The Caesar of Paris
Page 62
18 Jean-François Bédard, “Franks, Not Romans: Medieval Imagery and the Making of Imperial France” (paper presented at Percier: Antiquity and Empire Symposium, Bard Graduate Center, New York, November 18, 2016).
19 Forrest and Wilson, The Bee and the Eagle, 119.
20 Bédard, “Franks, Not Romans.”
21 Knapton, Empress Joséphine, 239.
22 “Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris,” Napoleon Foundation, https://www.napoleon.org/en/magazine/places/cathedral-of-notre-dame-in-paris/.
23 Hibbert, Napoleon’s Women, 129.
24 Ibid., 132.
25 Knapton, Empress Joséphine, 236.
26 Herbert Richardson, “Costume in History,” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 82, no. 4242 (March 9, 1934): 476.
27 “The Day of Napoleon’s Coronation,” Napoleon Foundation, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/timelines/the-day-of-napoleons-coronation-11-frimaire-an-xiii-2-december-1804/.
28 Aileen Ribeiro, The Art of Dress (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1995), 157.
29 Michel Pastoureau, Red: The History of a Color, trans. Jody Gladding (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2017), 40.
30 Ibid., 42.
31 Ibid., 43.
32 Nouvel-Kammerer, Symbols of Power, 166.
33 DeLorme, Joséphine, 163.
34 Marie-Jeanne-Pierrette Avrillion, Memoires de Mlle Avrillion, premiere femme de chamber de l’imperatrice Joséphine, ed. Maurice Dernelle (Paris: Mercure de France, 1986), 98.
35 “The Day of Napoleon’s Coronation,” Napoleon Foundation.
36 Bernard Morel, French Crown Jewels: The Objects of the Coronations of the Kings and Queens of France (Antwerp: Fonds Mercator, 1988), 254.
37 G. Randall Jensen, “The Talisman of Napoleon Bonaparte,” 2011, http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/napoleon/Napoleonsphinx.pdf.
38 Lourdes Font and Michele Majer, “La Quatrieme Unite: Costume and Fashion in Genre Historique Painting,” in Romance and Chivalry: History and Literature Reflected in Early Nineteenth Century French Painting, eds. Nadia Tscherny and Guy Stair Sainty (London and New York: Matthiesen Gallery and Stair Sainty Matthiesen), 197.
39 Janet S. Byrne, “The Best Laid Plans,” Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series 17, no. 7 (March 1959): 191.
40 Bertrand, “Louis XIV and Louis XV,” 39.
41 Knapton, Empress Joséphine, 237.
THREE: THE SACRE
1 Ida M. Tarbell, ed., Napoleon’s Addresses: Selections from the Proclamations, Speeches and Correspondence of Napoleon Bonaparte (Boston: Joseph Knight, 1896).
2 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 90.
3 Napoleon et Paris (Paris: Musee Carnavalet, 2015), 203.
4 Carolyn McDowall, “Empress Joséphine at Château Malmaison—Woman of Influence,” Culture Concept Circle, March 14, 2013, http://www.thecultureconcept.com/empress-josephine-at-chateau-malmaison-woman-of-influence.
5 Rollason, Power of Place, 39.
6 Allard, Citizens and Kings, 299.
7 Ibid.
8 Alvar Gonzalez-Palacios, The Art of Mosaics: Selections from the Gilbert Collection (Los Angeles: LACMA, 1977), 58.
9 H. K. Peters, “The Music at the Coronation of Napoleon and Joséphine,” Napoleon Foundation, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/the-music-at-the-coronation-of-napoleon-and-josephine.
10 Knapton, Empress Joséphine, 241.
11 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 240.
12 Knapton, Empress Joséphine, 242.
13 DeLorme, Joséphine, 165.
14 Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 167.
15 Hiram Casey, ed., Law, Love, and Religion of Napoleon Bonaparte (New York: Carlton, 1961), 61.
16 Hibbert, Napoleon’s Women, 135.
17 Knapton, Empress Joséphine, 246.
18 Francesca Whitlum-Cooper, “The Oath,” Napoleon Foundation, August 2014, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/paintings/the-oath-napoleons-coronation-2-december-1804/.
19 Nouvel-Kammerer, Symbols of Power, 146.
20 Haig, Walks Through, 109.
21 Roberts, Napoleon: A Life, 357.
22 Hans Teitler, “Raising on a Shield: Origin and Afterlife of a Coronation Ceremony,” International Journal of the Classical Tradition 8, no. 4 (Spring 2002): 512.
23 Ibid., 506.
24 Bédard, “Franks, Not Romans.”
25 Draper, The Arts under Napoleon, 7.
26 Marcello Simonetta and Noga Arikha, Napoleon and the Rebel: A Story of Brotherhood, Passion and Power (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 69.
