Rainy Lake House
Page 53
winter camps of, 71–72, 82–84, 85–86
New Hampshire, settlers in, 18–19
New Lights, 20
Nichols, Roger L., 182
northern territory expedition: Canadian Shield and, 205
change in composition of, 204
in Fort Wayne, 196
at Fort William, 315
fur trade and, 199
Hudson’s Bay Company and, 204–5
instructions for, 194
military escort for, 198–99, 204
in Pembina, 202–4
personnel for, 193–94
preparations for, 193
at Rainy Lake House, 303
Sioux and, 199–202
Tanner and, 205
North West Company: ammunition traded by, 77
arrest of partners of, 135–37
Athabaska Department, 130, 146
Fort Alexandria, 88
Fort Gibraltar, 122, 131, 132, 218
fortunes of, 112, 116, 119
A. Fraser and, 31–32
geographic disadvantage of, 117
Hudson’s Bay Company and, 8, 9, 120, 121, 132, 147–48, 155–56
labor pool of, 119
liquor trafficking by, 113–14
marriage of traders and, 104, 110
Métis and, 237
Montreal agents of, 119
organizational structure of, 118–19
Ottawa migration and, 63
Pacific Fur Company and, 108
Pemmican Proclamation and, 123
Pemmican War and, 125–26
Pigeon River post of, 79
Souris River post of, 76
Tanner trades with, 221
transportation network of, 117–18
trial of partners of, 142, 143
Vermilion Lake outpost, 109, 111
wintering partners of, 124–25, 129, 130, 145–46, 145–47, 148. See also Fort William; McGillivray, John; McGillivray, Simon; McGillivray, William; McLoughlin, John
O’Fallon, Benjamin, 174
Ohio valley, Indian nations in, 22
Ojibwas: agokwa, 90–91
agricultural production of, 232–33
begging and supplicating by, 270
family groups and clans of, 264
McLoughlin and, 109–10
medicine man of, 292
Ottawas and, 71
overview of, 27–28
of Rainy Lake country, 292–93
at Rainy Lake House, 262, 264–66
revenge principle of, 310–11
Shawnee Prophet and, 210–12, 214, 216
Sioux and, 93–95, 213–14
Tanner and, 224–25, 227–28, 230–31, 284, 290–91, 343
Tanner children and, 289–90
Vermilion Lake band of, 111
westward migration of, 63–64
Old Lights, 20
Old Premier, 264, 265–66, 271
Ome-zhuh-gwut-oons. See Little Clear Sky
oral culture, 344
Oregon country, 330–31, 333–34
Oregon Treaty of 1846, 334
Osages, 56, 57–60
Oto-pun-ne-be, 241, 242–43, 281
Ottawas: agricultural production of, 232–33
Mackinac Island and, 321
Ojibwas and, 71
Shawnee Prophet and, 210–12, 214, 216
Sioux and, 213–14
Tanner capture by, 23–28
westward migration of, 63–66. See also Net-no-kwa
Ouachita Mountains, 56–57
Ozaw-wen-dib, 90–91
Pacific Fur Company, 108
Panic of 1819, 176
patronage system, Long and, 39–40
Pawnee, 177
Peale, Charles Willson, 174, 175
Peale, Titian Ramsay, 174, 185
Peck, John M., 249
Pembina, 95, 96, 202–3, 204, 218, 226
pemmican, 120–21
“Pemmican Proclamation,” 123
Pemmican War, 123–27, 125–26
Peninshin (laborer), 263
Pe-shau-ba, 74–77, 78–79, 95–96, 213, 223
Philadelphia, Long in, 39–40
Pike, Zebulon M., 13, 46, 47
Plantation Island, 232–33, 242, 244, 268, 281
points of view and truth, 5
Prairie du Chien, 46, 47–48
Prairie Portage trading post, 85, 287
provisioning trade, 120–21
publisher of Tanner autobiography, 348–49
Puthuff, William, 245
racial prejudice: of Americans, 333
of Indians, 290–91
of Keating, 203–4
of Long, 185–86, 187
Tanner experience of, 252–53, 257
Rainy Lake, 116
Rainy Lake fort, surrender of, 234
