Measureless Peril
Page 34
draftees in, 143
“flower show” of, 10–12
growth of, 109–10, 111
Kriegsmarine’s first battle with, 136–37
Project LQ of, 174–78
reduction of, 23
uniforms of, 17–18
Navy Department, U.S., 82
Nazism, 22
Nelson, Horatio, 161, 169
Netherlands, 24, 85, 182
Neunzer, 2, 3, 237, 238–39, 243, 245, 247, 249, 250–51, 253–55, 275, 276–77, 278–82, 284–86, 288, 289, 293, 294, 295, 296, 302, 303, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310–12, 315–17, 322, 323–24, 326
Neunzer, Ruby Iris, 238
Neunzer, Weimar Edmund, 238
Neutrality Act, 81–82, 88
Neutrality Law, 81, 142
Neutrality Patrol, 82, 88
Nevada, 146
Neville, Lawrence, 175
Newark, 99
New Deal, 9, 92
Coughlin’s denunciation of, 80
Newfoundland, 74, 82, 94, 214
New Hampshire National Guard, 65
New London, Conn., 163
Newport, N.J., 166
Newsweek, 290
New York Harbor, 155
New York Herald Tribune, 323
New York Times, 9, 80–81, 100, 214–15
New York World’s Fair, 8–11, 82, 84, 95, 152, 282
Niblack, 140–41
Nigaristan, SS, 134
Nimitz, Chester, 134
Non-Aggression Pact, Hitler-Poland (1934), 35
Norfolk, Va., 15, 237, 278
Norfolk Navy Yard, 206
Normandy landings, 287–88
North Carolina, 174–75
Norway, 84, 87, 120, 138, 151, 300
Nova Scotia, 49
Nuremberg trials, 70, 72n, 321
O’Hara, Edwin, 185, 187, 188, 190, 193
oil, transport of, 150, 156
Oklahoma, 147
Orange, Tex., 232–37, 239, 244–49, 250
O’Reilly, Tom, 199–201, 202, 203, 204
Organization Todt, 103
Orkney Islands, 22
Ossman, Carl, 205
Otter, 303, 308
Otterstetter, 303, 308
Pacific theater, 3, 111
Panama Canal, 240
Panay, 80
Patrick Henry, 196, 203
patrol craft (PCs), 206
Patterson, 109
Paukenschlag, Operation, 151
Pearl Harbor, 135, 144, 145–47, 151, 161, 163, 166, 168, 179, 213, 221, 229, 245, 268n, 273, 301
Peck, Pat, 156
Perry, Oliver Hazard, 214–15
Peterson, 243
Petroleumhaven, 182
PG 57, 206–7
Philippines, 106
“Phony War,” 83–84
Pierce, Fort, 172–73
Piercy, Rodger, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190–92
Pilar, 171
Pillsbury, 279, 288, 294, 302, 303
Placentia Bay, Roosevelt-Churchill meeting in, 120–27, 133
Plan Dog, 112, 113
Plough, H. H., 64
Plymouth, 206
Poland, 24, 48, 50, 83, 182, 272
German invasion of, 35, 48
Pope, 279, 288, 302, 303
Portsmouth, N.H., 175, 176, 322
Pound, Dudley, 127
Pratt, William, 289–90
President Lincoln, 58
Primrose IV, 171
Prince of Wales, 123–24, 126
Proceedings, 162
Procter and Gamble, 244
Prohibition, 170
Project LQ, 174–78
Provincetown Harbor, 208
PT boats, 4
Purvis, Arthur, 89
Pushbach, Hans, 75, 76
Puttkamer, Karl-Jesko von, 73
Pyle, Ernie, 283–84
Queen Elizabeth, 61
Queen Mary, 51
Quiner (steward’s mate), 285
Quonset Point, R.I., 277
Rabi, Isidor Isaac, 263
race riots, 234
radar, 260–66, 267, 287, 289
Radiation Laboratory, 262–64
radio, Doenitz’s use of, 43
Raeder, Erich, 22, 30, 73, 74
air craft carriers desired by, 102
Athenia sinking and, 71–72
in attack on Norway, 84
German navy built up by, 24
and Hitler’s diatribe on navy, 257–58
U.S. de facto war on Germany reported by, 137
in war game, 34
Z plan of, 25
Randall, Captain, 76
Random Harvest, 235
Rankin, Chief Steward, 53
Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 196
Red Deer, 154
Redhead, 171
Reichsmarine, 24–25
Reichstag, 148
Republican National Convention (1940), 92
