumb when writing paragraphs is they should be five to seven sentences long. That should provide enough support for the main idea you are trying to get across.
BASIC ALGEBRA
Multiplication with Algebraic Expressions With multiplication it is a matter of following the laws regarding exponents.
For example:
x4(x3 + 6a) = x7 + 6ax4
This is the simplest answer we can get from a problem like this. With problems with two sets of equations in parentheses, break the first set up as such:
(x + 7) (a – 2)
x(a – 2) + 7(a – 2)
You add or subtract the problems based on whether the second part of the problem is positive or negative. So that gives us:
xa – 2x + 7a – 14
We cannot break that down any further, so that is our answer.
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
Ions Ions are atoms that have a positive or negative charge. This is due to the fact that the number of electrons in the atom is not the same as the number of protons. Ions can be represented with a superscript on the right hand side showing whether it is positive or negative. For example, Na+. In more complex ions, brackets are used (and parentheses can be used inside of the brackets).
BELARUSIAN
The Impact of World War II Following World War II, Russian became the official national language of Belarus under the Soviets, and it was the principal language for communication. The teaching and use of the Belarusian language was limited to rural areas, and Russian would stay the official language until the 1980s. When Perestroika began, political control was more relaxed, and support for the Belarusian language grew.
LESSON 17D
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Overthrow of the Monarchy On August 10, 1792, French citizens numbering as many as 30,000 marched to the Tuileries Palace in an effort to capture King Louis XVI. The king had heard of the oncoming mob and moved himself and his family to the Legislative Assembly building. The Swiss Guard protecting the castle was never made aware of these plans, and when the mob approached, they attempted to defend the palace, but ultimately surrendered. As the mob stormed the castle, they killed anyone inside. Leaving the castle, they advanced toward the Legislative Assembly building where King Louis XVI was found and arrested. This was the end of the monarchy.
DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH
The Concluding Sentence The concluding sentence is kind of like the reverse of the topic sentence. Instead of beginning a topic for discussion, this is meant to conclude the main idea of the paragraph. One type of concluding sentence would be to summarize all that was said in the topic sentence and supporting sentence. Not every paragraph needs a concluding sentence, but if the paragraph is long or has lots of information, a concluding sentence can be very useful.
BASIC ALGEBRA
Division with Algebraic Expressions When dividing algebraic expressions, you should first write the problem out as a fraction. The next step is to then simplify the coefficient, and then cancel out like variables in both the numerator and the denominator.
For example:
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
Isotopes Isotopes are different versions of the same element having different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are indicated with a superscript number on the left-hand side of the formula. For example, the isotope Uranium 235 is expressed as 235U. The 235 refers to the number of neutrons and protons combined, or the mass number.
BELARUSIAN
Dialects Though some consider Belarusian to be a dialect of Russian, many consider it to be a different language altogether. In Belarus, there are two main types of dialects: South-Western and North-Eastern. These dialects are separated by Ashmyany–Minsk–Babruysk–Homyel, a hypothetical line. The South-Western dialect is characterized by a harder “r” sound, and the North-Eastern has a softer sounding “r.”
LESSON 17E
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
The September Massacres Starting on September 2, 1792, a mass killing of prisoners took place. Following the overthrow of King Louis XVI, there was an imminent threat of invasion by Austrian and Prussian forces to restore the monarchy. The French feared the political prisoners were going to join together and create a counterrevolution. The killings lasted for five days, and 1,200 prisoners were killed.
DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH
Making Sure Your Paragraph Is Well Developed It can be hard to know when a paragraph has enough information or perhaps too little information. To make sure your paragraph is well developed, here are some helpful tips. Make sure you describe the topic you’re going to talk about, analyzing it and citing any information that helps get your idea across. Cite facts and details, talk about causes and effects, use stories or anecdotes, define terms, and compare and contrast when you can.
BASIC ALGEBRA
Solving for x When solving for x, you want to get x all by itself. For example:
2x = 10
To get x by itself, you have to divide 2x by 2, and whatever you do on one side, you must do on the other side. So you end up with x = 5. No matter how complex the problem might get, as long as you remember to get x by itself, you will be able to solve the problem.
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
The Empirical Formula The empirical formula is the simplest way of expressing the ratio of the elements present in a compound. For example, the molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. However, the empirical formula breaks that down further into its simplest form. So glucose expressed in the empirical formula is CH2O.
BELARUSIAN
Alphabets Due to such a complex history full of conflict, the Belarusian alphabet is actually a combination of two influences, Cyrillic and the Latin alphabet. Old Belarusian was originally written in Cyrillic, and during the sixteenth century, with the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, Belarusian began appearing in the Latin alphabet. By the nineteenth century, Belarusian was written in both alphabets, and spelling became an issue of controversy, as some wanted words spelled like Russian and others wanted words spelled like Polish. When the Soviets came to power, Cyrillic became the official alphabet; however, when Belarus gained independence in 1991, efforts were made to return to the Latin alphabet.
LESSON 17F
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
A New Republic On September 22, 1792, the French First Republic was founded by the National Convention. The National Convention abolished the monarchy, created a new constitution, and a day later, declared France to be a Republic. The Republic would only last fourteen years, however, before Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power and established the First French Empire.
DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH
When to Start a New Paragraph There are a couple of ways you know you need to start a new paragraph. The most obvious is when you begin discussing a new topic or a new idea. Similarly, if the material contrasts to the material before it, that should be a new paragraph. Even if the idea of your content is continuing, however, if the paragraph goes on for too long, it can make it hard to read. Use another paragraph to give the reader’s eyes a break. Lastly, you want a new paragraph when beginning your introduction and your conclusion.
BASIC ALGEBRA
Rearranging Formulas Rearranging formulas is essentially taking all that you have learned, and working backward. It is very similar to the last lesson where you solved for x, only you are not limited to just one number. You can solve any part of the problem. For example, if you have a formula that states 2b = c, and then you are asked to solve for b, you can just divide both sides by 2. So, b = c/2.
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
The Hill System Another system of writing chemical formulas is called the Hill system. With the Hill system, you first indicate the number of carbon atoms, then hydrogen, and then you go down the list of elements alphabetically. For example, uranium oxide in the chemical formula is written as U3O8. In the Hill system, it appears as O8U3. This system is commonly used for databases.
BELARUSIAN
Useful Belarusian Phrases Here are some helpful phrases to use when traveling to Belarus. Note that these are written phonetically.
Hello. Vitayu.
How are you? Jak spravy?
Pleased to meet you. Pryiemna paznajomicca.
Good morning. Dobray ranitsy.
Good evening. Dobry vechar.
Good night. Dabranach.
Cheers! Za zdarou’e!
I don’t understand. Ne razumeyu.
Where’s the toilet? Dze tualet?
Goodbye. Da pabachen’nya.
LESSON 17 QUIZ
Which major event of the French Revolution signified that the authority of the king had effectively been ended and a balance of power toward the common folk was beginning?
The National Convention
The September massacres
The storming of the Tuileries Palace
The Women’s march on Versailles
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br /> In French society, the Third Estate represented:
The king
Nobles
The upper class
The common people
When is it appropriate to start a new paragraph?
When starting a new idea
When the paragraph is too long and the reader needs a break
When beginning your introduction and conclusion
All of the above
Which of the following is an example of a supporting sentence?
A sentence that analyzes and cites information regarding the topic
A sentence that introduces a new topic
A sentence that introduces the conclusion
A sentence that introduces the topic of the paragraph
If x + 4 = y, then what does x equal?