A Ton of Crap
Page 20
Shortly before her tragic death, Virginia Woolf lied to the doctor about:
Having a stomach ache
Hearing voices
Having a headache
Having trouble seeing
When objects can be added together or multiplied, they are known as:
Scalars
Axioms
Complex numbers
Matrices
If a set is [4, 7, 9], the cardinality is:
7
20
9
3
Daltonism is another word for:
Dalton’s Law
Dalton’s theory of atomic weight
Color blindness
Dalton’s atomic theory
PTotal = p1 + p2 + p3 … is an
example of:
Dalton’s atomic theory
Dalton’s law
Daltonism
Dalton’s theory of atomic weight
What is Jan Hus responsible for?
Breaking Czechoslovakia apart
Standardizing the spelling of the Czech language
Creating a combination of Czech and Polish
Making German the official language of Czechoslovakia
Which of the following is true?
The official language of the Czech Republic is Slovak.
Czech was the official language of Germany during the fourteenth century.
Czech was considered a rich man’s language, worthy of the king and nobility.
Until the fourteenth century, Czech was considered to be a language spoken by peasants, not worthy of literature or any kind of standardization.
ANSWER KEY: c, a, d, b, a, d, c, b, b, d
Lesson 19
HISTORY: The Spanish-American War
Cuba’s Struggle for Independence, Yellow Journalism, Sinking of the USS Maine, Declaration of War, The Philippines, The Treaty of Paris
LANGUAGE ARTS: Jane Austen
About Jane Austen’s Life, The Sentimental Novel, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma, Reactions Then
and Now
MATH: Modern Algebra
What Is Modern Algebra?, History of Modern Algebra, Groups, Rings, Fields, Universal Algebra
SCIENCE: Weather
The Water Cycle, Clouds, Thunder, Lightning, Wind, Weather Forecasting
FOREIGN LANGUAGE: Hungarian
The Origins, Turkic Influences, The Four-Tiered Level of Politeness, Writing System, Dialects, Useful Hungarian Phrases
LESSON 19A
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
Cuba’s Struggle for Independence Cuba had always been a colony of Spain since 1492. By the mid-nineteenth century, Cuba grew dissatisfied with Spain’s corruption and sought independence. The Spanish denied the Cubans any freedom, and Cuban nationalists fought the Spaniards in the Ten Years War from 1868 to 1878. In 1896, the Spanish sent over General Weyler, aka “The Butcher,” who established concentration camps where thousands of Cubans died. As news spread to the United States, President Cleveland vowed that even should Congress declare war he would not send the military to Cuba.
JANE AUSTEN
About Jane Austen’s Life The biography of Jane Austen is not fully known. Jane Austen was born on December 16, 1775, in Hampshire, England, and by 1787, Jane began writing plays, poetry, and stories. By the time she was twenty-three, she had already completed the original versions of Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, and Northanger Abbey. Her sense of humor was evident from the beginning, and she keenly watched the interactions of the social classes. Jane Austen’s work was known for its realism, humor, and social commentary.
MODERN ALGEBRA
What Is Modern Algebra? Modern algebra, also known as abstract algebra, is a branch of mathematics that involves abstract algebraic structures (complex numbers, real numbers, matrices, vector spaces) instead of number systems. In modern algebra, the most important features are rings, groups, and fields. Linear algebra is considered to be one of the branches of modern algebra.
WEATHER
The Water Cycle There is a limited amount of water on Earth, which is recycled again and again. This is known as the water cycle. The first step in the process is evaporation, where the sun heats up the water until it turns into steam or water vapor, which then rises into the air. As the water vapor in the air gets cold, it turns back into water, forming clouds. This process is known as condensation. When there is so much water that the air can no longer hold it, precipitation occurs in the form of rain or snow.
HUNGARIAN
The Origins The Hungarian language, called Magyar, is a Uralic language. Uralic languages are not related to Indo-European languages and emerged in the Urals of Russia. The history of the language can be broken down into five periods: Proto-Hungarian, when the Hungarian language first came to be; Old Hungarian (during the Middle Ages); Middle Hungarian (the language turned into a form similar to today’s); New Hungarian (when the language underwent some reforms); and Modern Hungarian (the language as it is spoken today).
LESSON 19B
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
Yellow Journalism Yellow journalism was the name given to sensational news stories being reported in the United States about the Spanish treatment of Cubans. Though based on truth, the articles were written to elicit strong responses. The two men most responsible for yellow journalism were William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World. Yellow journalism would galvanize public opinion about wanting to go to war.
JANE AUSTEN
The Sentimental Novel The sentimental novel was a popular literary genre of the eighteenth century that celebrated emotions and sensibility. These novels focused on the emotional response, both in terms of the reader and the characters. Plots were created to further the emotions of the story rather than the events. Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility was a satire of this type of literature of the time.
