Ostkrieg

by Stephen G. Fritz

  and Crimea, 241–47

  deep battle, concept of, 79, 210, 249, 303–4, 341

  German assessment of, 26, 36, 44, 52–53, 79, 81, 85, 112, 114, 120–22, 148, 237–38, 262–63, 275, 305, 337, 402, 406

  and Kharkov, 248–52, 323–24, 353, 355–56

  and Kiev pocket, 141–45

  and Kursk, 341–53

  logistics, 122, 186, 252, 421–22, 471

  and Moscow: counterattack at, 199–204, 207–14

  defense of, 152–63, 182–85, 186–92

  prisoners of war (see prisoners of war [Soviet])

  replacements, 145, 210, 373, 377

  and Stalingrad, 269, 283–99, 303–10, 315–16, 319–22

  and summer offensive (1943), 353–57

  tanks: fear of Soviet models, 114–15, 155, 188, 204, 207, 310

  losses of, 88–90, 125, 214, 252, 305, 319–20, 149, 245, 252, 305, 349–52, 354, 356–57, 369, 371, 389, 392, 399, 414, 416–17, 420–21, 430, 433, 447, 468, 509n21, 543n94

  numbers of, 78, 81, 114, 200, 230, 272, 283, 304, 319, 343, 348, 353, 355, 369, 381, 384, 386–87, 409, 419, 421, 435, 442, 461, 468, 535n78

  superiority of, 114–15, 155, 159, 204, 207 (see also tank production [Soviet])

  troop strength, 78, 114, 117, 125, 151–52, 153, 183–84, 199–200, 207, 212, 307, 367, 369, 381, 384, 400, 409–10, 421, 435, 442, 460–61, 524n2, 547n75

  use of blocking units, 143, 273

  trucks, 370, 386, 421

  and winter offensive (1943–1944), 365, 369–73, 377–95, 402

  and winter offensive (1944–1945), 432–38

  Vistula-Oder offensive (January 1945), 441–49

  and Warsaw Uprising, 419–20, See also Armies; Corps; Divisions; Fronts

  Red October Steel Works. See Krasny Oktyabr

  refugees, 16, 287, 427, 430, 445, 449, 452, 456, 465, 467

  regiments (German)

  Panzer Regiment Bäke, 390, 392

  Police Regiment South, 103

  Reich Air Ministry, 426–27

  Reich Chancellery, 8, 31, 72, 137, 329, 467

  Reich Commissariat for the Strengthening of the German People (RKFDV), 93, 254, 256

  Reichel, Joachim (Major), 263

  Reichenau, Walter (Field Marshal), 27, 97–98, 102, 141, 164–65

  Reich Labor Service (RAD), 376

  Reich Ministry for Armaments and Munitions, 228–29

  Reich Ministry for Food, 224, 477, 505n60

  Reichsbahn, 120, 150, 170, 220. See also railroads

  Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), xvi, 24, 65, 168, 177, 480, 485

  Criminal Technical Institute, 177

  Reichskommissariat Ostland, 180

  Reichstag, 32–34, 64, 109, 178, 196, 218, 224, 439, 467, 476

  Reinhardt, Hans (General), 88, 161, 413, 446–47

  Rendulic, Lothar (General), 447

  reparations, 12, 47

  Replacement Army (German). See Armies (German): Replacement

  Reserve Police Battalions, 70

  resettlement, 20–21, 65, 83, 92–93, 106, 108, 139, 177, 181, 254, 257–59, 476

  Rhine River, 455, 457–58

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 9, 24, 36, 45, 48–49, 195, 299, 363