Reuben James, 11, 139, 140, 141–42, 143
Reykjavik, 292
Reynaud, Paul, 87
Ribbentrop, Joachim von:
alliance with Italy and Japan signed by, 101–2
Anglo-German Naval Treaty negotiated by, 24
Rio de Janeiro, 192
Roach, Ottie, 172
Robert E. Peary, 198
Robert Frost Library, 325
Rooney, Mickey, 235–36
Roosevelt, Elliott, 124, 162
Roosevelt, Franklin, 159, 277, 295
Atlantic patrol and, 82, 83, 128
building of Long Island and, 290–91
Churchill’s correspondence with, 85, 86–88, 89–90, 91–92, 113–14, 146, 160, 227
Churchill’s meetings with, 120–27, 133
Churchill’s request of destroyer loan from, 85
death of, 302
destroyers desired by, 227, 228, 229
destroyers-for-bases deal implemented by, 86–100, 106, 116
draftees allowed in navy by, 143
fireside chats of, 115–16, 205
Greer speech of, 136, 137
inauguration of, 80
Kearny speech of, 138–39
King made COMINCH by, 166
Lend-Lease desired by, 114–18
Liberty ships disdained by, 195
naval expansion bill signed by, 109, 110
naval tradition of, 79
NDRC created by, 262
Neutrality laws and, 81, 82
at press conference, 116–18
and sinking of Reuben James, 142
Stark appointed by, 109
war cabinet assembled by, 106, 108
Roosevelt, Theodore, 106, 139, 167
Roosevelt’s Kampf, 295
Roper, 215–17
Roper poll, 89
Rosyth Dockyard, 98
Rough Riders, 106
Royal Air Force, Lorient base bombed by, 104
Royal Canadian Navy, 5, 144, 201
Royal Naval Ammunition, 279
Royal Navy, 5, 77, 226
battered destroyers of, 88
in Battle of Jutland, 20, 21
convoy lanes maintained by, 144
German invasion in planning of, 91
number and strength of, 35
reduction of, 23
strength of, 89
U.S. destroyers refitted by, 95–98
Ruark, Robert, 180, 181–82, 184, 202
Russia:
Germany as threatened by, 20
Japan’s defeat of, 21
Rutz, Rudolph, 187–88, 190
St.-Nazaire, 99, 103
San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, 197
Saratoga, 163
Sard, Ellis, 207–10
Saturday Evening Post, 180
Savannah (cook), 204
Sayer, Guy, 96–98
“Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth” (Clough), 211
Scapa Flow, British naval base at, 22
Schelling, J. M., 240–41
Schepke, Joachim,
322
Scherbius, Arthur, 270–71
Schnörkel, 299
Sea Gypsy, 171
Sebag-Monteifiore, Daphne, 57
Seewolf, 299–313
Senate, U.S., naval expansion bill in, 110
Shamrock Beer Garden, 18
Sherlock Holmes in Washington, 236
Sherwood, Robert, 114, 118, 125, 139, 142
Shetland Islands, 48
shore leave, 13
Sims, 286
Sims, William S., 128–32, 133
Singapore, 147
Sixth Marines, 121
Smith, Leonard B., 124n
Smutje (cook), 46
Snow, Emma Louise Folger, 1, 2, 6, 9, 218, 221, 223, 239, 288, 302, 324–25
marriage of, 119
Snow, Richard Boring, 1, 2, 3, 5–6, 7, 220–25, 232, 288, 302, 317–20, 324–26
as architect, 8–9, 119, 220, 233, 324–25
on Christmas 1944, 296–97
at Consolidated yard, 233–37, 238–39, 241–49, 250
letters of, 6
marriage of, 119
on Neuzer, 278–82, 284–86, 293, 310, 315–16, 317, 324
at Submarine Chasing Training Center, 218–19
in Tunisia, 282–83
“Some Ideas About Organization Aboard Ship” (King), 162
Somerville, James, 100
sonar (sound navigation and ranging), 251–52, 253–55, 289
South Africa, 185–86
Southern Cross, 56, 57, 62, 63, 67
Southgate Nelson Corporation, 69
Soviet Union:
capitalist nations seen as threat to, 80
Germany’s nonaggression pact with, 35, 77
Liberty ship used by, 195
Nazi invasion of, 122, 147, 148, 195, 259