MODERN ALGEBRA
History of Modern Algebra Toward the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a great shift in mathematical methodology, and mathematicians moved toward general theory and away from concrete objects. Among others, the work of Ernst Steinitz, David Hilbert, Emmy Noether, and Emil Artin came to define abstract, or modern, algebra.
WEATHER
Clouds Clouds are large collections of droplets of ice crystals or water so small that they can float in the air. As warm air rises, it cools down and expands. The moisture begins to condense and forms water droplets. As billions of the droplets come together, they begin to form a cloud. Clouds can be classified into three groups: cirrus (clouds above 18,000 feet), alto (clouds that are 6,500 feet to 18,000 feet in the air), and stratus (clouds that go up to 6,500 feet).
HUNGARIAN
Turkic Influences From 400 to 896, the Hungarians lived as nomads. When they settled on the coast of the Black Sea, they came into contact with the Turkic people. The Huns had come to the area after the fall of Attila and settled there, ruling over the Hungarians. Between the sixth and the eighth centuries, the Huns fell into decline and were replaced by the Turks. Hungarians were introduced to the Turkic writing system, which the Old Hungarian writing system was based on. The word Magyar comes from the Turkic onugor, and the phonetic language was extremely influenced by the Turkic language.
LESSON 19C
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
Sinking of the USS Maine In 1897, the United States sent a warship, the USS Maine, to Cuba to investigate what was going on and to provide rescue to any Americans. On February 15, 1898, an explosion on the USS Maine left 266 Americans dead. Though the explosion was an internal problem with the ship and not an attack by Spain, the newspapers quickly placed blame on the Spanish, creating great anti-
Spanish fervor among Americans.
JANE AUSTEN
Sense and Sensibility Sense and Sensibility was Jane Austen’s first published novel. The book came out in 1811, and Austen credited herself with th
e pseudonym, “A Lady.” Jane Austen would continue to publish anonymously until the day she died, with only her family knowing it was she who was writing the books. The book follows two sisters who relocate to a new home after their father’s death, and experience romance and heartbreak. The book sold out all 750 copies in its first edition.
MODERN ALGEBRA
Groups Groups are sets of elements, both finite and infinite, that together with a binary operation (an operation that applies to two expressions) satisfy the properties of closure, the inverse property, the identity property, and associativity. In closure, if a and b are elements in G, then ab, the product, is also in G. The inverse property states that for each element, there must be an inverse, or (a × b) = (b × a) = 1G. The identity property states e, an element, exists in G. For every a in G, the equation is e × a = a × e = a. Lastly, associativity states that (a × b) × c = a × (b × c).
WEATHER
Thunder The sound of thunder is actually caused by lightning. As a bolt of lightning passes through the cloud, it creates a channel, or a small hole in the air. When the lightning is gone, the air collapses back in again, which creates a sound wave. Because light travels faster than sound, we see the lightning before we hear the thunder.
HUNGARIAN
The Four-Tiered Level of Politeness In Hungarian, there are four different ways to express levels of politeness. Uses of the different levels include when showing respect to the person being addressed; when distancing oneself from the person being addressed; a system similar to the previous two but with additional words (this would be used when talking to the family friends of parents, for example); and a form of being polite that doesn’t fit into the other three categories.
LESSON 19D
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
Declaration of War Though President McKinley did not want war, the pressure from the public, including the assistant secretary of the navy, Theodore Roosevelt, grew. On April 11, 1898, McKinley told Congress he supported going to war with Spain. On April 24, Spain declared war on the United States, and the next day, the United States declared war on Spain. To justify going to war, Congress passed the Teller Amendment, in which the United States promised to liberate Cuba.
JANE AUSTEN
Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice was published in 1813. The book, like much of Austen’s work, uses free indirect speech (meaning in the third person with the essence of first person) to tell the story. The book focuses on the importance of one’s environment and how it affects upbringing and the fact that wealth and a high social status do not necessarily mean one has an advantage.
MODERN ALGEBRA
Rings A ring is a set, represented by S, that is with two binary operations (commonly addition and multiplication). An example of a ring is R = (S, 01, 02, I). In this problem, S is a set of real numbers, 01 is addition, with its inverse being subtraction, 02 is multiplication, and I is identity element zero.
WEATHER
Lightning In a thundercloud, frozen raindrops hit each other while moving around in the air. These collisions begin to form an electric charge, and soon the entire cloud is full of electrical charges. The protons form at the top while the electrons form at the bottom. A positive charge builds up below the cloud on the ground, and eventually the charges connect, creating a bolt of lightning.
