Himmler: A mommy’s boy monster. Retrieved from http://www.express.co.uk/expressyourself/284679/Himmler-A-mummy-s-boy-monster
Holton, G. Werner Heisenberg and Albert Einstein. Retrieved from http://www-personal.umich.edu/~samuels/214/other/news/Holton.html
Walker, M. (1995). Nazi science: Myth, truth, and the German atomic bomb. Retrieved from http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/nscience/nscience01.htm
Werner Heisenberg. Retrieved from http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/heisenberg
Werner Heisenberg. Retrieved from http://www.fampeople.com/cat-werner-heisenberg_6
Epilogue
Albert Einstein. Retrieved from http://www.cssforum.com.pk/off-topic-section/general-knowledge-quizzes-iq-tests/6849-albert-einstein.html
Dr. Albert Einstein dies in sleep at 76; world mourns loss of great scientist. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0314.html
Lacayo, R., & Editors of Time. (2014). Albert Einstein: The enduring legacy of a modern genius. New York: Time.
Letter from Albert Einstein to FDR, 8/2/39. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-ein39/
Einstein to Roosevelt, August 2, 1939. Retrieved from http://www.dannen.com/ae-fdr.html
Johanna Fantova. Retrieved from http://www.menscheinstein.de/biografie/biografie_jsp/key=3166.html (Translation provided by Birgit Ertl-Wagner)
Letters from alums about Albert Einstein in Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved from http://www.princeton.edu/paw/web_exclusives/more/more_letters/letters_einstein
Schirrmacher, A. (2010). Philipp Lenard: Erinnerungen eines Naturforschers: Kritische annotierte Ausgabe des Originaltyposkriptes von 1931/1943. Berlin: Springer. (Translation provided by Birgit Ertl-Wagner)
Acknowledgments
The authors are pleased to thank a number of individuals who made important contributions to The Man Who Stalked Einstein.
Foremost among these is Pam Wexler Hillman, who listened to her husband read the entire book aloud, chapter by chapter, sometimes more than once, before turning out the lights at night. Her comments helped identify ambiguous and hard-to-understand passages and improved the quality of the writing.
None of us had ever had an agent for anything, but serendipity led us to a great one. Claire Gerus believed in the project from the beginning, encouraged us, advised us through the writing process, and continues to serve our interests in this and future projects.
We were assigned a wonderful editor, lost him following a buyout of our initial publisher, and found him again. Jon Sternfeld’s vision matched our own. Perhaps more important, he has a remarkable knack for simultaneously encouraging our best work while pointing out how something could be improved. Absent Jon’s efforts, this book would be a lesser work.
We are grateful for the efforts on our behalf of Ronald Coleman and his colleagues at the library of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum for their assistance in getting us started on the research that eventually led to this book.
Professors Hans Ringertz and Per Carlson helped us to connect with Professor Karl Grandin, director of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science Center for the History of Science, who provided us with background on Philipp Lenard’s Nobel Prize and shared Lenard’s letter to the Academy disputing Einstein’s selection for the 1921 Nobel Prize.
Dr. Alan Matsumoto, chair of the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging at the University of Virginia, encouraged the writing of this book and supported the endeavor.
Dr. Wilhelm Fuessl, head of the archives of the Deutsches Museum in Munich, granted us access to archived boxes of Lenard’s personal documents and laboratory books. Some of this material found its way into these pages. Brian Stamm translated into English a critical journal article by Charlotte Schoenbeck, “Albert Einstein und Philipp Lenard: Antipoden im Spannungsfeld von Physik und Zeitgeschichte.”
Finally, we thank the Charlottesville, Virginia, writing critique group to which Bruce belonged for a number of years—Sharon Hostler, Susan Guerrant, Gerry Kruger, Marian Dewalt, Peggy Brown, Sharon Davies, and Linn Harrison—who did their best to help him learn to write.