Rainy Lake House: confrontation at, 1–3
description of, 261–62
diet at, 269–71
everyday life at, 268–69, 271–72
laborers at, 263
location of, 2, 160
Long at, 303
McLoughlin at, 3, 109, 127, 159, 261–67
officers at, 262–63
Ojibwas at, 264–66
population of, 262, 272
as relay point for supply line, 118, 120
role of, 9
satellite outposts of, 269
Tanner and, 82–83, 84, 128, 314, 318
Waw-wish-e-gah-bo debt to, 292–93
Rainy Lake region, competition in fur trade in, 273–76
Rainy River, 13, 120, 128, 204, 261–62, 279, 312
Rashômon (film), 5
Rat River, 219
Red Deer River, 87
Red Deer River trading house, 89
Red River: Fort Douglas and, 122
geographical significance of, 180
Henry trading house on, 79
junction with Assiniboine River, 78
Long and, 184, 204–5
Red River colony: agricultural production of, 232–33
arrival of colonists for, 225–26
beginnings of, 122–24
harbingers of change in, 285–86
North West Company opposition to, 125–27
rebuilding of, 131, 132–34
Selkirk at, 141
Red River country/valley, 64, 76, 120–22, 200, 202
Red River trading post, 94
Red Sky of the Morning (Mis-kwa-bun-o-kwa): children of, 92, 284
flight of, 299
punishment of, 300
suitor for, 222
Tanner and, 91–92, 211, 216–17, 288, 290, 299–300
on trip to Mackinac, 295–96, 297
religion: Long and, 20
McLoughlin and, 262
Tanner and, 69, 73, 210–13, 216–17, 325–26. See also Christianity
Renville, Joseph, 199
“Report of the Western River Expedition” (Long), 185–86
revenge, 15–17, 187, 309–11, 313
Rich, E. E., 156
rituals of trade, 265–66
Roberdeau, Isaac, 190
Robertson, Colin, 131–32, 150–52, 154–55, 157, 158–59
Robertson, William, 54
Rocky Mountains, Long view of, 192
Roussin, Charles, 263
Roy, Vincent (Old Roy), 1, 301
rum, furs traded for, 76–77, 78, 80. See also liquor trafficking
running de dérouine, 280, 282
Sag-git-to, 74, 78–79
Saginaw village, 25–26
Sa-ning-wub, 74, 78
Sault Ste. Marie, Tanner in, 324–29
savagery: doctrine of discovery and, 181
human degeneracy and, 48, 53
Long on, 172
marriage forms and perceptions of, 170–71
revenge and, 15–17
of traders, 226–27
Say, Thomas: book project and, 191
daughters of Tanner and, 305
Indian tribes and, 1
85
northern territory expedition and, 193
at Rainy Lake House, 2
Tanner and, 14, 15–16, 303, 307, 317
as zoologist, 174
Schelling, William, 263
Schindler, George, 251–52
Schindler, Marienne, 323
Schindler, Thérèse, 251–52, 257
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 321, 324–25, 326, 327
Schoolcraft, James, 328
Scotland, Red River colonists from, 122, 131
scrofula, 102–3
Selkirk, Jean, 147
Selkirk, Lord (Thomas Douglas): death of, 148
Fort Douglas named for, 122
as magistrate, 136–38
McTavish, McGillivrays and Company opposition to, 125
North West Company and, 141–42
Red River colony and, 121, 134–35
Tanner and, 237–39
Semple, Robert, 131, 132, 133, 134
Seymour, Samuel, 174, 185, 191, 193, 199–200, 303
Sha-gwaw-koo-sink, 223, 241, 343
Shawnee Prophet (Tenskwatawa), 210–12, 214, 216
Shawnees, 22, 28
Shaw-shaw-wa ne-ba-se. See Tanner, John
Sherwood, Samuel and Livius, 142–43
Simpson, George, 148, 159, 262, 273, 275, 319
Sioux: Americans and, 198
bear dance ceremony of, 49
Long encounters with, 48–50
Ottawas, Ojibwas, and, 93–95, 213–14
Sisseton, 199
