Ostkrieg
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Kube, Wilhelm, 176
Küchler, Georg von (Field Marshal), 69, 382, 384–86
Kuporosnye, 291
Kursk, 156, 187, 203, 264, 323
Battle of, 338–48, 350–53, 357, 366, 438, 441, 469, 541n69, 542n80, 542n83, 542n86, 543n94 See also Citadel, Operation
Küstrin, 446, 460
Kutuzov, Operation, 353
Kvaternik, Sladko (Marshal), 108
Ladoga, Lake, 146, 162
Lammers, Hans, 105, 329
Latvia, 32, 176, 367, 417. See also Courland
Laval, Pierre, 47
Lazur chemical works, 290, 295, 301
Lebensraum (living space), xvi, xxi–xxii, 4, 6–8, 10–12, 16–20, 22, 23, 25, 28–29, 35, 39–42, 44, 52, 55, 60, 63, 65, 70–71, 73, 75, 82, 91, 94, 104, 139, 197, 233, 235–36, 241, 316–17, 322, 376, 420, 439, 475, 480, 482, 484, 487, 499n9
Leeb, Wilhelm Ritter von (Field Marshal), 88, 97–98, 146–47
Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler. See Divisions (German)
Leipzig, 70
Lend-Lease, 40, 64, 182, 194, 216, 230, 238, 286, 305, 324, 343, 367, 370, 386, 394, 421, 471
Leningrad, 56, 59, 79, 88, 91, 113, 120, 126, 128–29, 132, 142, 144, 146–47, 151, 152, 153, 156, 172, 174, 210, 213–14, 255, 268, 276, 303, 336, 382, 384–86, 478
“lightning war.” See blitzkrieg
Lindemann, Georg (General), 432
Lisichansk, 267
Lisjanka, 391
List, Wilhelm (Field Marshal), 261, 269, 276–80, 288
Lithuania, 20, 32, 86, 94–96, 176, 257
Little Saturn, Operation, 315
Litvinov, Maxim, 79
Liutezh, 378–79
living space. See Lebensraum
living standards (Germany), 7, 296, 336, 424, 451
living standards (USSR), 451
Livny, 203, 208
Lloyd George, David, 38
Lodz, 22, 175–76, 178, 220, 442, 445–46
logistics, German. See German army: logistics
logistics, Soviet. See Red Army: logistics
Lokhvitsa, 144
London, 10, 33, 156, 268, 400
losses, German. See German army: casualties
losses, Soviet. See Red Army: casualties
Loyev, 381
Lublin, 21, 23, 89, 177, 218, 220, 257, 361, 418, 477
Ludendorff, Erich (General), 359, 447, 455
Luftflotte, xvi
1, 382
2, 184
6, 410, 441
Luftwaffe
armaments production, 37, 90, 226, 229, 329–30, 363–64, 401–2, 426 (see also Germany)
and Bagration, 409–10
and Barbarossa, 56, 85, 127, 154, 164, 169, 188, 213
and Blau, 244, 251–52, 285–86
bombing of Baku oil fields, 282–83
and Citadel, 344, 352
and Crimea (1942), 242–44, 246
failure of, 243–44, 331, 366
field divisions, 306, 369, 384
fighter production (see Germany)
and French campaign, 54
fuel shortages (see Germany)
and Goering, 132, 243–44, 312, 318
and Hitler, 37
and invasion of Britain, 33, 38
losses, 169, 352, 357, 399
numbers, 78, 85, 343, 355, 369, 378, 382, 394, 410, 441, 452, 461
and Stalingrad, 287, 306, 310–14, 318, 320–21, 538n25
and winter campaign (1943–1944), 366, 391, 393 See also Fliegerkorps; Luftflotte
Lutze, Viktor, 361
Lvov, 89, 392–93, 398, 418, 420
Mackensen, Eberhard von (General), 252
Madagascar Plan, 13, 24, 65, 92, 108, 479