27 Philippe Bordes, Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 50.
28 Sylvain Laveissiere, Le Sacre de Napoleon peint par David (Paris: Louvre, 2004), 29.
29 Dorothy Johnson, ed., Jacques-Louis David: New Perspectives (Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, 2006), 137.
30 Huet, “Napoleon I,” 68–69.
31 Malika Bouabdellah Dorbani, “The Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon and the Coronation of Empress Joséphine on December 2, 1804,” Musée du Louvre, https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/consecration-emperor-napoleon-and-coronation-empress-josephine-december-2-1804.
32 Bordes, Jacques-Louis David, 45.
33 Dorbani, “The Consecration of the Emperor.”
34 Maria Wyke, ed., Julius Caesar in Western Culture (Malden, Mass., and Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 289.
35 Luc de Nanteuil, David (New York: Henry N. Abrams, 1990), 102.
36 Bordes, Jacques-Louis David, 36.
37 Allard, Citizens and Kings, 299.
FOUR: KING OF ITALY
1 Edward Hale, Napoleon and the Pope: The Story of Napoleon and Pius VII (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1962), 79.
2 Tom Holmberg, “Napoleon’s Addresses: The Italian Campaigns,” The Napoleon Series, http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/napoleon/speeches/c_speeches1.html.
3 W. Augustus Steward, “Goldsmiths’ and Silversmiths’ Work—Past and Present: II,” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 81, no. 4210 (July 28, 1933): 862.
4 Phillip Blom, To Have and to Hold: an Intimate History of Collectors and Collecting (New York: Overlook Press, 2002), 146.
5 Ibid., 147.
6 Lentz, “Napoleon and Charlemagne.”
7 Edouard Driault, “The Coalition of Europe Against Napoleon,” American Historical Review 24, no. 4 (July 1919): 606.
8 Knapton, Empress Joséphine, 248.
9 Gabriella Tassinari, “Glyptic Portraits of Eugène de Beauharnais,” Journal of the Walters Art Museum 60/61 (2002/2003): 45.
10 Karine Huguenaud, “Napoleon I: King of Italy,” trans. Peter Hicks, Napoleon Foundation, September 2012, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/paintings/napoleon-i-king-of-italy/.
11 Maria Louisa Ambrosino, Secret Archives of the Vatican (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), 290–91.
12 Diana Scarisbrick. Chaumet: Master Jewellers since 1780 (Paris: A. de Gourcuff, 1995), 18.
13 Beyeler, Pie VII, 124.
14 Ibid.
15 Sudhir Hazareesingh, The Saint Napoleon: Celebrations of Sovereignty in Nineteenth Century France (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004), 4.
16 Oliver Benjamin Hemmerle, “Crossing the Rubicon into Paris,” in Julius Caesar in Western Culture, ed. Maria Wyke (Malden, Mass., and Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 291.
17 Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 213.
18 Knapton, Empress Joséphine, 248.
19 Roberts, Napoleon: A Life, 142–43.
20 Laura Stagno, Palazzo del Principe: The Villa of Andrea Doria (Genoa: Sagep, 2005), 7.
21 Ilaria Bernocchi, “‘Inventing’ Identity: Medals and Heroic Portraits in the Italian Renaissance” (paper presented at Full Circle: The Medal in Art History, A Symposium in Honor of Stephen K. Scher, The Frick Collection, New York, Septe
mber 8, 2017).
22 Stagno, Palazzo, 85.
23 Ibid., 18.
24 Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, ed. R. W. Phipps (London: Richard Bentley and Son, 1885), 238.
25 Zarzeczny, Meteors, 126.
26 Ibid., 126.
27 Stagno, Palazzo, 28.
28 Duncan B. Campbell, “Caesar’s Invasion of Britain,” in The Landmark Julius Caesar Web Essay, ed. Kurt A. Raaflaub, www.thelandmarkcaesar.com, 283.
29 Otto Karl Werckmeister, “The Political Ideology of the Bayeux Tapestry, Studi Medievali, Series 3, 17, no. 2 (1976): 537.
30 Jean-Michel Leniaud, La basilique royale de Saint Denis: de Napoleon a la Republique (Paris: Picard, 2012), 52.
31 Werckmeister, “The Political Ideology,” 539.
32 Carola Hicks, The Bayeux Tapestry: The Life Story of a Masterpiece (London: Chatto & Windus, 2006), 96.
33 Ibid., 113.
34 Hicks, Bayeux Tapestry, 94.
35 Zarzeczny, Meteors, 85.
36 Roberts, Napoleon: A Life, 390.
PART FOUR: A NEW ROME
ONE: COLUMNS OF CONQUEST
1 Lino Rossi, Trajan’s Column and the Dacian Wars, trans. J.M.C. Toynbee (London: Thames and Hudson, 1971), 68.
2 Andrew Curry, “A War Diary Soars over Rome,” National Geographic, March 2015, 129.
3 Encyclopaedia Romana, “Apollodorus of Damascus,” http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/imperialfora/trajan/apollodorus.html.
