Rainy Lake House
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Fleming, R. Harvey, 156
Forks, 122, 133, 218
Fort Alexander, 205
Fort Alexandria, 88
Fort Belle Fontaine, 46, 50, 165
Fort Chipewyan, 118
Fort Crawford, 47, 348
Fort Daer, 226, 235
Fort Dearborn, 40
Fort Douglas: construction of, 122
Hudson’s Bay Company move to, 203, 205
McLeod and, 133
rebuilding of, 131
Red River colonists in, 126, 127
surrender of, 236–37. See also Fort Garry
Fort Garry, 205, 286
Fort Gibraltar, 122, 131, 132, 218
Fort Mackinac, 28, 215, 216, 348
Fort Mandan, 209
Fort Smith, 56, 59
Fort Snelling, 199
Fort Vancouver, 329, 334
Fort Vermilion, 108
Fort Wayne, 40, 196–97
Fort William: as administrative center, 34
fur stores at, 138
McLoughlin at, 30, 101–5, 109
summer rendezvous at, 34, 102, 107, 124, 129–31, 134, 148
surrender of, 135–38
Franklin, Benjamin, 17
Fraser, Alexander, 31–32, 33
Fraser, Malcolm, 31
Fraser, Simon, 32–34, 332
French Canadians: in Fort Wayne, 196–97, 198
in fur trade, 118, 119, 220, 263, 279
on Mackinac island, 321–22
in Willamette valley, 333
frostbite, 85–86
fur trade: Britain and, 40–41, 113, 118–19, 246, 273
competition in, 112–15, 120, 273–76
credit system of, 114–15
decline of, 112–15, 198
dynamics of, 5
experiences in, 8
as extension of statecraft, 246
factory system in, 42, 43, 47, 194–95
functional context for, 5–6
Indian-European relations in, 6–7
Indian participation in, 6, 81–82
Jefferson and, 182
licensing system in, 42–43
Long and, 9, 315–16
McLoughlin and, 8–9, 30–31
reorganization of, as monopoly, 156
Tanner and, 9, 279, 280–82
US Army and, 41, 315–16. See also American Fur Company; Americanization of fur trade; fur traders; Hudson’s Bay Company; liquor trafficking; North West Company; trading posts
Fur Trade in Canada, The (InniS), 119
fur traders: independent, 273, 319
Indian killing of, 309–10
Long expedition view of, 198
marriage between Indians and, 104–7, 110, 170, 171
mixed-blood children of, 284–85
retirement of, 144, 238, 286
running de dérouine, 280, 282
Galbraith, John S., 155
Gale, Samuel, 147, 149
Garnett, John, 346
G. & C. & H. Carvill (publishers), 349
General Survey Act of 1824, 336
Gi-ah-ge-wa-go-mo, 222–23, 288
Gilbert, Angie Bingham, 326, 327, 328–29
Glengarry Fencibles, 135
Graham, George, 44–45, 164
Graham, James Duncan, 174, 190
Grand Portage, 65–66, 67, 68, 69, 79–80
Great Britain. See Britain
Gros Ventres, 75, 88
Grover, LaFayette, 335
Halley, Patrick L., 182
Harmon, Daniel, 88, 103–4
Harriman, Lucy, 19
Harriman, Stephen, 19
Height of Land, 109, 117
Hempstead, 48
Heney, Hugh, 218, 219, 221, 226, 227
Henry, Alexander: departure from Pembina, 218
journal of, 213, 344, 345
Sioux massacre and, 95
trading post of, 79, 94
Henry, Robert, 132
Hodgkis, Martha, 167, 168. See also Long, Martha
Hodgkis, Sarah Dewees, 167, 169
Hopkinton, New Hampshire, 18–20
horses, 87–88
Hubbard, Gurdon S., 321
Hudson’s Bay Company: agricultural settlement policy of, 316
Bay House, 152
Brandon House, 76, 78, 209, 219, 221
Brousse and, 234
charges against, 142
Columbia District, 319–20, 329–30
competition faced by, 273
as de facto colonial government, 285
forts of, 116–17
Fort Vancouver, 329, 334
labor pool for, 6, 131
London Committee of, 153, 154, 155
Long expedition and, 195
McLoughlin approach to, 147