Maginot Line, 54
Magnuszew, 418–19, 442, 444–45
Maidanek, 258, 450. See also extermination camps
Maikop, 83, 164, 182, 235, 268, 271–72, 275–78, 534n71
malnutrition, 94, 166, 167–68. See also hunger policy
Mamayev Kurgan, 290, 294–95
Mann, Thomas, 3
Manstein, Erich von (Field Marshal)
anti-Semitism of, 98
Army Group Don, 309, 312, 316, 322
“back-hand blow” strategy, 338, 417
Barbarossa, 88, 128,
Cherkassy pocket, 389–92
Citadel, 339–40, 342, 350–51
Crimea, 164, 241–47
defensive battles in Ukraine (1943–1944), 323–25, 338–40, 346–47, 350–51, 355–56, 367–68, 378–80, 387–97, 403
dismissal of, 397
and Donets, 322, 338, 367–68
Eleventh Army, 163, 241, 247, 268, 276
and Hitler, 312, 323, 340, 342, 350–51, 356, 367–68, 379, 388, 395–97
Kharkov, 323–24, 338–39, 356
relief attack on Stalingrad, 312–16
retreat to Dnieper, 368, 371, 378
and “Sickle-cut,” 27, 54, 56, 323
Manteuffel, Hasso von (General), 465
Manych River, 275
Marcks, Erich (General), 52
Marina Gorka, 415
Marne, Battle of, 183, 190, 192
Mars, Operation, xvi, 304
Mauthausen, 260. See also concentration camps
Mediterranean Sea, xxiv, 39, 43, 45, 184, 307, 311, 341–42, 350–51, 484, 486
Mediterranean strategy, 45–51, 71, 233, 487
Medyn, 210–11
Mekhlis, L. Z., 243
Melitopol, 365, 379
Mers-el-Kebir, 33
Meyer, Konrad, 93, 253, 255–56
Michael I (king of Rumania), 436
Middle East, 39, 46, 117, 233, 272, 279, 336, 400
Mikhailov, 203
Milch, Erhard (Field Marshal), 222, 229, 319
Millerovo, 261, 267, 269
Minsk, 86–88, 97, 100, 111, 122, 127, 130, 140, 158, 167, 176, 220, 381–82, 408, 414–18
Mississippi River, 93
Mittelbau-Dora, 426. See also concentration camps
Mius River, 163, 165, 322, 353, 370
Model, Walther (Field Marshal), 455
Army Group B, 458
Army Group Center, 415, 417–19
Army Group North, 386
Army Group North Ukraine, 408, 410
Army Group South, 397–98
Bagration, 408, 410, 415, 417–19, 432
Citadel, 339–40, 344–47, 353–55
and Hitler, 344, 354, 386, 397, 408, 417, 432
Ninth Army, 211, 339, 344, 355
Orel salient, 345–46, 353–54
retreat to Panther position, 386
and sabotage of Hitler’s “Nero Order,” 455–56
Mogilev, 123, 178, 219, 409, 412, 415
Molodechno, 417
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 48–50, 80, 268
Monowitz, 260
Montoire, 47
morale (German), xxiii, 89, 109, 121, 136, 152, 155, 159–60, 164, 166–67, 182, 188–90, 192–93, 202, 224, 230, 248, 262, 283, 293, 295–97, 319, 328, 330–31, 359, 363, 376–77, 428, 452
morale (Soviet), 273, 322
Moltke, Helmuth James von, 167
Morocco, 46, 178
Morozovsk, 267
Mortain, 420
Moscow. See Barbarossa; Red Army: Moscow; Stalin: counterattack at Moscow; Stalin: defense of Moscow; Typhoon
Moscow-Volga canal, 182, 184, 191, 201
Moskva (Moscow) River, 182
Mozdok, 282
Mozhaisk, 153, 161
Mozhaisk Line, 156
Mtsensk, 155, 160, 161
mud, 81, 89, 118–19, 143, 146, 149, 151, 152, 153, 157–59, 163–64, 185, 199, 213, 238, 380, 389–91, 393, 438
