The 10,000 Year Explosion
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CREDITS
xiii [Timeline] Henry Harpending, University of Utah
6 [Wolf] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior
6 [Two dogs] Deanne Fitzmaurice
8 [Teosinte and corn] National Science Foundation
35 [Lascaux] Larry Dale Gordon, Getty Images
38 [Venus of Dolni Vestonice] Petr Novak, Wikipedia, Creative
Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 38 [Venus of Willendorf] Matthias Kabel, Wikipedia, Creative Commons CC-BY 2.5
[Blombos ochre] Christopher Henshilwood, National Science Foundation
[Lion Man of Hohlenstein] John Hawks, University of Wisconsin 47 [AIDS retrovirus] Los Alamos National Laboratories
49 [Zebu cow] U.S. Department of Agriculture
49 [Texas longhorn] Larry D. Moore, Wikipedia, Creative Commons
Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 110 [Man with the Hoe] The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Jean-Franfois Millet, Man with a Hoe, 1862, black chalk and white chalk heightening on buff paper, 28.1 X 34.9 cm (11Vi6 X 133/ in.). 133 [Limone sul Garda] Corbis
[Tuareg] Florence Devouard, Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 1.0
[Afghan girl] Steve McCurry, Magnum Photos
192 [Two bell curves] Henry Harpending, University of Utah 205 [European genetic substructure analysis] Chao Tian, Robert M. Plenge, Michael Ransom, Annette Lee, Pablo Villoslada, Carlo Selmi, Lars Klareskog et al., "Analysis and Application of European Genetic Substructure Using 300K SNP Information," PLOS Genetics 4, no. 1 (2008): e4. Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic.
218 [Whippets] Dana S. Mosher, Pascale Quignon, Carlos D. Busta- mante, Nathan B. Sutter, Cathryn S. Mellersh, Heidi G. Parker,
Elaine A. Ostrander et al., "A Mutation in the Myostatin Gene Increases Muscle Mass and Enhances Racing Performance in Heterozygote Dogs," PLOS Genetics 3, no. 5 (2007): e79. Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic.
221 [drawing of neurons showing axon growth] Andreas Schwarz,
Elizabeth Rapaport, Koret Hirschberg, and Anthony H. Futerman, "A Regulatory Role for Sphingolipids in Neuronal Growth: Inhibition of Sphingolipid Synthesis and Degradation Have Opposite Effects on Axonal Branching," Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, no. 18 (1995): 10990-10998.
INDEX
Achondroplasia, 133 Adaptive traits, 243 Adret, Rabbi Solomon ben
Abraham, 201-202 Afghan girl, 151 (photo) Africa
fossilization and, 62 lactose tolerance, 77-78, 139, 185
out-of-Africa expansion, 3, 14, 25, 26,28,31,36, 63,64, 130, 139, 156, 156-157, 171-173, 225-226 slavery, 139, 141, 153, 171 See also specific groups of people; Sub-Saharan Africa African/Africanized bees, 51 Agobard of Lyons, 195 Agriculture transition
beginnings/spread, 68-69, 79 changes overview, 69-71 cultural change, 84 demic expansion, 181-182 difficulties with (overview), 59, 66
domestication of animals, 68 domestication of plants, 6, 8
(fig.), 13, 68
driving genes/alleles, 96-97 evolutionary response overview, 65-67
farmer/hunter-gatherer personality traits, 113-118, 119
food production/nutrition, 69-70
game animals decline, 68 genetic response, 71-76 gratification deferral, 114, 117 Holocene developments, 31 Ice Age end, 67 infectious disease, 69, 70,
85-91 innovations with, 69 intelligence, 67-68 Malthusian trap, 100-102, 103,
104-105,117,118 Man with the Hoe (Millet), 110 (fig.)
mutations and, 59, 66, 74-76 nonproductive elites, 70, 105, 111-112 overview, 65-67 population growth, 66, 69, 74, 226
property, 70,114-115,116-117 selective pressures, 70-71 selective sweeps, 157 taming/domesticating people,
111-112, 113 work difficulty, 115, 116
Agriculture transition/diet changes alcohol, 79
carbohydrates/disease, 76,
79, 81-83 cultural change, 84 diabetes, 79, 80-81, 82 genetic adaptation differences,
81, 82-83
genetic adaptations, 77-79,
82-84 health problems, 76-77 height changes, 76 hunter-gatherer diet vs., 76 milk, 77
pathology in bones, 77 protein, 76 vitamin D, 78
vitamin-deficiency diseases, 76 See also Lactase; Lactose AIDS/HIV, 46,47 (fig.) Akkadian Empire, 141-142,243 Al-Rashid, Haroun, 195 Alans, 152, 243 Albinism, 92-93 Alcohol
adaptations to, 79, 82-83 agriculture transition, 79 alleles reducing risk, 79, 82 FAS, 83
health advantages, 82 pregnant women, 83 Alcoholism
alleles reducing risk, 79, 82 diabetes, 82 Alexander the Great, 144-145 Alleles
adaptive variants, 130 advantageous alleles, 41-42, 43-44, 53, 59, 62, 64, 130 blood types, 243 definition/description, 243
dominant allele, 245-246 driving genes/alleles, 95-98 neutral alleles effects, 40-41, 42-43
probabilities in becoming
common, 41-44 recessive allele, 250 Almonds, wild vs. domesticated, 17
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, 165
Alzheimer's disease, 209 A. M. Turing Awards (American Mathematical Society), 190 Amerindians
adaptations to high altitude, 56, 163
agriculture/adaptations, 68-69, 80
Altiplano of South America, 163
disease resistance weakness,
90-91, 159-170 domestic animals, 159, 168 FAS, 83
genetic history, 46, 129-130 HLA system, 160-161 killing of animal species, 159 Mexicans and, 46, 130 OCA2 gene, 93 origins, 18, 159 parasitic worm
infections/immune system, 167
selection for weaker immune
systems, 161 social/technical developments, 119
Western diets, 80 See also Columbian explosion Amino acids, 243 Amygdalin, 17
Anatomically modern humans (AMH), 243. See also Modern humans Anatomy
Australian Aborigines, 94 brow ridges, 94, 95 modern humans, 26, 27, 59-60 Neanderthals, 26, 54, 55, 59-60 See also Brain development; Skeletal record; Teeth Andaman Islands, 90-91 Arawak people, 163 Archaic humans, 243-244. See
also Neanderthals Aristotle, 170
Arithmetic, invention of, 180 Art
Upper Paleolithic innovations,
30, 33, 34-35, 35 (photo) See also specific types Arthur mythos, 148 Ashkenazi Jews
conversions/admixture, 203,
204-205 definition, 187 enslavement of, 204-205 famine/malnutrition and, 197 finance, 196-197, 198-199 as genetically distinct group,
203-208, 205 (fig.) history to 1800,192-200 influence of, 188, 191-192 intermarriage prohibitions, 107-108,193-194,204,205, 206,219-220,224 Jewish Diaspora, 193, 194,
198-199 Muslim world and, 195-196 occupational patterns, 199-200,
222-223 origins, 194-195 overview, 107-108, 187-189 persecution, 195, 196, 197-198, 201, 212 Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth, 198-200, 202
population growth, 198,
199-200, 222 population size, 187 Rabbinical Judaism, 193, 194 religious bans, 201-202 standard of living/effects, 197,
199-200, 222 Talmud, 193, 202 Torah, 193, 201 trade, 195-196 visuospatial abilities, 212 Ashkenazi Jews/genetic diseases bottleneck hypothesis, 214-216 concentration in few metabolic pathways, 213-214,219-220 congenital adrenal hyperplasia
(CAH), 222 DNA repair disorders, 214 familial dysautonomia, 188, 213 Gaucher's disease, 188, 213,
214, 221 (fig.) hereditary breast cancer, 188,
214
intelligence and, 220-222, 221 (fig.)
natural selection, 216-222 natural selection mechanism,
222-224 Niemann-Pick disease, 213,
220 overview, 188-189 sphingolipid storage disorders,
214, 215, 220 summary lists, 188, 213, 214 Tay-Sachs disease, 188, 203,
213, 214, 220, 222 torsion dystonia, 221-222
Ashkenazi Jews/intelligence in early history, 188, 193,
201-202,224 emergence of intellectual
differences, 192, 202-203 Enlightenment values, 202 genetic diseases and, 220-222, 221 (fig.) as genetically distinct group,
203-208,205 (fig.) Goddard's study, 211-212 IQscores, 188, 191, 210-213,
222, 223-224 legal equality, 202-203 literacy, 193
natural selection, 216-222 natural selection mechanism,
222-224 overview, 188, 189 prominence of, 188, 189-192 religious bans, 201-202 science, 188, 189-191 vs. non-Ashkenazi Jews,
212-213,224 vs. non-Jews, 191, 210-212 Asian honey bees, 50 Assyrian Empire, 244 Assyrian forced relocations,
145-146 Atherosclerosis, 134 Atlatl darts, 32, 244 Atlatls, 3, 26, 244 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD), 112 Aurignacian culture, 26, 29, 244 Austin, Thomas, 131 Australia
gene flow barriers, 138-139 rabbits, 131-132 Australian Aborigines anatomy/brow ridges, 94 diabetes, 80
gene flow barriers, 138 as hunter-gatherers, 79 infectious diseases, 90-91, 169 Western diets, 80 Autoimmune disorders, 161 Autosome, 244 Axons, 244 Aztecs, 162, 164
Balanced behavioral
polymorphisms, 72-73 Balanced polymorphisms definition/description, 72 hawk-dove game, 72-73 Bantu, 104,155,156 Bar-Kochba revolt (ad 132-135),
194,204 Barbarians and Roman Empire,
151-152 Barros,Joao de, 171 Basset hounds, 12 Becker's muscular dystrophy, 99 Bees. See Honey bees Behavioral modernity
definition/description, 226, 244 driving genes/alleles, 96-97 Upper Paleolithic, 31 Belisarius, 152 Bell curves with different means, 192 (fig.) normal distribution, 124 Belloc, Hilaire, 173 Belyaev, Dmitri, 6, 112 Ben-Sasson, H., 197 Bene Israel of India, 187 Berbers, 150 (photo), 151, 153, 244
"Big bang," 32. See also Upper
Paleolithic innovations Birth control, 102 Blade definition/description, 244
Blombos Cave, South Africa
ochre, 35, 38 (photo) Blue eyes, 18, 92,148-151, 150 (photo), 151 (photo), 152, 153
Bogues, Muggsy, 209 Bonobos evolution, 37 Border collies, 10-11, 12 Bottleneck
Amish communities, 215 Ashkenazi Jews/genetic
diseases, 214-216 definition/description, 214-216,244-245 Pingelap example, 215 Polynesians, 80-81 Bow and arrow, 32 Brain development
changes overview, 98-100 domesticating people, 112 fitness, 54, 55, 57, 58 human population differences, 98-100
microcephalin (MCPH1) gene, 62-63
muscle development trade-offs, 99
Breeding experiments overview, 52-53 trait plateau, 53 trait selection, 52 Bronze Age, 65, 84, 95, 121, 139,
142, 177, 182, 244 Brow ridges, 94, 95 Bubonic plague, 86, 161 Burton, Sir Richard Francis, 172 Bushmen
Bantu expansion, 155, 156 description, 3-4 government, 105 marital distance, 136-137 personality traits, 114
tools/weapons, 3-4
way of life, 3-4, 105, 136-137
Canavan disease, 213 Cannibalism, 81, 103 Carbon-14 dating, 245 Caribbean Islands, 163 Carolingian kings, 195 Carrying capacity climatic changes, 103 definition/description, 245 expansion, 181 hunter-gatherers, 81 peace/violence, 81, 103, 104, 116
Carthage, Tunisia, 143 Cave paintings, 30, 34, 35 (photo) Centromeres, 97, 245 Charlemagne, 195 Charles II, 168-169 Chatelperronian tradition, 29,
156, 245 Cheaters in society, 56, 120 Chicken pox
critical community size, 86-87 shingles, 86 Chihuahuas, 7 (photo), 13, 15, 16, 52
Chimpanzees, 22, 37 Cholesterol mutation example,
133-135 Chromosomes, 20, 245 Clark, Gregory, 104 Codon, 245 Colonization
attempts in Africa, 139,
171-173 colonizers, 142-143 gene flow, 142-144 Columbian explosion
Amerindian vs. European numbers, 162-163
Columbian explosion (continued) biological differences, 158-170 disease killing adults/effects,
167-168 disease resistance differences,
159-170 disease resistance of Amerindians, 90-91, 159-170 diseases introduced (summary), 161-162 European cultural advantages, 164
European iron/steel, 164 oppression of Amerindians, 169 reduction in Amerindian
populations, 162, 165, 167 smallpox, 161, 162, 165-166, 167,169 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
(CAH), 222 Connexin-26 deafness, 165 Convergent evolution, 60 "Cootie" theory, 28 Copernicus, 125 Cortes, Hernan, 162, 227 Cosmides, Leda, 9-10 Cows, 48, 49 (photo). See also Lactase; Lactose; Taurine cattle; Texas longhorn; Zebu cattle Crafoord Prize, 191 Creativity and fitness, 126-127 Creosote bush/specialized insects, 8-9
Cro-Magnons, 60 Crusade, First (1096), 197-198 "Cultural explosion," 3, 32. See also Upper Paleolithic innovations Culture
genetic change vs., 2, 121-122
natural selection and, 3-4 See also Upper Paleolithic innovations Cyrus the Great, 146 Cystic fibrosis, 165
Dagobert, King, 195 Darius the Great, 182, 183 Darwin, Charles, 125, 169 Davis, Sammy, Jr., 203 De revolutionibus (Copernicus), 125
De Soto, Hernando, 169 Deer/moose and parasites, 28 Dendrites, 245 Dengue fever, 161-162 Diabetes
agriculture adaptation, 80 alcoholism, 82 autoimmune disorders, 161 gene variants regulating, 79 high-carbohydrate diet, 79 physical activity effects, 80 Polynesians, 80-81 population size/protective mutations, 80-81 Diamond, Jared, 37, 66, 121,
140-141 Dio, Cassius, 146 Diphtheria, 161 Diploid organisms, 245 Diseases
carbohydrates and, 79 cities, 108-109 European medicine (1600s),
168-169 Malthusian trap, 100, 103, 104 recessive genetic
diseases/resistance, 165 vitamin D deficiency, 78 vitamin-deficiency diseases, 76, 78
See also Ashkenazi Jews/genetic diseases; specific diseases Diseases, infectious
agriculture transition, 69, 70, 85-91
colonization attempts in Africa,
139, 171-173 "cootie" theory, 28 critical community size, 86-87 differentiating populations,
87-91 farm animals, 86, 87 farmers vs. hunter-gatherers, 87 as gene flow barrier, 139 isolated populations, 90-91 Malthusian trap, 100, 103, 104 Old World vs. New World,
90-91,161-162 population contact, 86, 109 population density, 86,
108-109 recessive genetic disease and,
165 rodents, 86 trade effects, 87 See also Columbian explosion; specific diseases
DNA
definition/description, 17, 245 functional percentage, 132 retroviruses, 46-47 viruses, 46 DNA repair disorders, 214 Dogs/domestication
behavioral changes, 6, 10, 11, 13, 55
breed differences, 11, 12 diversity, 5, 7 (photo), 10-11,
12, 13, 15,16, 52 neoteny, 11, 113 "reading" people, 6, 55 time of changes, 5, 6
wolves and, 5, 6, 7 (photo), 10-11,13,52, 55
See also specific breeds Dolni Vestonice, 34 Domesticating people, 111-113 Domestication of animals cows, 48
corn/maize, 6, 8 (fig.), 13 time period, 6, 8, 68 Dominant allele. See under Alleles Dowries, 116 Driving genes/alleles centromeres and, 97 fixation, 96, 97 overview, 95-98 problems with, 97-98 rate/sweeps of, 96-97 Duchenne muscular dystrophy,
88, 99 Duffy mutation, 13 Duke of Wellington, 170 Dumezil, George, 176 Dwarfism, 133 Dystrophin, 99 Dystrophin complex, 99
Earwax, dry, 18 Eemian interglacial
definition/description, 246 limits during, 31 time of, 31, 246 Egg production, 96, 97, 98 Egyptian trade, 141 Einstein, Albert, 190 Eldridge, Roswell, 221-222
Elephant size changes, 9 Elites
agriculture transition, 70, 105, 111-112 curbing growth of, 105 definition, 105 disease and, 108, 110 examples, 106-108 government, 109-110, 111-112 immunity to famine, 108 reproductive advantage,
104-105, 106-107 silphium use, 109 taming/domesticating people, 111-112,113 Elopi tribespeople, 140-141 "Emotional intelligence,"
208-209 Endogamous groups
Ashkenazi Jews example, 107-108, 193-194, 204, 205, 206,219-220,224 definition/description, 204, 205 Essay on the Principle of
Population, An (Malthus), 100 Etruscans
as colonizers, 142-143, 144 definition/description, 144, 246 language, 142, 144 origins, 144 European medicine (1600s),
168-169 Evans, P. D., 62 Evolution of humans, recent "as shallow," 12-13 changes as on, off, selective, 12-13
correlations between genetic
differences, 15-16 haplotype evidence, 21-22, 149,151
rate, 1,5,18-20,22-23,
226-227 significance of appearance
differences, 14, 17-18 stasis beliefs, 2, 227 See also specific events Expansions admixture, 155 biological
advantages/inequalities, 156-158 cultural advantages, 156 demic expansion, 181-182 examples, 155-156 out of Africa, 3,14,25,26, 28, 31,36, 63,64, 130, 139, 156, 156-157,171-173,225-226 overview, 155-158 Proto-Indo-Europeans, 174,