Spain, 21, 24, 106, 181
Spanish-American War, 21, 106, 181
Spargel, 42
Speer, Albert, 22
Springwood, 79
Stafford, Edward P., 232, 233, 295
Stalin, Joseph, Hitler’s pact with, 35, 77
Stalingrad, 195, 212, 257
Stallings, Laurence, 80–81
Stanford, Alfred, 170
Stanford University, 220
Stanvac Calcutta, 183
Stark, Harold R. “Betty,” 108–9
Atlantic patrol and, 83, 118, 120, 128
Atlantic planning by, 111, 120, 122, 128
convoy escorts sought by, 123, 229
and destroyers-for-bases deal, 93, 100
four options for U.S. forces set down by, 111–12, 145
made CNO, 108–9, 163
naval enlargement bill and, 109, 110
Star of Oregon, 196
Stephen Hopkins, 181–82, 184–86, 187, 189–92, 193, 194
Stewart, 239–40
Stier, 182–83, 186, 187–89, 192, 193
Stilson, Ford, 186–87, 190–91
Stimson, Henry, 222
made secretary of war, 106–7
power in Atlantic urged by, 118, 122
radar inspected by, 263–64
stock market crash (1929), 14
Stockton, 97
Stoltz, Iral, 138
Stonegate, 75, 76
Submarine Chasing Training Center, 218–19
Submariners of Today (Schepke), 322
submarines, 23
Germany banned from construction of, 23–24, 30
see also U-boats
Suez Canal, 27, 203
Sydney, 183
Taft, Robert, 116
Taft, William Howard, 106
tankers, 203
Tannenfels, 183, 193
Teardrop, Operation, 301
Tenth Fleet, 269, 273, 275, 299, 301, 315
Texas, 164
Texas, oil shipments from, 150
TF (Task Force) 62, 278, 282
Theen, Heinz, 47
Third Naval District, 223
Third Neutrality Law, 81
Thomas, Lowell, 78
Thomaston, Maine, 154
Thompson, Cyril, 197
Through the Wheat (Boyd), 81
Tilyou family, 282
Tirpitz, 99, 202
TNT, 252–53
Todt, Fritz, 103
Topp, Erich, 139–40, 141
torpedo boats, 30–31, 226–27
torpedoes, 32, 34, 36, 44–45, 156, 277–78
Torpedo Junction (Hickham), 217
Townsend, George, 189
trawlers, 130
Trepuni, William, 214
Tri-Partite Act, 101–2, 148
Tromsoe, 77
Tsushima, battle of, 21
tugs, 130
Tunisia, 282–83
Turkey, 24
Turner, R. M., 247
Tuscaloosa, 114
U-26, 41
U-30, 48, 50, 70, 71, 72, 103
U-38, 105
U-39, 27
U-48, 105
U-71, 156–57
U-85, 215, 216, 217
U-106, 41
U-110, 272, 273
U-123, 152–53, 154–55, 177, 282
U-333, 157, 259
U-503, 214
U-505, 294, 295, 316, 322–23
U-546, 300, 301, 303, 308–9, 310, 311
U-552, 139–40
U-568, 138
U-653, 47
U-656, 214
U-805, 315
U-954, 266
U-1206, 37
U-1230, 298
UB-68, 27, 28, 29
U-boats, 4–5, 8, 20, 27–28, 31, 35, 145, 212, 270, 278, 287
Biscay bay bases of, 102–4
Biscay Crosses carried by, 265
crew of, 41–46
deck guns on, 40
design of, 36–43
destroyers designed for combat with, 228
diesel engines of, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42
diving by, 42, 46–47
Doenitz’s building of, 32–33
food on, 38, 40–41
Greer’s encounter with, 136–37
joint attacks by, 31
maintenance of, 38–39
Project LQ and, 174–78
radar used by Allies against, 265
ships sunk by, 73, 105–6, 120, 129, 132, 167, 210; see also Athenia; specific ships
sinking of, 214, 217
submersion of, 38
toilets on, 37
Type I, 33
Type II, 33
Type VII, 33, 39, 41, 44, 47, 48, 151, 157, 273
Type IX, 39, 41, 47, 151, 300
Type XIV, 273
Type XXI, 299
U.S. ships avoided by, 118
in war game, 34
in World War I, 26–29
in Z plan, 25
Uboot-Zieloptik (UZO), 153
Ulithi, 3
Ultra, 273–74, 275, 277, 289
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 21
Union Pacific Railroad, 107
United Fruit Company, 185