Müller, Heinrich, 178, 454
Munich, 2, 4, 14, 144, 218, 300, 340
Conference, 14
Hitler’s annual address, 179, 299, 307, 439
Murmansk, 238
Mussolini, Benito, 36, 46–49, 72, 232
Myshkova River, 315–
16
Napoléon, 3, 54, 73, 77, 205, 216, 231, 327
Narew River, 429–30, 444
Nasyr line, 242, 244
National Socialist Leadership officers, 453
National Socialist People’s Welfare Organization (NSV), xvi, 137, 363
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 9, 19, 25, 32, 36, 45, 50
Nebe, Arthur, 97
Neisse River, 448–49, 461, 464
Neman River, 86
Nemmersdorf, 430–31
“Nero Order” (March 1945), 457–58
neutrality, 32, 241
Neva River, 146
Nevel, 383–84
“New Order,” 12, 22, 105, 257, 414, 476–77, 483
New York, 15
Nezhin, 371
Night of Broken Glass (November 1938). See Kristallnacht
Nikopol, 371, 379, 387–88, 390
Nisko, 21, 477,
NKVD, 157, 269
Normandy, 337, 367, 400, 402, 413, 421–22, 427, 469, 486
North Africa, 39, 44, 71, 197, 247, 281, 299–301, 307, 313, 325, 336, 341, 469, 484
North Sea, 79
Norway, 268, 337
“Not one step back” decree (Stalin Order No. 227), 273
Novgorod, 142, 146, 385
Novorossiysk, 278
Novosokolniki, 383
Nuremberg, 446
nutrition, 166–67, 171–73, 297. See also malnutrition
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), xvi
assessments of German strength, 116, 182, 237, 384, 399
attitude toward communism, 66, 68, 97, 168–69
attitude toward Jews, 66, 68, 97, 168–69
and Barbarossa, 58, 66, 116, 125–26, 128, 132–33, 143, 162–63
and Battle of Moscow, 151, 162–63
and Citadel, 339, 342, 350
and defense of Berlin, 458–59, 464
and France, 27, 406
and Hitler, 132, 162–63, 264, 280, 342, 350
logistics, 150–51, 169
and Mediterranean strategy, 45, 487
and Nazi ideology, 68, 168, 376, 480
and occupation policy, 66, 68, 97
Operations Branch, 445
and raw materials, 58, 169
rivalry with OKH, 264, 342, 366–68, 399–400
and Soviet prisoner policy, 168–69
and Stalingrad, 276, 280
strategy, 162–63, 336–37, 379, 399–400, 406, 458–59
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH), xvi
assessments of German strength, 114–16, 142, 151–52, 169, 209, 234, 236, 262, 353, 367, 522n85
and Bagration, 405–12, 415, 418, 429
and Barbarossa, 52–54, 84, 112–13, 121, 123, 125, 128, 148, 151, 156, 158, 163–65
and Battle for Moscow, 162, 183–84, 187–88, 192, 199
and Blau, 231, 233, 263, 267, 269–70, 275
and Citadel, 342–43, 351
cooperation with Einsatzgruppen, 101
and defense of Berlin, 460, 464
and Hitler, 27, 112–13, 121, 128, 148, 206, 209, 245, 262–64, 275, 280, 312, 368, 399, 445, 460
and hunger policy, 172–73
logistics, 158, 162, 169–70
Military Geography Branch, 59
and Nazi ideology, 480
and retreat to Dnieper, 353, 368–69
rivalry with OKW, 342, 366–68, 399–400
and Soviet counterattack (Moscow), 201–2, 209
and Soviet winter offensive (1944–1945), 434
and Stalingrad, 284, 306, 315–16