  Richthofen, Wolfram von (General), 242–44, 250, 287, 294–95, 299, 311–13, 315

  Riga, 88, 176, 178, 220, 433

  Ring, Operation, xvi, 319

  roads, 54, 56–57, 89, 118–19, 142, 150, 154, 161, 203, 208–9, 219, 245, 255, 261, 282, 310, 382–83. See also Rollbahn

  rockets (German), 335, 431

  rockets (Soviet), 309. See also Katyusha rocket launchers

  Rohland, Walter, 189–90

  Röhm Purge (1934), 69

  Rokossovsky, Konstantin (Marshal), 345, 444, 447, 449

  Roland, Operation, 351

  Rollbahn, xvi, 158, 382, 414

  Rommel, Erwin (Field Marshal), 247, 281, 299, 307, 400, 402, 469

  Romny, 143–44

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 15, 32, 39–40, 45, 64, 107, 110, 157, 174, 194, 196–97, 458, 474–75

  Roques, Franz von (General), 98

  Rosenberg, Alfred, 62, 105, 173, 174, 180, 219, 256

  Roslavl, 210–12

  Rostock, 461

  Rostov, 164–65, 200, 267, 269–72, 283, 292, 303–4, 306, 315, 322

  Rotkopf ammunition, 207

  Rotmistrov, Pavel (General), 348–50

  Rovno, 89

  Rozan bridgehead, 444

  rubber, 58, 63, 119, 169, 486

  Ruhr, 137, 230, 330–31, 337, 458

  Rumania

  changes sides in war, 436

  fighting in, 89, 141, 395, 405, 435

  forces fighting in the Soviet Union: assessment of, 306–7, 309, 314, 367, 434–36

  in Barbarossa, 89, 141

  in Blau, 236, 276

  in the Crimea, 242, 245, 278

  morale in, 307

  at Stalingrad, 288–89, 292, 306–9, 314–15, 321, 539n30

  and Germany, 44, 234, 236, 306, 362, 435

  German military intervention in, 49

  oil, 37, 39, 41, 47, 49, 83–84, 132, 169, 241, 245, 272, 277, 379, 392, 406, 427

  relations with Hungary, 49, 436

  Soviet pressure on, 32, 36, 41, 49–50

  surrender, 436

  Rundstedt, Gerd von (Field Marshal), 89, 140–41, 143, 145, 164–65, 170

  Russia. See Soviet Union

  Rybinsk, 182

  Rynok, 286

  Rzhev, 161, 167–68, 210–11, 213–14, 303–4

  Sachsenhausen, 260. See also concentration camps

  Salsk, 275

  Sandomierz, 442–43

  Sapun Heights, 246

  Saratov, 282

  Saturn, Operation, xvi, 304, 316

  Sauckel, Fritz, 178, 220–23, 226, 257, 259, 327–28, 332, 481

  Sauer, Karl Otto, 426

  Saxony, 465, 468

  Schirwindt, 430

  Schlieffen Plan, 74

  Schmidt, Paul, 8–9

  Schmidt, Rudolf (General), 147, 208, 313

  Schmundt, Rudolf (General), 36, 203–4, 281, 396

  Schörner, Ferdinand (General), 397, 432–34, 445, 447

  Schubert, Helmut, 256

  Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz. See Krosigk, Lutz Schwerin von

  Schwerpunkt, xvii, 28, 53, 56, 84, 125, 243, 252, 276, 344, 381, 387, 407–8, 410, 412, 429, 461, 486

  scorched-earth policy (German), 206, 372, 374, 455, 457

  SD (Sicherheitsdienst [Security Service]), xvii, 13, 70, 103, 107–9, 135–36, 171, 178, 325, 331, 359, 428, 431, 449, 479