North West Company and, 8, 9, 120, 121, 132, 147–48, 155–56
Parliament approval for, 157–58
Red River colony and, 286
royal charter of, 116, 121, 152, 156
Selkirk and, 121
Tanner and, 221, 234–38
US expansionism and, 194. See also McLoughlin, John; Rainy Lake House
human species, interest in origins of, 53–54
Hunter, John Dunn, 349
hunting, commercialization of, 81–82. See also beaver; buffalo
Icelandic saga, 18
Illinois country, 337–38
Indian-European relations in fur trade, 5–7
Indian-on-Indian murders, 311
Indian removal policy, 197, 336–37, 338
Indians: army officers’
views of, 186–87
assumptions of dependency of, 6–7, 42, 315–16
assumptions of inferiority of, 6–7, 48
civilization and assimilation of, 43–44, 197–98
competition in fur trade and, 112–15
division of labor between sexes, 171
in fur trade, 6, 81–82
as immigrants, 71
interest in origins of, 53–55
intertribal warfare, 93–94, 214
Long on, 40–41, 172, 185–86, 187, 316, 337
marriage between fur traders and, 104–7, 110, 170, 171
marriage forms of, 170–71
McLoughlin on, 111–12, 310
in Ohio valley, 22
Rocky Mountain expedition and, 185
as superstitious, 111–12, 224–25, 227–28
views of, 337
westward migration of, 63–66. See also savagery; specific tribes
inferiority of Indians, assumptions of, 6–7, 48
Inman, Henry, 349
Innis, Harold, 119, 156
intermarriage: in Algonquian tribes, 28
Crawford and, 44. See also marriage
Isle Royale, 68–69
Jackson, Andrew, 164–65, 336–37
James, Edwin: book project and, 191, 347
career of, 179
Clark and, 182–83
credibility of, 347–48
Long and, 374n11
northern territory expedition and, 193
Tanner autobiography and, 4, 343, 345, 347, 374n10
Jay’s Treaty of 1794, 41
Jefferson, Thomas, 42, 52, 181–82
Jessup, Augustus E., 174, 178
Johnson, James, 176
Johnson, John W., 47
Johnson, Robert, 346
Johnston, George, 273
Jourdain, Jean Baptiste, 263
Keating, William H.: on Fort Wayne population, 196
on Métis, 203–4
northern territory expedition and, 193
at Rainy Lake House, 4
Tanner and, 303, 307, 317
on Wanatan, 200
keelboats, 163, 176, 177
Keepers of the Game (Martin), 81–82
Kettle Falls, 279, 298
Ke-wa-tin, 66
Kimball, Abraham, 18–19
kinship among Indian tribes, 170, 264
Kish-kau-ko, 23, 24, 245
Ko
ochiching Falls, 13
Kurosawa, Akira, Rashômon, 5
Lake Athabaska, 116, 117
Lake Huron, 27, 28, 74, 77, 78–80, 85, 232
Lake of the Woods, 116, 205, 225, 232
Lake Pepin, 51
Lake Traverse trading fort, 96, 199
Lake Winnipeg, 70–71, 78, 116, 117, 205
landforms, theories on origins of, 51
L’Arbre Croche village, 28
Leclair, François, 40
Lee, Charles A., 327
Le Maigouis, 216, 367n2
Lewis, Meriwether, 163–64, 181, 182
Lewis and Clark expedition, 13, 181–82, 183, 209, 345–46
licensing system in fur trade, 42–43
Lincoln, Abraham, 340
liquor trafficking: Americans in, 282
Long expedition and, 198
Net-no-kwa and, 90
by North West Company, 113–14
Pe-shau-ba and, 76–77, 78
Tanner and, 279–80, 282
Little Clear Sky, 4–5, 293–95, 296, 298, 309, 311, 319, 320
Little Deer, 269
London, McLoughlin trip to, 150–55
Long, Edwin James, 374n10
Long, Enoch, 20, 339
Long, Henry Clay, 339, 374n10
Long, Lucy Leonis, 339, 374n10
Long, Martha, 189, 338, 339. See also Hodgkis, Martha
Long, Mary, 374n10
Long, Moses, 19, 20
Long, Richard Harlan, 374n10
Long, Stephen H.: Alton, Illinois, and, 338–39