4 Giuliana Calcani, ed., Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan’s Column: from Tradition to Project (Rome: “L’Erma” di Bretschneider, 2003), 28.
5 Lynne Lancaster, “Building Trajan’s Column,” American Journal of Archeology 103, no. 3 (July 1999): 437.
6 Ibid., 423.
7 J.C.N. Coulston, “Three new books on Trajan’s Column,” Journal of Roman Archeology (1990): 303.
8 Rossi, Trajan’s Column and the Dacian Wars, 219.
9 Calcani, Apollodorus of Damascus, 36.
10 Diana E. E. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992), 217.
11 Filippo Coarelli, The Column of Marcus Aurelius, trans. Helen Patterson (Rome: Editore Colombo, 2008), 17.
12 Kleiner, Roman Sculpture, 215.
13 James E. Packer, The Forum of Trajan in Rome: A Study of the Monuments in Brief (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 191.
14 Ibid., 187.
15 Adriano La Regina, ed., Archeological Guide to Rome (Milan, Italy: Electa, 2016), 188.
16 Carmelo G. Malacrino, Constructing the Ancient World (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2010), 137.
17 Kleiner, Roman Sculpture, 214.
18 Hughes, Rome, 259.
19 Margaret McGowan, The Vision of Rome in Late Renaissance France (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 335.
20 Thomas Hedin, “The Northern Axis: Discovery in the Gardens of the Premier Versailles,” Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 37, no. 3 (2017): 211.
21 Hughes, Rome, 118.
22 Samuel L. Macey, “The Concept of Time in Ancient Rome,” International Social Science Review 65, no. 2 (Spring 1990): 74.
23 Denis C. Feeney, Caesar’s Calendar. Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2007) 174, 185.
24 Ibid., 185.
25 Steiner, “Building with Iron,” 701.
26 Charles R. Mack, “Metaphorically Speaking: A Grand Tour Souvenir of the Vendôme Column,” Southeastern College Art Conference Review XVI no. 4 (Jan. 2014): 446.
27 David Markham, ed., Imperial Glory: the Bulletins of Napoleon’s Grande Armée 1805–1814 (London: Greenhill Books, 2003), 226.
28 W. Jeffrey Tatum, Always I Am Caesar (Malden, Mass., and Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing, 2008), 86.
29 Mack, “Metaphorically Speaking,” 446.
30 Huet, “Napoleon I” 66.
31 Ibid., 64.
32 Mack, “Metaphorically Speaking,” 447.
33 Ibid.
34 Zarzeczny, Meteors, 105.
35 Steiner, “Building with Iron,” 702.
36 Novillo and Posadas, “Octavian: the Last Man Standing,” 73.
37 Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, Salvatore Settis, eds., The Classical Tradition (Cambridge: Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010), 148.
38 Mack, “Metaphorically Speaking,” 447.
39 Ziolkowski, Classical Influence, 63.
40 Mack, “Metaphorically Speaking,” 446.
TWO: ARCHES OF TRIUMPH
1 Gaehtgens, Napoleon’s Arc de Triomphe, 11.
2 Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 1997), 166.
3 Diana Rowell, Paris: the New Rome of Napoleon I (London: Bloomsbury, 2012), 43.
4 Paula Dietz, “Recultivating the Tuileries,” Design Quarterly, no. 155 (Spring 1992): 7.
5 Christopher Tadgell, Antiquity: Origins, Classicism, and the New Rome (New York: Routledge, 2007), 561.
6 Jaś Elsner, Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph (Oxford, U.K., and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 60.
7 Susann Lusnia, “Battle Imagery and Politics on the Severan Arch in the Roman Forum,” in Representations of War in Ancient Rome, eds. Sheila Dillon and Katherine Welch (Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 293.
8 Amanda Claridge, Rome (Oxford, U.K., and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 75.
9 Ibid., 76.
10 Popkin, Architecture of the Roman Triumph, 151.
11 Lusnia, “Battle Imagery,” 294.
12 Ibid., 295–96.
13 Popkin, Architecture of the Roman Triumph, 146.
14 Richard Brilliant, “The Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roma Forum,” Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 29 (1967): 30.
15 Emidio De Albentiis, “Art, Power, and Consensus: From Trajan to Constantine,” Rome: Art & Architecture, ed. Marco Bussagli (Cologne: Könemann, 1999), 140.