  SD2 fragmentation bombs (devil’s eggs), 243–44

  Sea Lion, Operation, 38

  Sea of Azov, 323, 365, 370

  second front, 234–35, 268, 277, 299, 325, 337–39, 342, 366, 399–400, 475

  security troops (German), 333

  security troops (Soviet), 269

  Seelow, 463–64

  Seelow Heights, 459, 462

  Sejm River, 144, 154

  Serafimovich, 285

  Serock bridgehead, 444

  Sevastopol, 164, 241, 245–47, 264, 268, 291, 398

  Severnaya Bay, 246

  Seydlitz-Kurzbach, Walter von (General), 213, 301, 312

  Shaposhnikov, Boris (Marshal), 248–49

  Shirer, William L., 1, 34, 40

  Shlisselburg, 146

  shortages. See German army: logistic problems; Red Army: logistics

  Siberia, 62, 108, 115, 162, 174, 186, 200, 256, 327

  Sicily, 350–52, 469

  Sickle Cut, Operation (Sichelschnitt), 27–28, 54, 433

  Siemens, 260

  Silesia, 38–39, 260, 429, 441, 444–45, 447–49, 456, 460

  Simonov, Konstantin, 274, 467

  Sinelnikovo, 370

  slave labor (German). See forced labor

  Slavs

  Nazi racial policy toward, 62, 93, 178, 225, 256, 259, 506n64

  viewed as subhuman, 7,
18, 44, 69–70, 91, 106, 170, 254, 476

  See also forced labor; Generalplan Ost; hunger policy; Lebensraum

  Slovenia, 256

  Slutsk, 86

  Smolensk, 86–88, 113, 120–30, 133, 140, 149, 152, 200, 207, 219, 326, 360, 368–69, 450, 476, 484

  Sobibor, 177, 181, 253, 361. See also concentration camps

  social Darwinism. See Hitler

  Sodenstern, George von (General), 143, 184

  Somme, Battle of, 420

  Sonnenwende, Operation, 448

  Soviet Union

  armaments production, 12, 41, 59, 81–82, 115

  civilians: evacuated by Germans, 369, 372–74 (see also forced labor); German use of forced labor (see forced labor); Soviet use of to build fortifications, 157, 186

  climate (see mud; rasputitsa; weather)

  economic importance to Germany, 40–41, 58–62, 82–83, 127

  foreign policy of (see Stalin)

  German atrocities in (see Einsatzgruppen; Final Solution; Generalplan Ost; German army; Germany: occupation policy; hunger policy; Jews)

  German invasion of (see Barbarossa)

  German racial policies in (see Final Solution; Generalplan Ost; Germany: occupation policy; hunger policy; Lebensraum)

  German treatment of civilians (see Generalplan Ost; Germany: occupation policy; hunger policy)

  German transportation difficulties in (see German army: logistics; mud; rasputitsa; weather)

  Hitler’s plans for “living space” (see Generalplan Ost; Lebensraum)

  Hitler’s views of (see Bolshevism; Hitler)

  and hunger policy (see hunger policy)

  impact of war on, xxii, 94, 214, 230, 238, 305, 333–34, 369–71, 471, 481

  and Lend-Lease, 184, 230, 305, 471, 535n78

  manganese mines, 371, 379

  NKVD (secret police), 157, 269

  Non-Aggression Pact with Germany, 9, 19, 25, 32, 36, 45, 50

  oil in (see oil)

  partisan war (see German army; partisans)

  prisoners of war (see Red Army: prisoners of war)

  relocation of industry, 115

  and resettlement of Volga Germans, 174

  Russian nationalism, 273–75

  and Soviet patriotism, 273–75

  State Defense Committee, 156–57

  tank production, 90, 115, 189–90, 230, 238, 305, 367

  use of Germans as forced labor, 451

  and Western allies (see Stalin)

  See also Red Army; Stalin; Stavka

  Spain, 38, 44, 46–48

  Speer, Albert

  and aircraft industry, 334–35, 401–2, 426

  and Allied bombing of Germany, 330–31, 363, 402

  and armaments production, 228–30, 239, 260, 328, 366, 401–2, 421, 426–27, 440, 459, 472

  and cooperation with Himmler, 331, 334–35

  and establishment of “rings,” 229

  and Final Solution, 219

  and forced labor, 334–36

  and Hitler, 3, 228, 268, 279, 399, 424, 434, 527n45

  physical breakdown, 336

  plans for preservation of post-war economy, 455–56

  at Posen (October 1943), 335

  and rationalization of war economy, 228–30, 239, 260, 328

  and scorched earth (Germany), 456–57

  and self-responsibility concept, 229

  succeeds Todt, 228

  and total war mobilization, 328–30, 334–36, 423–26

  and war, 233

  Zentrale Planung, 229

  Spree River, 461, 464

  Spring Awakening, Operation, 438

  SS (Schutzstaffel)