Tanner in war party against, 93–94, 95–97
war party of, 200–202
Yanktonai, 96, 199–200
Sisseton Sioux, 199
Siveright, John, 143
Skwah-shish, 86
slavery: in Alton, Illinois, 339
in Pennsylvania, 378n18
Tanner family and, 256–57
Smith, Samuel Stanhope, 54
Smith, Thomas, 46, 47, 56, 58, 164, 165
Smoker, the, 254–55
sorcery, fear of, 224–25, 227–28
Souris River trading post, 76, 124
southern plainfolk, 255–56
southward migration of Ottawas and Ojibwas, 213–14
Spencer, John, 124, 127, 129–30
“squaw men,” 171
St. Anthony Falls, 49
starving and starvation, 270–71
statecraft, fur trade as extension of, 246
steamboats: exploration by, 163–64, 165–66
of Johnson, 176
Western Engineer, 175–77, 179
Stewart, Alexander, 297–98, 300, 309
St. Louis, 43, 176, 182–83, 192, 239, 246, 255
St. Louis Indian agency, 255
St. Peter’s River, 49, 199
Stuart, Robert, 258, 322
sturgeon, 77–78, 84, 264, 279–80
Sturgeon Lake, 103
sugar making, 78
Swift, Joseph, 40, 164
Swift, William Henry, 174, 190
Swiss mercenaries, 135
Talcott, Andrew, 193–94
Tanner, Edward, 23, 26, 239, 247, 248–49, 250
Tanner, James, 323, 326
Tanner, John: American Fur Company and, 258, 275, 311
attacks on, 15, 231, 241, 295–98
attempts to find family of, 215
attempts to reclaim children of, 249–55
attempt to steal children of, 222–23
autobiography of, 4, 343–50
background of, 8, 88–89
binding out of children of, 322–23
capture of, 24–26
character of, 324
children of, 230–31, 256, 345
Côté and, 281–83, 313–14
disappearance of, 327–29
d’Orsonnens and march to Forks of, 234–36
employment of, 85, 257, 258
first son of, 284, 288, 289–90
at Fort Garry, 286–87
as fur trader, 279, 280–82
horses of, 87–88, 95–96, 97
as hunter, 28–29, 67, 71–73, 77–78, 84, 85, 213, 240
illnesses of, 227, 247, 253
Indian family of, 66–67, 69, 72–73, 80
Indianness of, 290–91
injuries to, 14, 127–28, 230, 241–42, 307, 318
as interpreter, 323–24
law passed against, 324–25
leadership of, 87–88
Lewis and Clark expedition and, 209
life of, 9
Long and, 2, 4, 17, 170, 255, 303–5, 307–8, 317
map of travels of, x
marriages of, 223, 326
McGillivray and, 14–15
McLoughlin and, 4–5, 30, 127–28, 230, 244, 311–12, 318
mother-in-law of, 231, 240–41
names of, 1, 69
Net-no-kwa and, 27, 66–67, 87, 90, 235–36
Ojibwas and, 214–15, 224–25, 227–28, 230–31, 284, 290–91, 343
older daughters of, 1–3, 4, 15, 284, 287–90, 291, 295–96, 297, 300–301, 305–6, 320
Ottawas and, 23–28
portrait of, 349–50
at Rainy Lake House, 1–3, 4, 82–83, 84, 128, 314, 318–19
recovery of, 300–302, 318
Red River colony and, 226–27
religion and, 69, 73, 210–13, 216–17, 325–26
return to Mackinac, 320, 322–23
revenge and, 15–17
sale of, 26–27
in Sault Ste. Marie, 324–29
Selkirk and, 237–39
suspicions about, 224–25, 227–28, 230–31
timeline of, xiii
trips to US of, 244–50, 251–55
Wa-me-gon-a-biew and, 97, 229
war parties and, 93–94, 95–97, 228–29
white family of, 22–23, 26, 239, 247–49, 255–57
white man’s world and, 69–70
Wills and, 219–22
winter walk of, 83–84
younger daughters of, 128. See also Red Sky of the Morning; Therezia
Tanner, John (father), 22–23, 239
Tanner, Lucy, 252
Tanner, Martha, 226, 323, 324, 329
Tanner, Mary, 323, 326
Tanner Rapids and Tanner Lake, 317–18
Taw-ga-we-ninne, 27–28, 29, 64, 65–66
Tecumseh, 210
Tenskwatawa (Shawnee Prophet), 210–12, 214, 216
Therezia: children of, 251, 252–53, 322–23
conversion of, 325
deaths of family members of, 227–28
life with Tanner and traders, 226–27
at Mackinac Island, 257–58
mother of, and attacks on Tanner, 231, 240–41
Tanner and, 223, 230, 233
Tilden, Bryant, 328–29
Tonquin, attack on, 108
Trade and Intercourse Acts, 41, 43
trade relations, views of, 265–67
“trading captains,” 114
trading posts: of American Fur Company, 274–75
as emergency shelters, 81
of Henry, 79, 94
Lake Traverse, 96, 199
Long expedition view of, 198
Pigeon River, 79
Prairie Portage, 85, 287
Red Deer River, 89
Red River, 94
Souris River, 76, 124
Vermilion Lake, 109, 111. See also Rainy Lake House; specific forts
trans-Atlantic economy, 6
transportation: network of North West Company, 117–18, 131
by rivers, 181. See also canoes, birchbark; keelboats; steamboats
Treaty of Ghent, 188
truth and points of view, 5
Two Hearts, 292
US Army: fur trade and, 41, 315–16
job security in, 168, 189–90
marriage for officers of, 167–68
officers’ views of Indians, 186–87. See also Yellowstone expedition
US Boundary Commission, 292, 30
0
US Office of Indian Affairs, 323
US Office of Indian Trade, 47
US Topographical Engineers, 21, 39, 164, 335–36, 341. See also Long, Stephen H.
Veiage, 280, 281
Vermilion Lake outpost, 109, 111
“Voyage in a Six-Oared Skiff” (Long), 339
Wadin, Jean Etienne, 106
Wa-ge-tone (Ojibwa hunter), 214
Wa-ge-tote (Ottawa chief), 90
Wah-ka-zhe, 215, 257
Wa-me-gon-a-biew: family misfortunes and, 66
girlfriend of, 79–80
as hunter, 67–68, 71
medicine hunt and, 72
relationship with mother, 87
return of, 83
return to Lake Huron and, 74
Tanner and, 97, 229
in war party, 94
Wanatan, 199–200
War Department: budget of, 179, 188
Crawford and, 41, 44
Graham and, 44–45
Indian field service of, 323–24
Long and, 184, 189–90, 190–91
Long expeditions and, 194. See also Calhoun, John C.; US Army; US Topographical Engineers
War of 1812, 41, 112, 126, 346–47
Warren, William W., 344
warrior ethic, 97
war zones, as game refuges, 214
Waus-so, 74–75, 77
Waw-be-be-nais-sa (lazy hunter), 83, 84, 86
Waw-be-be-nais-sa (tomahawk attacker), 241, 242
Waw-wish-e-gah-bo, 292–93, 298
Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842, 274–75
West, John, 285–86
Western Engineer steamboat, 175–77, 179
western river expedition: cost of and authorization for, 190–91
funding for, 184
instructions for, 179–80, 183
Lewis and Clark expedition compared to, 181–82, 183
popular account of, 191
provisions for, 184–85
report on, 185–86, 187
shortcomings of, 183–84
West Point Military Academy, 21, 39, 179
westward migration, 63–66, 71
White, William, 169
white Indians, 17–18
white squatters on Indian lands, 59
wild rice, 268
Williams, Eleazar, 20–21
Williams, Eunice, 20–21
Wills, John, 218–21
Winnipeg River, 205
Wolcott, Alexander, Jr., 253–54
women, mixed-blood, and marriage to traders, 104–5, 110
Yanktonai Sioux, 96, 199–200
Yellowstone expedition: arrival in Council Bluffs, 178
civilian scientists for, 173–74
cost of, 179
instructions for, 174–75
insubordination on, 177–78
Long report on and plans for, 178–79
preparations for, 173
shore party of, 177
steamboats for, 175–77
York Factory, 116–17