16 Elizabeth Marlowe, “Framing the Sun: The Arch of Constantine and the Roman Cityscape,” Art Bulletin 88, no. 2 (June 2006): 237.
17 Filippo Coarelli, Monuments of Civilization: Rome (London: Cassell, 1973), 166.
18 De Albentiis, “Art, Power, and Consensus,” 150.
19 Maggie L. Popkin, “Symbiosis and Civil War: The Audacity of the Arch of Constantine,” Journal of Late Antiquity 9, no. 1 (Spring 2016): 44.
20 Yves Pauwels, “Le theme de l’arc de triomphe dans l’architecure urbaine à la Renaissance, entre pouvoir politique et pouvoir religieux,” in Marquer la ville: Signes, traces, empreintes du pouvoir (Paris-Rome: Editions de la Sorbonne, 2013), 188.
21 Blair Hixson Davis, “The Roman drawings of Charles Percier” (PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2009), 49–52.
22 Garric, Charles Percier, 241.
23 Beauhaire, Béjanin, and Naudeix, L’Elephant de Napoleon, 13.
24 Pierre Rosenberg, Dominique-Vivant Denon: L’oeil de Napoleon (Paris: editions de la Reunion des musees nationaux, 1999), 19.
25 Clifford Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000), 137.
26 The Tuileries: From the Louvre to Place de la Concorde (Paris: Editions du Patrimoine, 2001), 32.
27 Napoleon et Paris, 91.
28 Isabelle Lemaistre, Emilie Leverrier, Béatrice Tupinier, “A sculptural group to top the Arc de Triomphe,” Louvre, http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/napoleon-triumph.
29 Anne Muratori-Philip, Arc de Triomphe (Paris: Editions du patrimoine, Centre des monuments nationaux, 2007), 4.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Karine Huguenaud, “Arc de Triomphe d’ l’Étoile—Paris,” Napoleon Foundation, https://www.napoleon.org/magazine/lieux/arc-de-triomphe-de-letoile-paris/.
33 Bruno Klein, “Napoleons Triumphbogen in Paris und der Wandel der o
ffiziellen Kunstanschauungen im Premier Empire,” Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 59, no. 2 (Jan. 1, 1996): 253.
34 Muratori-Philip, Arc de Triomphe, 5.
35 Andrew Ayers, The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide (Stuttgart and London: Edition Axel Menges, 2004), 236.
36 Claridge, Rome, 118.
37 Flavius Josephus, The Jewish War, eds. Betty Radice and E. Mary Smallwood, trans. G. A. Williamson (London: Penguin, 1981), 304.
38 Catherine Edwards, ed., Roman Presences: Receptions of Rome in European Culture (Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 22.
THREE: TEMPLE TO THE GRANDE ARMÉE
1 Olivia Lichtscheidl, “Emperor Franz II/I and Napoleon,” The World of the Habsburgs, http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/emperor-franz-iii-and-napoleon.
2 Clare Elisabeth Jeanne Gravier de Vergennes Rémusat, Memoirs of Madame de Rémusat: 1802–1808 (London: S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1880), 201–05.
3 Ricky D. Phillips, “Twelve things you didn’t know about Frederick the Great,” Making History: The Military History blog of Author Ricky D Phillips, June 5, 2015, https://rickydphillipsauthor.wordpress.com/2015/06/05/twelve-things-you-didnt-know-about-frederick-the-great/.
4 James W. Shosenberg, “Battle of Jéna: Napoleon’s Double Knock-out Punch,” historynet, http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-jena-napoleons-double-knock-out-punch.html.
5 Herold, The Mind of Napoleon, 229.
6 Mansel, Dressed to Rule, 80–81.
7 H. Russell Robinson, The Armour of Imperial Rome (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1975), 9.
8 Claire Wrathall, “What Napoleon’s hat tells us about the power of branding,” Christie’s, June 17, 2015, http://www.christies.com/features/what-napoleons-hat-tells-us-about-the-power-of-branding-6280-3.aspx.
9 Jean-Roche Coignet, Memoires (London: Peter Davis Limited, 1928).
10 Walter Friedlaender, “Napoleon as ‘Roi Thaumaturge,’” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 4, no. 3/4 (April 1941–July 1942): 141.
11 Wrathall, “Napoleon’s hat.”
12 Nouvel-Kammerer, Symbols of Power, 138.
13 Michael Squire, “Embodied Ambiguities on the Prima Porta Augustus,” Art History 36, no. 2 (April 2013): 244.
14 Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonne Las Cases, Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène: Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of the Emperor Napoleon at Saint Helene, Vol. II (London: J. Colburn and Co., 1823), 3.