  Central Resettlement Office, 255

  clashes with Hans Frank, 19, 21, 65, 73, 180, 258–59

  Economic and Administrative Main Office (WVHA), 260–61

  economic empire, 65, 259–61, 334–35, 364, 426

  Waffen-SS, 103, 384, 399 (see also Armies; Corps; Divisions)

  See also Einsatzgruppen; Final Solution; Generalplan Ost; Heydrich; Himmler; hunger policy

  “Stab in the back” myth (Dolchstoss), 69, 474, 480, 487

  Stahlecker, Franz Walter, 94, 97, 111

  Stalin, Joseph

  and Bagration, 406–8, 418

  and Barbarossa, 84–86, 89, 124, 140, 508n17

  and battle for Kiev, 140–45

  and Berlin offensive, 458, 460–66, 468–69

  and Blau, 264–66, 273, 276

  and counterattack at Moscow, 200, 207, 210–12, 214

  and defense of Moscow, 148, 156–58, 186–87, 200

  deportation of Volga Germans, 174

  fear of Allied-German separate peace, 458, 466, 468

  foreign policy, 29, 32, 37–38, 40–41, 45, 48–49, 73, 475

  and the Hess affair, 79

  and Hitler, 32, 38, 66, 75, 78, 90–91, 110, 131, 155–56, 231, 300, 475–76, 484

  and Lend-Lease, 184, 230, 305, 471, 535n78

  and mobilization of USSR, xxiii, 12, 23, 54, 75, 81, 115, 148, 230–31, 336, 357, 401, 455, 472, 486, 508n8

  and offensive (spring 1942, Kharkov), 248–52

  and offensive (summer 1943), 348, 356–57

  and offensive (winter 1942–1943), 323–24

  and offensive (autumn-winter 1943–1944), 369–70, 382, 391–92

  and Operation Jupiter, 304

  and Operation Little Saturn, 315–16

  and Operation Mars, 304

  and Operation Saturn, xvi, 304, 316

  and Operation Uranus, xvii, 292, 303–4, 306

  and Order No. 227 (“Not one step back”), 273, 281, 405

  and Order No. 270 (1941), 141

  and partisan war, 98, 332

  pre-invasion strategy, 78–80

  and purge of Red Army, 44, 367

  and the Reichel affair, 264

  and separate peace with Germany, 131, 157, 184, 300, 325

  and Stalingrad, 287–91, 303

  and Stavka, 264, 324, 423, 458, 460 (see also Stavka)

  as Supreme Commander, 75, 84, 89, 124, 140, 210, 212, 214–15, 244, 247–49, 264, 276, 323–25, 348, 356, 370, 406–8, 422–23, 431, 462

  and Vistula-Oder operation, 441–42, 447–48, 551n13

  and Warsaw Uprising (1944), 419–20, 551n13

  and Western allies, xxii, xxiv, 110, 157, 406, 458, 462, 468–69, 471

  Stalingrad

  battle for, 289–301

  encirclement of Sixth Army, 304–10, 316–18

  German air attack on, 287, 535n79

  German army moves toward, 271–72, 277, 283–89

  German airlift for, 213, 311–12, 318 538n25

  in German calculations, 164, 182, 213, 261, 267–69, 271, 275–76

  and German relief attack, 313–16

  and Hitler, 276, 281, 284, 290, 296–98, 300–301, 313, 405–6, 439

  last days, 320–22

  losses at, 116, 321–22, 337, 539n30

  significance of, 197, 232, 259, 275–76, 284, 290, 298, 322, 325–26, 328, 336, 399, 469