Index
A
Academic Assistance Council, 1 , 2
aid societies, 1.1-1.2
Albert I, 1
Almanac of Radioactivity and Electronics, 1.1-1.2
American Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Scholars, 1
Anderson, Marian, 1
Annalen der Physik, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
Anschluss (1938), 1
anti-relativity campaigns, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2 , 4 , 5.1-5.2 , 6 , 7.1-7.2 , 8 , 9 , 10
anti-Semitism, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4.1-4.2 , 5 among scientists, 1
“death lists”, 1
Einsteindebatte and, 1.1-1.2
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2
Lenard’s, origins of, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2
Lenard’s radicalization of, 1.1-1.2
in Lenard’s writings and speeches, 1.1-1.2
Nobel Prize and, 1
“un-German” as code word, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
“
“An Appeal to the Europeans” (Einstein and Nicolai), 1
A
armistice, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
Arrhenius, Svante, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3 , 4 , 5
Aryan science, 1 , 2.1-2.2 clearinghouse for research manuscripts, 1.1-1.2
experimentation as German, 1.1-1.2
as root of all discoveries, 1.1-1.2
Stark and Lenard gain control, 1.1-1.2
atomic bomb, 1 , 2.1-2.2
atomic model, 1
Avogadro’s constant, 1
B
Bad Nauheim, 1.1-1.2
Bad Nauheim scientific meeting, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3 , 4 , 5.1-5.2 debate between Einstein and Lenard, 1.1-1.2 , 2
Bamberger, Louis, 1
Belgium, 1.1-1.2 , 2
Ben Gurion, David, 1
Berlin, 1
Berlin Philharmonic auditorium lectures, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3 , 4 Einstein’s apology, 1.1-1.2
Berliner Tageblatt, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5.1-5.2 , 6
Bjerknes, Vilhelm, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2
Bohr, Niels, 1.1-1.2 , 2 , 3 , 4
book burning, Opera Square, 1.1-1.2
Born, Hedwig, 1.1-1.2 , 2
Born, Max, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5.1-5.2 Nobel Prize recipient, 1.1-1.2
Braun, Albert von, 1.1-1.2
Brownian motion, 1
Bunsen, Robert, 1 , 2
C
Cal Tech, 1 , 2
Carlheim-Gyllensköld, Vilhelm, 1
cathode ray tubes, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4.1-4.2 , 5.1-5.2 , 6
censorship in science, 1.1-1.2
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 1
civil service, removal of Jews from, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3
classical mechanics, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3
colloid chemistry, 1
“
“common sense,” 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5.1-5.2
C
concentration camps, 1 , 2 , 3
Conversations with Einstein (Einstein the Seeker) (Moszkowski), 1.1-1.2
cosmological events, 1
Crookes, William, 1 , 2 , 3
Curie, Marie, 1 , 2
T
The Current Crisis in German Physics (Stark), 1.1-1.2 , 2
C
curved universe, 1
D
d’Alquen, Gunter, 1
Das Schwarze Korps, 1 , 2 , 3 Heisenberg article, 1.1-1.2
de Sitter, Willem, 1
death lists, 1
“
“The Declaration of University Teachers of the German Empire”, 1
D
deduction, 1
depression, 1929, 1
Derbye, Peter, 1
Deutsche Physik (Lenard), 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6.1-6.2 , 7.1-7.2 German science as origin of all discoveries, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2
principles of, 1.1-1.2
scientific response to, 1.1-1.2
Treaty of London as root of, 1
Deutsche Physik principles and policy, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2 , 4 , 5.1-5.2 demise of, 1
Deutsch-Voelkische Monatshefte, 1
Die Nurwissenshaften, 1
Die Presse, 1
Die Umschau, 1
dogmatic mentality, 1.1-1.2
Dr. Strangelove, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, 1
Drexler, Anton, 1
Dukas, Helen, 1 , 2 , 3
E
Eddington, Arthur, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3.1-3.2 , 4.1-4.2
Ehrenfest, Paul, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
Eicke, Theodor, 1
Einstein, Albert academic appointments, 1900s, 1.1-1.2
anecdotes about, 1.1-1.2
character, 1
civil service position, 1.1-1.2
confrontations with Lenard, 1
death threats to, 1 , 2 , 3