background of, 8
birth of, 19
Calhoun and, 165–66
career of, 2, 21, 164, 168, 335–36, 341
cartographic projects of, 191–92
character of, 168–69
Chicago land speculation of, 338
children of, 189, 339, 374n10
Clark and, 182–83
contemporary thought and, 55
daughters of Tanner and, 305
death of, 341
education of, 20
as ethnographer, 49
expeditions of, 13, 188
as explorer, 9
family of, 19
first assignment of, 39, 40
funds of, 340–41
on fur trade, 315–16
hometown of, 18–20
on Illinois country, 337–38
illness of, 189–90
income and household of, 192–93
on Indian tribes, 40–41, 172, 185–86, 187, 316, 337
Jackson and, 164–65
journal entry of, 4
map of travels of, ix; marriage of, 167, 169
on McLoughlin, 306
Osage country and, 56–57
Peale portrait of, 175
privilege and, 338
at Rainy Lake House, 303
religion of, 20
“Report of the Western River Expedition,” 185–86
reports of, 40–41, 44–45, 51, 57–60, 185–86, 187
reputation of, 183
second assignment of, 46–47, 48–50
steamboat exploration and, 163–64, 165–66
Tanner and, 2, 4, 17, 170, 255, 303–5, 307–8, 317
timeline of, xiii
“Voyage in a Six-Oared Skiff,” 339
on white-Indian contact, 316–17. See also northern territory expedition; western river expedition; Yellowstone expedition
Long, William Dewees, 339, 374n10
Loomis, Noel, 346
Lovejoy, Elijah P., 339
Lovely, William, 57–58, 59
Lovely Purchase, 58, 59–60
Macdonell, Alexander, 125–26, 131
Macdonell, Miles: as free on bail, 135
as governor of Red River colony, 123–24, 126–27, 226
plan for removal of, 125
as prisoner, 129, 131
at Rainy Lake fort, 234
Mackinac Island, 28, 251–52, 321–22
Mackinac village, 257
Macomb, Alexander, 193
Maligne River, 317–18
mammalian diving reflex, 140
Manitoo-geezhik, 23–27, 28
Manitou Rapids, 279
marriage: à la façon du pays, 106–7
in Algonquian tribes, 28
among Indian peoples, 28, 170–71
for army officers, 167–68
change in pattern of, 169–70
companionate, 170
Crawford on intermarriage, 44
“education families” idea of Morse, 171–72
of fur traders, 104–7, 110, 170, 171
interracial, 44, 170
of Long, 167, 169
of McLoughlin, 8, 104–6, 107–8, 109–10
in Ottawa-Ojibwa culture, 89–90
romantic love and, 169
of Tanner, 91–92, 223, 326
Martin, Calvin, 81–82
Mason, Myra Peters, 322
McCulloh, James Haines, 55–56
McGillis, Hugh, 89
McGillivray, John, 130
McGillivray, Simon (brother of William), 14–15, 122, 125, 129–30, 154, 155. See also McTavish, McGillivrays and Company
McGillivray, Simon (son of William), 157, 262–63, 273, 300, 301, 305
McGillivray, William: arrest of, 135–37
J. Caldwell and, 151–52
Fauche and, 139
Hudson’s Bay Company and, 134, 147
Macdonell and, 124
McLoughlin and, 34–35, 130, 148
negotiations of, 154
North West Company and, 101
as principal trader, 79
at rendezvous of 1814, 126
Selkirk and, 135–36
son of, 157, 262
wintering partners and, 129, 145–47. See also McTavish, McGillivrays and Company
McKay, Alexander, 106, 107, 108
McKay, John, 221
McKay, Marguerite Wadin: children of, 107
life of, 105–6
marriage of, 8
McLoughlin and, 107–8, 109–10. See also McLoughlin, Marguerite
McKay, Mary, 320
McKay, Nancy, 146
McKay, Thomas, 107, 108, 331
McKenzie, Daniel, 218
McKenzie, Kenneth, 135–36
McLellan, Archibald, 236–37
McLeod, Archibald, 125, 130, 132, 133
McLoughlin, David (brother of John), 155, 158–59, 331