and Vistula-Oder offensive, 441–42, 445
and Zossen, 464
Obersalzberg, 10. See also Berghof
Oder River, 438, 441, 445–48, 457–60, 464–65
Odessa, 141, 144, 163, 219, 392, 398
oil
Caucasus, 53, 59, 83, 89, 91, 106, 126, 129, 132, 165, 182, 190, 231, 238, 262–63, 268, 271–77, 279–80, 282–83, 296, 300–301, 313, 322, 326
Hungarian, 436, 456
importance of, xxii–xxiii, 28, 41, 46–47, 49, 53, 55, 60–62, 91, 127, 133, 141, 165, 169, 226, 234–36, 239, 264, 270–71, 322, 326, 402, 406, 427, 475, 528n62, 534n71
Middle Eastern, 46, 233
Rumanian, 37, 39, 47, 49, 83–84, 132, 169, 241, 245, 379, 392, 406, 427, 434–36
shortages, 53, 82–84, 141–42, 169, 402, 475 (see also German army)
synthetic, 401–2, 436
Oka River, 208
OKH. See Oberkommando des Heeres
Okuniew, 419
OKW. See Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
Olkovatka, 345
Operational Directives (German), 44, 68, 94, 111–12, 141–42, 148, 152, 156, 162–63, 165, 172, 206, 279–80, 310, 333, 367, 445
No. 2, 316
No. 5, 338
No. 6, 339
No. 16, 34
No. 18, 49
No. 21, 51, 66
No. 32, 90
No. 33, 125–28
No. 34, 128, 131
No. 35, 147
No. 41, 231–32, 262–63
No. 45, 271, 284
No. 51, 366–67, 396, 402
See also Führer Orders
Oranienburg, 260. See also concentration camps
Oratov, 389
Order Police, 70–71, 173
Ordzhonikidze, 282
Orel, 154–55, 203, 338, 340, 343, 345–46, 348, 350–51, 353–56, 372
Orsha, 100, 123, 182, 381–82, 409, 412, 414–15
Ossetian Military Road, 282
Ostarbeiter. See forced labor
Ostbahn, 340
Ostheer (Eastern Army), xvi, 56, 60, 94, 116, 121, 149–51, 159–61, 164, 182, 185, 187, 192–93, 197, 204, 209, 215–16, 218, 221, 226, 235–39, 262, 292, 317, 324, 328–29, 336–37, 343, 367, 383, 400, 402–3, 408–9, 417, 421, 423, 440, 443, 470, 481–82, 485–86, 522n85. See also German army
Ostwall, 364–66, 377
Pacific Ocean, 42, 194–95, 197
Palestine, 13
panje wagons, xvi, 119, 162, 213, 395
Panther position, xvi, 366, 368, 371, 381, 387
Panther tank. See German army: tanks
Panzer Armies. See Armies (German)
Panzerfaust, xvi, 432, 459, 463
Paris, 3, 14, 29, 82, 133, 183
partisans (Soviet), 81, 86, 98, 101–2, 104, 108, 111, 149, 160, 180, 198, 212, 297, 333, 340, 354, 378, 381, 385, 400, 409, 412, 415–16, 447, 482
Patton, George S. (General), 468
Paulus, Friedrich (Field Marshal)
and Barbarossa, 53, 128
and Blau, 250, 265
on breakout from Stalingrad, 311–12, 315
and Hitler, 280, 320–21
and Stalingrad, 272, 277, 283–89, 292–99, 301, 304, 308–12, 315, 319–21
and surrender, 319–21
Pearl Harbor, 179, 193, 484
Peipus, Lake, 128, 384, 386
Persia, 238, 271–72
Persian Gulf, 48–49
Petain, Henri-Philippe, 47–48
Phony War (Sitzkrieg), 27, 71
Piatigorsk, 275
Pilsen, 469
Pitomnik, 289, 320
Ploesti, 434–36
pogroms, 15, 94–95. See also Kristallnacht
Pohl, Oswald, 260
Poland
Final Solution in, 95–96, 176–77, 180–81, 219, 223, 225–26, 237, 254, 257, 361
forced labor, 221, 223