United States:
in destroyers-for-bases deal, 86–100, 101, 106, 116
four options for forces of, 111–12
German declaration of war against, 148–49
German naval attacks as viewed in, 139
Iceland occupied by, 120–22
Kriegsmarine’s move against, 149, 150–57, 160–61, 162, 298–313
North Africa invaded by, 259
radar developed by, 261
in Spanish-American War, 21, 106
sympathy for Britain in, 93
war declared on Japan by, 145
Upshur, 133
U-tankers, 274
Vanderbilt, William K., II, 206
van der Vat, Dan, 178
Van Doren, Mark, 6
Varian, 303, 307, 308, 309
Vema, 171
Versailles Treaty, 22, 24, 30
Veterans Administration, 217
Vickery, Howard, 291
Vietnam War, 323
Vincennes, 145
Vortice (submarine), 280
Wade, Russell, 138
War at Sea, The, 273
Warner Bros., 198–99
War of 1812, 12, 168, 215, 238, 294
War Shipping Administration, 199
Washington, 19, 122, 253
Washington Naval Conference, 23
Wasp, 121
“Weakly Report, The,” 198–99
Weddigen Flotilla, 33
Wells, Leading-Signalman, 135–36
Wenner-Gren, Alex, 56, 57
West Virginia, 146
What Price Glory (Stallings and Anderson), 80–81
Wheeler, Burton, 116
Whitehead, Alfred, 226
Whitman, Arthur R., 241
Widomaik, S. E., 294
Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 21
Wilhelmshaven, 71
Wilkes, Daniel, 52
Wilkes, E. J., 52
Wilkes, Mrs. E. J., 52
Willett, Kenneth M., 184, 186, 188, 189, 190, 192–93
Williams, Wirt, 252, 270, 295
Willkie, Wendell, 92
Wilson, Woodrow, 79
Winant, John, 146
Winiewski, Louis F., 241
“wolf pack,” 105, 287, 293
Wolfsschanze, 257
women, 18–19, 231
Woodring, Harry, 107
“World of Tomorrow, The,” 10
World War I, 11–12, 15, 17, 21, 22–23, 26–29, 58, 59, 87, 128, 131, 132, 161, 182, 227, 245, 251, 262, 267
Anderson and Stallings’s denunciation of, 80–81
French army in, 89
World War II:
first U.S. casualties in, 138
see also Atlantic, Battle of; specific combatants and events
Wouk, Herman, 317–18
Wright, Russel, 9, 84
Wyoming, 11
yachts, 130, 206–10
Yankee Skipper (Gainard), 58
Yorktown, 239
YP-438, 207–8, 212, 301
YPs, 223–24, 225, 229
Zentrale, 42
Zonfrello, Peter, 241
Z plan, 25, 26
About the Author
Richard Snow was born in New York City in 1947, and he graduated with a BA from Columbia College in 1970. He worked at American Heritage magazine for nearly four decades and was its editor in chief for seventeen years. He is the author of several books, among them two novels and a volume of poetry. Snow has served as a consultant for historical motion pictures—among them Glory—and has written for documentaries, including the Burns brothers’ Civil War, and Ric Burns’s PBS film Coney Island, whose screenplay he wrote. Most recently, he served as a consultant on Ken Burns’s World War II series, The War.
(Author’s collection.)
The peril: one of Admiral Doenitz’s “excellent” Type VII U-boats on the prowl during a war patrol in rough North Atlantic waters.
The Esso tanker R. P. Resor, her back broken, burns five miles off the New Jersey coast in February 1942, not long after German submarines arrived off American shores. Only two of her crew survived.
The four-stacker destroyer USS Toucey puts on speed.
Built for service in World War I, she was identical to the fifty ships Roosevelt turned over to Great Britain in 1940. Two newly created warships of the “Hooligan Navy” do their best to look martial.