McLoughlin, David (son of John), 261, 320, 331
McLoughlin, Eliza, 320
McLoughlin, Eloisa, 261, 319, 331, 335
McLoughlin, John: as apprentice clerk, 103
arrest of, 136–37, 138
background of, 7–8
birth of, 31
character and appearance of, 102
as chief factor, 3–4, 115, 144–45, 157, 159–60, 261–67, 319
children of, 104, 105, 108, 127, 138, 149
claim of, 330, 334
Columbia District and, 319–20, 329–30
convalescence of, 158
Côté and, 312–13
daughters of Tanner and, 305–6
death of, 335
“Description of the Indians from Fort William to Lake of the Woods,” 103, 114, 310
as doctor, 30, 32–33, 101, 102–3
family of, 31–32, 144
as “Father of Oregon,” 8–9, 335
finances of, 371n4
at Fort William, 101–5, 148
fur trade and, 30–31
heritage, education, and, 332–33
journal entry of, 4
on liquor trafficking, 113
Little Clear Sky and, 293
London trip of, 150–55
Long expedition and, 311
map of travels of, xi
marriages of, 8, 104–6, 107–8, 109–10
McGillivrays and, 35, 129–30, 135–36
near-drowning of, 139–41
North West Company and, 8,
33–35, 109
on Oregon country, 330–31
as partner, 124–25, 126, 145
provisional government and, 333
questioning of, 141
rebelliousness of, 130
Red River colony and, 132–33
religion of, 262
reports of, 103, 114
on revenge and retaliation, 310
on superstition of Indians, 111–12
Tanner and, 4–5, 30, 127–28, 230, 244, 311–12, 318
Tanner attack and, 309
timeline of, xiii
transgression of, 32
trial of, 143
as “White-headed Eagle,” 329–30
McLoughlin, John (son of John), 320, 331–32
McLoughlin, Joseph, 104, 105, 320, 331
McLoughlin, Marguerite, 138, 146, 149, 319–20, 335, 388–89n6. See also McKay, Marguerite Wadin
McNabb, John, 135–36
McTavish, McGillivrays and Company, 125, 145, 154. See also North West Company
McTavish, Simon, 33–34
Mead, Joel, 45
measles, 64–65
medicine hunts, 72, 83
Métis: Battle of Seven Oaks, 133–34, 142–43
interracial families of, 285
on Mackinac Island, 321–22
North West Company and, 237
in Pembina, 203–4
Pemmican Proclamation and, 123–24
pemmican production by, 121
Pemmican War and, 126, 127
Red River country and, 121
Michigan Territory, 246
migration: eastward, of Net-no-kwa, 78–80
of southern plainfolk, 255–56
southward, of Ottawas and Ojibwas, 213–14
westward, of Indians, 63–66
militia, 126
Mis-kwa-bun-o-kwa. See Red Sky of the Morning
missionary work: on Mackinac Island, 322, 325
in Oregon country, 330
in Red River valley, 285–86
Mississippian Indian culture, 52–53
Mississippi River, 339
Missouri River, 163, 164, 165–66, 176–77
Missouri Territory, 246
Moffatt, George, 147, 149
Monroe, James, 44, 164
Moodie, D. W., 232
Morrison, William, 258, 275
Morse, Jedediah, 171–72
mounds, ancient, builders of, 52–53, 55
Mouse River Fort, 76. See also Brandon House
Munro, Henry, 34, 101
muskeg, 229–30, 234–35
Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner (James), 4, 343–50
nationalists: army engineers and, 335–36
fur trade and, 194–95
Indian policy and, 336–37
near-drowning and mammalian diving reflex, 140
Net-no-kwa: aid for family of, 83–84
Cheboygan village and, 28
children adopted by, 213
death of, 236
drunkenness of, 70–71
migrations of, 63, 64–66, 70, 74, 77–80
Ojibwas and, 68–69
Pe-shau-ba and, 74–75, 78–79
promissory note for, 85, 86, 221
Tanner and, 27, 66–67, 87, 90, 235–36