General Government, 65, 73, 225–26
German anti-Jewish actions in, 20–24, 65–66, 69, 73, 92, 94–96, 176–77
German invasion, 9–10, 25–26, 439, 473
German racial policy in, 18–21, 23–24, 60, 92, 139, 254, 256, 476
Home Army, 419
Jews in, 259, 479
Soviet actions in, 26, 36, 447–48, 452
as staging area for Barbarossa, 36, 89, 150
See also Auschwitz; Bagration; Final Solution; forced labor; ghettos; Vistula-Oder operation; W
arsaw
Poltava, 249, 265
Pomerania, 446, 448–49
Ponyri, 345
Posen, 171, 255, 335, 361, 442, 446
Praga (Warsaw), 418
Prague, 175, 468–69
Pripet, 410
Pripet Marshes, 52, 56, 89, 106, 123, 125–26, 129, 140–41, 378, 382, 388, 392, 405, 407
prisoners of war (German), 68, 98, 470, 510n40
prisoners of war (Soviet), 99, 104, 166–68, 170, 172, 174, 198, 215, 220, 222, 260, 317, 332, 478, 480–81, 519n54, 519n57
Prokhorovka, 347–50
Proletarskaya, 275
propaganda, German. See Bolshevism: in Nazi propaganda; Germany; Goebbels; Jews
propaganda, Soviet, 273–75, 322, 450
Protectorate (Bohemia and Moravia), 175
Prussia. See East Prussia; West Prussia
Prut River, 52, 395
Psel River, 347, 351
Pskov, 386
Pskov, Lake, 384
public opinion (German), 135
Pulawy, 444–45
purges (Red Army), 44, 78–79
Pushkin, 385
Putsch, Beer Hall, 14, 179, 299, 307
quartermaster-general, 66, 128, 156, 168, 170–71, 183, 189, 477
Race and Resettlement Main Office, 522n78
racial policy (German). See Bolshevism: “Jewish”; colonization; Commissar Order; Einsatzgruppen; Final Solution; forced labor; Generalplan Ost; German army; Germany; hunger policy
Radom, 443
Radomsyl, 380
Raeder, Erich (Admiral), 33, 42–43, 45–46, 50
RAF Bomber Command. See Britain: Bomber Command
railroads, 52, 57, 88, 119, 133, 150, 156, 192, 199, 237, 288, 366, 370, 373, 379, 412, 430, 442, 451, 471. See also Ostbahn; Reichsbahn
rape, 431, 449–52
rasputitsa, xvi, 158, 161, 212, 214, 217, 324–25, 339, 382
Rastenburg (East Prussia), 104, 228, 430
Ratzel, Friedrich, 6
Rauff, Walter, 177
Ravensbrück, 260. See also concentration camps
raw materials, xxii–xxiii, 11–13, 26, 28, 39–42, 46–47, 49, 55, 58, 60–61, 63, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 133, 165–66, 169, 223, 226–30, 234, 273, 338, 362, 427, 451, 474–75, 481, 484, 487
rearmament (German), xxiii, 10–13, 473, 475
Red Air Force, 90, 153, 161, 344, 352, 410, 413
Red Army
advance into East Prussia, 430–31
atrocities against Germans, 430–31, 440, 449–52
and Bagration, 405–20
and Barbarossa, 52–53, 56, 78, 80–81, 85–86, 88–89, 112–14, 120–21, 126, 130, 133, 140–41
and Berlin offensive, 459–69, 551n13,
and Blau, 234, 253, 264–69, 273–75
casualties, xxi–xxii, 88–89, 114, 125, 166–67, 214, 239, 247, 251, 269, 304–5, 320, 322, 337, 352, 354, 356–57, 369, 380, 382, 384, 386, 392, 398, 416–17, 420, 430, 433, 436, 447, 468–69, 471, 509n21, 516n16, 530n20, 539n30, 543n90
in Caucasus, 272–73, 276–78, 281–83