HUNGARIAN
Writing System When Stephen I of Hungary came to power in the year 1000, the Old Hungarian system of writing was gradually replaced by the Latin alphabet. The Hungarian system of today still uses the Latin alphabet, although it has expanded, modifying characters with accents (such as á, é, í, ú, ö, and ü) to represent sounds not present.
LESSON 19E
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
The Philippines Without permission, Theodore Roosevelt, the assistant secretary of the navy, ordered the officer in control of the U.S. Asiatic Squadron to attack the Spanish fleet in the capital of the Philippines should the United States declare war. The fleet was quickly defeated. At the same time, Filipino rebel forces continued fighting the Spanish.
JANE AUSTEN
Emma Emma was published in December of 1815. Once again, the book focuses on misconstrued romance among genteel women. When starting the novel, Austen said, “I am going to take a heroine whom no one but myself will much like.” Emma is a spoiled woman who overestimates her matchmaking abilities. Emma is the first heroine of any of Austen’s books that does not have financial problems, and Emma is a major shift away from themes common in Austen’s work (such as finding a husband and financial security).
MODERN ALGEBRA
Fields A field is a commutative ring (meaning it has an operation of multiplication) that has nonzero elements that form a group under multiplication. It is an algebraic structure that touches on addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Every field must have two or more elements.
WEATHER
Wind Wind is simply the air put in motion. Because the surface of the Earth is very dynamic and is not even, the Sun’s radiation is absorbed unevenly. This uneven spread of the Sun’s rays makes some areas hotter than others. Warm air weighs less than cold air, and it begins to rise. Cold air then replaces the warm air as it rises. This creates wind.
HUNGARIAN
Dialects There are eight major dialects in Hungarian: Alföld, Danube-Tisza, West Danube, King’s Pass Hungarian, Northwest Hungarian, Northeast Hungarian, Székely, and West Hungarian. These are all mutually intelligible. The most significant dialect is Csángó. Due to its isolation (it is located in the Romanian area of Bacău), it has the most differences of any of the dialects.
LESSON 19F
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
The Treaty of Paris In 1898, the war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris. The Spanish-American War lasted a total of six months. Under the treaty, Guam and Puerto Rico fell under American control, Cuba was granted its independence, and for $20 million, America got control of the Philippines. Due to the Platt Amendment, the United States was granted a military base at Cuba’s Guantanamo Bay.
JANE AUSTEN
Reactions Then and Now When Austen’s books first came out, they were well received. Her work received published reviews praising her realism and narrative qualities. In the nineteenth century, as Victorian and Romantic literature appeared, Austen’s work became less popular, and those that still liked her considered themselves the elite. When James Edward Austen-Leigh’s A Memoir of Jane Austen came out, the work of Jane Austen was reintroduced and once again grew in popularity. By the twentieth century, Austen’s work became a major focus of academic studies, as well as a source for media adaptations (the movie Clueless is a modernization of Emma).
MODERN ALGEBRA
Universal Algebra Universal algebra studies the actual algebraic structures, and not the models of algebraic structures. In universal algebra, an algebraic structure is a set, known as A, and there are a collection of operations performed on A. An n-ary operation takes n elements of the structure, or A, and returns a single element of the structure. Once operations have been specified, the structure can be limited even further into axioms.
WEATHER
Weather Forecasting By understanding how air masses react, one is able to predict how the weather will turn out. One way of doing this is by looking at fronts. Two basic types of front are cold fronts and warm fronts. A cold front is a mass of cold air moving into a mass of warm air. As the cold air contracts, it becomes heavier and pushes below the warm air. When warm air moves into a mass of cold air, the warm air replaces the cold air.
HUNGARIAN
Useful Hungarian Phrases Here are some helpful phrases to use when traveling to Hungary:
Good morning. Jó reggelt kívánok.
Good afternoon. Jó napot kívánok. (also used as “hello”)
Good evening. Jó estét kívánok.
Good night. Jó éjszakát.
Thank you. Köszönöm.
I don’t understand. Nem értem.
I can’t speak Hungarian. Nem beszélek magyarul.
Excuse me. Elnézést.
Where’s the toilet? Hol van a mosdó?
Goodbye. Szia.
LESSON 19 QUIZ
How did yellow journalism portray the explosion of the USS Maine?
The Yellow Newspaper was the first to publish a story on it.
The story was sensationalized and blame was placed on the Spanish.
Newspapers said the explosion was caused by an accident on the ship.
None of the above.
As a result of the Treaty of Paris, America gained control of:
Guam
Puerto Rico
Spain
A and B
Jane Austen maintained anonymity throughout her writing career. In her first book, Sense and Sensibility, she used the pseudonym: