The 10,000 Year Explosion

by Gregory Cochran

  177-186 replacement, 155, 156 See also Columbian explosion; Modern humans displacement of Neanderthals Exponential growth

  definition/description, 246 examples, 66, 75, 97 Eye color blue eyes, 18, 92,148-151,150 (photo), 151 (photo), 152, 153

  OCA2 allele, 18, 149-151,152, 153

  rate of change, 18 variety, 94

  Familial dysautonomia, 188, 213 Familial Mediterranean fever, 165 Famine

  cannibalism, 81 hunter-gatherers and, 81-82

  Malthusian trap, 100, 102, 103, 104

  northern Europe (1315-1317), 81

  Farewell to Alms, A (Clark), 104 FAS. See Fetal alcohol syndrome Fayu tribespeople, 140-141 Fertile Crescent, Southwest Asia, 68

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 83 Feynman, Richard, 190-191 Fields Medal, 191 First Crusade (1096), 197-198 Fishes in caves albinism, 93

  eyesight loss, 11-12, 92-93 Fitness

  brain development and, 54, 55,

  57, 58 creativity and, 126-127 definition/description, 246 individual fitness vs. group fitness, 157-158 Fixation

  definition/description, 246 driving genes/alleles, 96, 97 probabilities of, 43 Forced relocations examples, 145-146 gene flow, 145-146 Fox domestication, 6, 112 Freudian theory, 190

  G6PD variants and malaria

  defenses, 73, 88, 89, 143, 217 Game-theory analysis, 72 Gardner, Howard, 208 Gateway mutations, 23 Gaucher's disease

  Ashkenazi Jews, 188,213,214,

  221 (fig.), 246 definition/description, 246

  Gell-Mann, Murray, 191 Gene definition/description, 246 Gene flow

  barriers to, 138-141

  blue eyes, 18, 92, 148-153, 150

  (photo), 151 (photo) colonization, 142-144 deserts' effects, 139 effect of oceans, 138-139 forced relocations, 145-146 historical patterns, 141-142 military movements, 144-145 Roman Empire fall and,

  148-153 Sarmatians, 147, 148 slavery, 139, 153 time and, 145 trade, 141-142 See also Selective sweeps Genetic history studies

  advantageous alleles, 130-131 mitochondrial DNA use,

  129-130 overview, 129-131 See also Y chromosome Genetic isolation/Ashkenazi Jews intermarriage prohibition, 107-108, 193-194,204,205, 206,219-220,224 persecution, 195, 196, 197-198, 201, 212 Genghis Khan, 106, 145, 184 Genotype, 246 Gibbon, Edward, 152 Gimbutas, Marija, 179 Giovaneli, Rosa, 134 Goddard, Henry, 211 Goleman, Daniel, 208 Gould, Stephen Jay evolution speed, 5 human evolution, 1 IQtesting, 211-212

  Government

  aggressiveness trait and, 111-112 development, 105 elites, 109-110, 111-112 hunter-gatherers and, 105, 111, 113

  standard of living and, 110 taming/domesticating people, 111-112,113 Great Danes, 7 (photo), 13, 15,16 Great Revolt (ad 65-73), 204 Greeks

  as colonizers, 142-143, 145 kingdoms in

  Afghanistan/Pakistan, 145 Pathans and, 145 Green Revolution, 111 Grotte des Fees (Fairy Grotto), 29

  Group fitness vs. individual

  fitness, 157-158 Group selection, 246-247 Gunpowder invention/effects, 184 Guns, Germs, and Steel (Diamond), 66,121

  Hair color, 94, 112 Haldane, J. B. S., 42 Hamilton, William, 118 Hanno the Navigator, 170 Haploid organisms, 247 Haplotype

  definition/description, 20-21, 247

  length meaning, 21, 22 recombination, 21 HapMap

  definition/description, 20, 247 lactose tolerance, 84 skin color, 91 Haroun al-Rashid, 195 Hawk-dove game, 13, 72-73

  Hazara, 145

  HDL cholesterol, 133, 134 Head Start, 210

  Height, normal distribution, 124 Helicobacter pylori, 90 Hemochromatosis, 165 Heritability, 247 Herodotus, 144, 170, 176, 182 Heterozygote, 247 Heterozygote advantage

  definition/description, 72, 216, 217

  malaria defenses, 72, 216-217 whippets/myostatin mutation, 217-218,218 (photo) High altitude adaptations, 56 Himalayas and gene flow,

  139-140 Hittites/Hittite Empire, 109, 177, 178

  HIV/AIDS, 46, 47 (fig.) HLA system

  Amerindians, 160-161 functions, 160 variability, 160-161 Hobsbawm, Eric, 202 Holocene

  agriculture developments, 31 definition/description, 246, 247 human/domesticated animal changes, 112 Homo erectus, 244, 247 Homo heidelbergensis, 44, 247 Homo neanderthalensis, 54. See also

  Neanderthals Homo sapiens, 54, 247. See also

  Modern humans Homozygote, 247 Honey bees

  climate adaptation, 50-51 introgression, 50-52 origins/expansions, 50 Hoodbhoy, Pervez, 127

  Human genome, 20 Human personality variations farmers vs. hunter-gatherers,

  113-118, 119 genetic basis, 56 See also Social patterns, modern Human population differences as genetic differences (overview), 90-91 genetics of skeletal change, 95 as "superficial," 90 See also specific differences "Human revolution," 32. See also Upper Paleolithic innovations Hunter-gatherers diet, 76

  famine and, 81-82 high paternal investment, 116 infectious diseases, 87 marital distance, 136 personality traits, 113-118, 119 property and, 114-115 violence/population size, 81 See also specific groups

  Ice Age, 8-9,27, 67

  Iliad, 19, 177, 183

  Imhotep, 1

  Incan Empire, 163

  Individual fitness vs. group fitness,

  157-158 Indo-Aryans, 185 Indo-Europeans

  definition/description, 247 languages, 174-175,177,247 See also Proto-Indo-Europeans Indus civilization

  definition/description, 247-248 Indo-Aryans, 185 studying, 120 trade, 141-142 Infant mortality, 76

  Inner ear, 99-100 Intelligence

  environment and, 210 as heritable, 209-210, 223 types of, 208-209 See also Ashkenazi Jews/intelligence; IQ Interest rates, 116-117 Interfertility, 37 Introgression

  cows, 48, 49 (photo) definition/description, 248 examples, 48, 50-52 honeybees, 50-52 invisible vs. visible effects, 52 modern human/Neanderthal matings, 36, 40, 46, 52, 57, 61-62, 63, 64 plants, 48

  wild populations, 48, 50 IQ

  Ashkenazi Jews, 188, 191, 210-213,222,223-224 measurements/measuring, 188,

  208, 209 as performance predictor, 188,

  189, 208, 209 See also Intelligence Islamic world Jews and, 194, 200-201 lack of science, 127 Isotope, 248

  Jacobi, Carl, 202 Jamestown settlement, 163, 164 Javelins, 32 Jewish communities

  Ashkenazi Jews comparison,

  212-213, 224 in the Islamic world, 194, 200-201 overview, 187 See also Ashkenazi Jews

  Jewish Diaspora, 193, 194,

  198-199 Jewish quotas, 212 Jones, Sir William, 175 Justinian, Emperor, 152

  Kalonymus family, 195 Kamin, Leon, 211 Kerr, Warwick, 50-51 Klein, Richard, 29-30, 32 Knives, 29

  Kronecker, Leopold, 202 Kurds, 150 Kurgan burials, 183 Kurgan hypothesis, 179

  Lactase

  continuing production, 77-78 definition/description, 248 stopping production, 22, 77 Lactose, 248 Lactose tolerance

  Africa, 77-78, 139, 185 Arabian peninsula expansion, 185

  description, 12 increase/evidence, 22, 83-84 Proto-Indo-European

  expansion, 174, 181-186 sweep, 22, 77-78, 83-84, 132, 139,174,181-186 Language capabilities FOXP2 gene, 63 information transmission across

  generations, 27 limits without, 27 modern humans, 26-27, 45, 156

  new genes affecting, 99-100 Lascaux cave painting, 35 (photo) Lemme, Chuck, 14 Leprosy, 161

  Lewontin, Richard, 15, 17 Limone sul Garda villagers,

  133-135,133 (photo), 227 Linkage disequilibrium definition/description, 61,

  91-92, 248 modern human/Neanderthal

  matings, 61 skin color change, 91-92 Lion Man of Hohlenstein, 39 (photo)

  Livingston, David, and wife, 172 Locus, 248 Loss of function

  definition/description, 248 Lost Dutchman Mine, location, 400

  Lymphatic filariasis, 161-162

  Maimonides, 201 Malaria

  falciparum type, 16, 73, 87, 89,

  104,109,162,171,172 locations, 87, 139, 143, 159 sub-Saharan Africa

  colonization attempts, 139, 171-172, 173 Malaria defenses

  alleles becoming common, 44 alpha-thalas
semia, 88, 171, 217 beta-thalassemia, 88, 143, 217 concentration in few metabolic

  pathways, 217 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 88

  G6PD variants, 73, 88, 89, 143, 217

  Greeks/Phoenicians and,

  143-144 Hemoglobin E, 55 hemoglobin molecule, 13, 55, 73,88, 89,217

  heterozygote advantage, 72,

  216-217 overview, 87-89 as recent, 89

  sickle cell, 16, 55, 72, 88, 216, 217

  side effects, 16, 55, 72, 73,

  87-89,216,217 strategy differences, 55 Malthus, Thomas, 100, 102 Malthusian societies, 70, 81 Malthusian trap

  agriculture transition, 100-102,

  103, 104-105, 117, 118 definition/description, 248 disease, 100, 103, 104 famine/malnutrition, 100, 102,

  103, 104 overview, 100-105 war, 102, 103

  Man with the Hoe (Millet), 110 (fig.)

  Mandan Indians, 167 Manhattan Project, 190 Manic-depression, 126 Maxwell, James Clerk, 125 Mayr, Ernst, 1 Measles

  agriculture/pre-agriculture, 86 Columbian explosion, 161 critical community size, 86, 87 Medicine (Europe 1600s), 168-169 Meiosis, 96

  Melanin, 12, 92, 94. See also Skin

  color change Merovingian monarchs, 195 Mesopotamian trade, 141-142 Mexicans

  OCA2 gene, 93 paternal/maternal ancestry, 46 Microcephalin (MCPH1) gene, 62-63

  Miele, Frank, 14

  Milk, 77. See also Lactase; Lactose Miscarriage rates in humans, 98

  Mitochondrial DNA Africanized bees, 51 Amerindian genetic history, 46,

  129-130 definition/description, 248 European bees, 51 modern human/Neanderthal matings, 45-46, 61 Mitosis, 97

  Mizrahi Jews, 187,213 Moctezuma II, 162 Modern human/Neanderthal matings adaptations to climate, 54 adaptations to European

  conditions, 53-54 advantageous alleles, 41-42,

  43-44, 53, 59, 62, 64 agriculture solutions, 59 alternative strategies

  development, 56-57, 59 bestiality, 37, 40 controversy, 36-37 disease resistance, 54 genetic evidence, 61-63 how/where, 44-46 interfertility, 37

  introgression, 36, 40, 46, 52, 57,

  61-62, 63, 64 linkage disequilibrium, 61 natural selection, 57 neutral alleles, 40-41, 42-43, 53

  new alleles, 40-44 origin models, 36 skeletal evidence, 59-60 Upper Paleolithic innovations and, 35-37

  Modern humans in Africa, 54-55 arrival in Europe, 25 description/anatomy, 26, 27,

  59-60 diet, 27, 33 hearing changes, 4-5 language capabilities, 26-27,

  45,156 population growth, 65, 66 tools/weapons, 25,26,29, 30,

  156,244 See also Chatelperronian tradition; Upper Paleolithic innovations Modern humans' displacement of Neanderthals alliances, 27

  biological advantages theory, 156

  body build, 26, 27 "cootie" theory, 28 diet, 27

  intelligence, 26, 29 interaction/evidence, 27,

  28-29, 45 language capabilities, 26-27, 45 racism criticism and, 28 time scale of, 25-26,27 tools/weapons, 25,26,29, 30,

  156 trade, 27 Mongol expansion, 155, 156 Moose/deer and parasites, 28 Mousterian industry area of, 29

  definition/description, 29, 248 knives, 29 MtDNA. See Mitochondrial

  DNA Multiple sclerosis, 161 Muscle

  bursts of strength vs.

  endurance, 117 trade-offs with brain

  development, 99 whippets/myostatin mutation, 217-218,218 (photo) Mutations

  agriculture transition, 59, 66, 74-76

  cholesterol example, 133-135 definition/description, 74, 248 driving genes/alleles, 95-98 gateway mutations, 23 Limone sul Garda villagers,

  133-135 loss-of-function mutations, 248 negative vs. positive effects,

  132-133 ongoing sweeping alleles functions, 75-76, 132 rate/population size, 65-66, 74,

  75, 80-81 time to spread, 65, 66, 74-75 See also specific examples Myth of the Jewish Race, The

  (Raphael/Jennifer Patai), 203

  Napoleon, 202

  Narrow Roads of Gene Land

  (Hamilton), 118 Natural selection

  Ashkenazi Jews, 216-222 camel/transportation analogy,

  57-58 culture and, 3-4 definition/description, 249 differentiating human

  populations, 10, 55, 89-90 environmental stability, 2-3 genetic isolation, 218-220 inferior choices, 57, 58

  mechanism with Ashkenazi Jews/genetic diseases, 222-224 as short-sighted, 57, 58 solution diversity, 57, 58 See also specific examples Navajo

  diabetes, 80 OCA2 gene, 93 Nazis, 203 Neanderthals

  brain development, 54, 55 burials, 34

  definition/description, 249 description/anatomy, 26, 54,

  55, 59-60 last of, 25-26 locations, 45,249 views on, 36, 46, 53 way of life, 54, 55 See also Chatelperronian tradition; Modern human/Neanderthal matings; Modern humans displacement of Neanderthals; Mousterian industry Necho, Pharaoh, 170 Neel, James, 81 Neolithic period, 249 Neoteny, 11, 113 Neumann, John von, 190 Neuron, 249 Neurotransmitters, 98 New Guinea highlanders,

  140-141 Newton, Isaac, 125 Niall of the Nine Hostages, 106 Niemann-Pick disease, 213, 214, 220

  Nobel science prizes, 190 "Noche Triste," 162

  Normal distribution (bell curve), 124

  Nucleotide, 249

  Oak trees in England, 137-138 Occipital bun, 60 Old Stone Age, 30, 249. See also Paleolithic period; Upper Paleolithic innovations Onchocerciasis (river blindness), 161-162

  Paleolithic period, 249. See also Upper Paleolithic innovations Parasites, 28 Park, Mungo, 171 Park, Thomas, 171-172 Parsis, 249

  Patai, Raphael, and Jennifer, 203 Pathans

  definition/description, 145, 249 Greeks and, 145 Pequot War (1636), 113 Perelman, Grigori, 191 Phase transitions, 123, 124-125 Phoenicians, 142-143 Pilgrims, 163, 164 Pirates, 151,153 Pit bull terriers, 11 Pizarro, Francisco, 163, 169 Placenta, 47 Plagnol, V., 61

  Plants. See Agriculture transition;

  Domestication of plants Pleistocene epoch, 249 Poetry

  poets' fitness, 126 Proto-Indo-Europeans, 176-177 Poincare conjecture, 191

  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Ashkenazi Jews, 198-200,202 science/technology, 198, 202 Polynesians

  diabetes, 80-81 infectious diseases, 90-91, 169 Pomaroli, Giovanni, 134 Population size control birth control, 102, 109 silphium, 109 Population size/growth

  agriculture transition, 66, 69,

  74,226 birth control, 102, 109 elites' reproductive advantage,

  104-105, 106-107 genetic innovations, 66 innovations, 66 Malthusian trap, 100-105 mutations, 65, 66 statistics, 65, 69 Positive selection, 249 Primates, 249 Property

  agriculture transition, 70,

  114-115, 116-117 hunter-gatherers, 114-115 Protein

  agriculture transition/diet

  changes, 76 definition/description, 249 Proto-Indo-European expansion dairying advantages, 181,

  184-185 domestication of

  horse/mounted warriors, 176,179,180 homeland (Urheimat) location

  controversy, 177-179 Kurgan hypothesis, 179

  lactose tolerance mutation, 174, 181-186 mobility advantage, 182-183 Renfrew's model, 178-179 Proto-Indo-Europeans epic poetry, 176-177 as grain farmers, 175-176, 180 metallurgy, 176, 177 religion, 176 social classes, 176 social system, 176 as stock raisers, 175-176, 180 as warriors, 176, 183-184 See also Indo-European Puritans, 163 Pygmies, 62, 170 Pyramidal neuron, 249

  Rabbinical Judaism, 193, 194 Rabbits in Australia, 131-132 Recessive allele. See under Alleles Recombination

  definition/description, 21, 62, 250

  microcephalin gene, 62 Renfrew, Colin, 178 Rheumatoid arthritis, 162 Rig Veda, 177 Rinderpest, 48

  River blindness (onchocerciasis), 161-162 RNA, 46

  RNA viruses, 46-47, 47 (fig.) Roman Empire fall, 148-153 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 105

  Sahara Desert, 139, 170-171 Salt conservation gene, 71-72 Sargon II, 146 Sargon of Akkad, 1, 141 Sarich, Vince, 14

  Sarmatians

  beliefs/legends, 148 definition/description,

  146-148,250 gene flow, 147, 148 language, 250 Scythians and, 250 Schistosom
iasis, 161-162 Schwinger, Julian, 190-191 Science

  beginnings, 125 connectivity effects, 125-126, 127

  factors important to, 126-128 genetics and, 122-128 locations without, 127 protoscience, 125 Western Europe vs. Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth, 198, 202 Sculpture, 34, 38-39 (photo) Scythians

  definition/description, 250 Persian Empire invasion,

  182-183 Sarmatians and, 250 social system, 176 way of life, 182-183 Selective sweeps agriculture, 157 ApoA-I protein variant

  example, 133-135 definition/description, 250 driving genes/alleles, 96-97 formula for spread/application,

  136, 137 isolated populations and, 135 ongoing sweeps, 75 process beginning, 132-133

  sweeping alleles

  categories/functions, 75-76, 132

  time to become common,

  135 village-to-village contact,

  137, 138

  "well mixed" populations, 132, 135

  Sennacherib, 146 Sephardic Jews, 187 Sepsis risk, 12-13 Serotonin, 98, 112-113 Shingles, 86 Silphium, 109 Skeletal record brow ridges, 94, 95 change overview, 94-95 milk drinking effects, 183 modern human/Neanderthal

  matings, 59-60 See also Anatomy; Brain development; Teeth Skeptics Society, 14 Skin color and vitamin D, 78, 92,

  93-94, 243 Skin color change albinism, 92-93 drivers in Europe vs. Asia, 72,

  91, 93-94 linkage disequilibrium,

  91-92 OCA2 allele, 92-93 rapidity of, 18, 92 as recent, 91-92 skin cancer, 44 and Vitamin D/diet, 78 Slash-and-burn agriculture, 87 Slavery Africa, 139,141,153,171 Ashkenazi Jews, 204-205

  Slavery (continued) gene flow, 139, 153 "tameness" and, 113 Sleeping sickness, 172 Smallpox Amerindian fatality rate, 167 Columbian explosion, 161, 162,

  165-166,167,169 European defenses against,

  165,166 European fatality rate, 167 Mandan Indians, 167 SNPs definition/description, 61, 250

  "Social intelligence," 208-209 Social patterns, modern

  advantageous alleles, 122-123 age of transition to agriculture effects, 118-119, 120, 121-128 cheaters, 56, 120 culture vs. genetic change, 121-122 distribution of personality

  traits, 119 high-trust society, 119-120 mix of personality types, 120 outliers, 123-125 overview, 119-120 personality traits of