  Soviet counteroffensive, 303–10

  Soviet defense of, 290–92, 293–94, 301, 535n78

  Stalino, 279

  Stavka (Soviet Supreme High Command), 122–24, 144, 154–55, 186, 207, 213–14, 248, 264, 288–89, 304, 324, 354, 385, 394, 396, 407, 422–23, 435–36, 441–42, 445, 448, 458, 460, 462, 466, 524n2

  steel, 26, 169, 229, 289, 322, 330, 338, 366

  Stemmermann, Wilhelm (General), 391

  Stettin, 144, 446, 461, 465

  Stockholm, 300

  strategic bombing. See Germany: Allied bombing of

  Strecker, Karl (General), 321

  Strehla, 465

  Stuckart, Wilhlem, 522n78

  Stukas, xvii, 222, 243–44, 291, 294, 298–99

  submarines, 38, 402, 418, 431

  Sudeten crisis, 14

  Sudetenland, 14

  Sukhinichi, 208, 210–13

  Sukhumi, 278–79

  Sultanovka line, 242,
244

  Sumy, 143

  supply. See German army: logistic problems; Red Army: logistics

  Sweden, 298, 385

  iron ore, 385, 431

  Szeged, 437

  Taganrog, 163, 165

  Taifun, xvii, 145. See also Typhoon, Operation

  Tallinn, 146

  Taman peninsula, 278

  tank losses

  German (see German army)

  Soviet (see Red Army)

  tank production

  German (see Germany: tank production)

  Soviet (see Soviet Union: tank production)

  Tarnopol, 393–94, 411

  Terek River, 272, 275–77, 282

  Thomas, Georg (General), 9

  and armaments production, 227

  and Hunger Policy, 61

  and invasion of Soviet Union, 58–61, 66, 83, 165, 233, 235, 239

  and Speer, 233

  Thuringia, 220

  Tikhvin, 200

  Tiger tanks. See German army: tanks

  Tilsit, 94

  Timoshenko, Semyon (Marshal), 80, 123–24, 144, 234, 244, 249–51, 508n17

  Tim River, 208

  Tinguta Station, 288

  Tippelskirch, Kurt von (General), 414

  Tobruk, 247

  Todt, Fritz, 11, 178, 189–90, 227–28

  Topf Company, 178

  Torgau, 465

  Toropets, 211, 213

  “total war” initiative. See Germany: and total war

  tractor factory (Stalingrad). See Krasny Oktyabr

  Transnistria, 219

  Trappenjagd (Operation Bustard Hunt). See Bustard Hunt, Operation

  Treaty of Versailles. See World War I

  Treblinka, 181, 226, 254, 257, 361. See also extermination camps

  Tripartite Pact, 45, 48–50

  troop strength, German. See German army: troop strength

  troop strength, Soviet. See Red Army: troop strength

  trucks. See German army: trucks; Red Army: trucks

  Tsaritsa River, 290, 294

  Tuapse, 277–78

  Tula, 155, 156, 162, 184, 186–87, 190, 200, 203

  Tundutovo Station, 288

  Tunisia, 46

  Turkey, 46, 241, 298

  Turkish Wall, 242

  Typhoon, Operation, 145, 150, 152–54, 175, 185–87, 200, 207, 211, 214

  U-boats, German, 196, 233, 359, 385, 432–34

  Ukraine

  fighting in, 53, 56, 59, 84, 89, 115, 140–46, 148, 153, 323, 369–72, 377–81, 384, 387–99, 405–8, 434–35, 469

  importance of, 37, 129, 132–33, 224–25, 255–56, 259, 402, 427 (see also Lebensraum)

  murder of Jews in, 95, 97, 102, 254–56, 259, 481, 511n44

  resources of, 55, 59, 61, 73, 89, 113, 140, 148, 172, 224–25, 366, 427

  and scorched earth policy, 371–74

  Ulianovo, 354

  Uman, 141, 388, 394

  United States

  aid for Britain, 40, 45, 47, 51, 484