educational background, 1
final moments, 1.1-1.2
Heisenberg, conversation with, 1.1-1.2
on Hitler, 1.1-1.2 , 2
Hitler views as scapegoat, 1
humor, sense of, 1.1-1.2
international fame, 1.1-1.2
as internationalist, 1
leaves Germany, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2 , 3 , 4 , 5
Lenard, early relationship with, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2
marriage to Elsa Lowenthal, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2 , 3.1-3.2
marriage to Mileva Marić, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2
miracle year, 1
Nobel Lecture, 1 , 2
Nobel Prize nominations, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4.1-4.2 , 5 , 6
Nobel Prize recipient, 1 , 2 , 3
pacifism, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2
plagiarism, accusations of, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2 , 3 , 4
possessions ransacked, 1.1-1.2
public impression of, 1.1-1.2 , 2 , 3.1-3.2 , 4
recruitment by other countries, 1.1-1.2
self-identification as a Jew, 1
Stark reviles, 1.1-1.2
support for, 1.1-1.2
travels and lectures, 1.1-1.2
Zionism and, 1
Writings: “An Appeal to the Europeans” (with Nicolai), 1
“Dialog on the Objections against the Theory of Relativity,” 1.1-1.2
“Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity”, 1 , 2
“My Answer to the Anti-Relativistic Corporation, Ltd.”, 1.1-1.2 , 2
“On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light,” 1.1-1.2
Relativity—the Special and General Theory, 1
See also general relativity, theory of See also relativity
Einstein, Eduard, 1
Einstein, Elsa Lowenthal, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2 , 4.1-4.2 , 5.1-5.2 , 6
Einstein, Hans Albert, 1
Einstein, Ilse, 1
Einstein, Margot, 1 , 2
Einstein, Mileva Marić, 1.1-1.2 , 2 , 3.1-3.2 , 4 , 5
Einstein the Seeker (Moszkowski), 1
“
“Einstein’s Theory of Relativity—A Scientific Mass Hysteria”, 1
E
electron theory, 1
Elizabeth, Queen, 1.1-1.2
Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, 1
Enabling Act, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4.1-4.2 , 5
energy quanta, 1
England, response to torching of Leuven, 1.1-1.2 , 2
ether, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2 , 4 , 5 Einstein on, 1.1-1.2
urether, 1.1-1.2
Etter, Lewis E., 1 , 2.1-2.2
Exner, Franz-Serafin, 1
experimental physics, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
experimentation, as German, 1.1-1.2
F
Faelschungs-Buch (Lenard), 1.1-1.2
Fantiva, Johanna, 1
Fermi, Enrico, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
Flexner, Abraham, 1.1-1.2 , 2
Forschungsgemeinschaft Deutsches Ahnenerbe, 1.1-1.2
Franck, James, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3 , 4 Manhattan Project, 1.1-1.2
Franck Report, 1.1-1.2
Frick, Wilhelm, 1.1-1.2 , 2 , 3
Frost, Edwin, 1
Fuehrer principle, 1 , 2 , 3
Fulda, Ludwig, 1
G
Gans, Richard, 1 , 2 , 3
Gehrcke, Ernst, 1.1-1.2 , 2 , 3 at Berlin Philharmonic meeting, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3
general relativity, theory of, 1.1-1.2 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5.1-5.2 solar eclipse, 1919, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2 , 4.1-4.2 , 5.1-5.2
Gerber, Paul, 1 , 2.1-2.2
German National People’s Party, 1
German Physical Society, 1 , 2 , 3
German Professional Community of University Physicists, 1
German Research Foundation, 1 , 2 , 3
German scientists emigration, 1.1-1.2
post World War I isolation of, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
See also Jewish scientists
German Society of Natural Scientists and Physicians, 1 , 2 , 3 See also Bad Nauheim scientific meeting
German Workers Party (DAP, Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), 1.1-1.2 , 2
Glazer, Ludwig, 1 , 2.1-2.2
Goebbels, Joseph, 1.1-1.2 , 2 , 3 , 4
Goering, Hermann, 1 , 2 , 3
Goettinger Tageblatt, 1 , 2
Granqvist, Per Gustaf David, 1 , 2
gravitation, 1 , 2.1-2.2
gravity, universal law of, 1
Great Men of Science (Lenard), 1 , 2
Greenspan, Thorndike, 1
Gregory, Richard, 1
Gullstrand, Allvar, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2
Gustav V, 1
H
Haber, Fritz, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3
Haber, Hermann, 1
Habicht, Conrad, 1.1-1.2
Hahn, Otto, 1
Hanfstaengl, Ernst, 1
Harrer, Karl, 1
Hasenoehrl, Friedrich, 1
Hasselberg, Clas Bernhard, 1 , 2.1-2.2
Hebrew University, 1
Heisenberg, Werner, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3 , 4.1-4.2 , 5 Einstein, conversation with, 1.1-1.2
Himmler’s response to, 1.1-1.2
investigation of, 1.1-1.2
leads Third Reich nuclear effort, 1
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 1
Hertz, Gustav, 1.1-1.2 , 2
Hertz, Heinrich, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2 , 4 , 5
Hess, Rudolf, 1 , 2
Heydrich, Reinhard, 1
Himmler, Heinrich, 1.1-1.2
Himstedt, Franz, 1
Hindenberg, Paul von, 1
Hirschmann, Georg, 1
Hitler, Adolf, 1 , 2 , 3 appointed Chancellor, 1.1-1.2
backlash against Einstein and, 1
beer hall putsch, 1.1-1.2
Einstein on, 1.1-1.2 , 2
elections and, 1.1-1.2
gives signed photo to Lenard, 1.1-1.2
Hofbraeuhaus speech, 1
letters to Lenard, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2
on loss of scientists, 1.1-1.2
Mein Kampf, 1 , 2.1-2.2
Riechstag address, 1.1-1.2
Stark’s access to, 1
Hittorf, Johann Wilhelm, 1 , 2 , 3
Hollweg, Theobold von Beckmann, 1
Hoover, J. Edgar, 1
Hund, Friedrich, 1
Hungarian nationalists, 1
hydrogen bomb, 1 , 2
I
induction, 1
Institute for Physics, University of Wuerzburg, 1
Institute of Physics, University of Heidelberg, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3 as Philipp Lenard Institute, 1 , 2 , 3
Institute of Physics, University of Kiel, 1
J
Jewish scientists, 1 , 2 aid societies for, 1.1-1.2
emigration, 1.1-1.2
expulsion from universities, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5.1-5.2 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9.1-9.2 , 10.1-10.2
resignations after civil service law, 1.1-1.2
shift away from Germany, 1
threats to, 1.1-1.2
See also German scientists
“
“Jewish spirit,” 1 , 2 , 3 ,
4 , 5 , 6.1-6.2 , 7
K
Kahr, Gustav von, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, 1 , 2
Kaiser Wilhelm Society, 1
Kant, Immanuel, 1
Kepler’s law, 1 , 2
Koenigsberger, Leo, 1
Kolliker, Geheimrat Albert von, 1
L
Laub, Jakob Johann, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2 ether experiments, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2
Laue, Max von, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 at Berlin Academy of Sciences, 1
on Haber, 1
review of Stark’s book, 1
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2
Lecher, Ernst, 1
Leibus, Alfred, 1
Lenard, Katharina Schlehner, 1
Lenard, Philipp anti-Semitism, Einsteindebatte and, 1.1-1.2
anti-Semitism, origins of, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2
anti-Semitism, radicalization of, 1.1-1.2
ascent to power, 1
blames others, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4.1-4.2 , 5.1-5.2
character, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
contrasts with Einstein, 1.1-1.2
early years, 1
Einstein, early relationship with, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2
on Einstein as dangerous, 1
Einstein calls out on Berlin Philharmonic episode, 1.1-1.2
Einstein’s Nobel Prize and, 1.1-1.2 , 2.1-2.2
as employer, 1.1-1.2
ether, belief in, 1 , 2.1-2.2 , 3.1-3.2
feuds, 1 , 2.1-2.2
Heidelberg speech, 1.1-1.2
Hitler, access to, 1.1-1.2 , 2 , 3
Hitler’s chief scientific advisor, 1
under house arrest, 1
jealousy of Einstein, 1 , 2 , 3.1-3.2
Jews in universities, opposition to, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4.1-4.2
letter to Einstein, 1.1-1.2
letter to Swedish Academy, 1.1-1.2
Nobel Prize recipient, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6.1-6.2 , 7
as “Old Fighter”, 1
as outsider, 1 , 2.1-2.2
photoelectric effect, 1
reactionary politics, involvement in, 1.1-1.2
refuses to reconcile with Einstein, 1.1-1.2
Roentgen and, 1.1-1.2
sacrifices scientific integrity, 1.1-1.2
signs Manifesto, 1
stalks Einstein, 1 , 2.1-2.2
steps away from science, 1
Writings: “A Big Day for Science: Johannes Stark Appointed President of the Reich Physical and Technical Institute,” 1.1-1.2
The Man Who Stalked Einstein Page 23