A Year in the South

by Stephen V. Ash

  21. LH, 177.

  22. Ibid., 177–78.

  23. Ibid., 177, 178.

  24. Ibid., 178; Memphis Argus, 2 July 1865.

  25. LH, 178.

  26. Ibid.

  27. Ibid., 178–79.

  28. Ibid., 179.

  29. Ibid., 179–81.

  30. Ibid., 181.

  31. Ibid.

  32. Ibid., 154, 181, 183–84; Compiled Civil War Service Records, 25th Mississippi Infantry, 1st Battalion Mississippi Sharp Shooters, 1st and 4th Consolidated Missouri Infantry (Confederate), and Captain Jackson’s Company, Tennessee cavalry (Confederate); petition of John S. McGehee, 278-M-1864, Letters Received by Confederate Secretary of War; Civil War Centennial Commission, Tennesseans in the Civil War: A Military History of Confederate and Union Units with Available Rosters of Personnel, 2 vols. (Nashville, 1964), 1:16–17.

  33. LH, 181, 183–84.

  34. Ibid., 181.

  35. Ibid., 181–82, 183.

  36. Ibid., 182, 184.

  37. Ibid., 182.

  38. Ibid., 182–83, 185, 186.

  39. Ibid., 183, 185, 198.

  40. Tennessee Almanac 1865; LH, 184, 186.

  41. LH, 184–85.

  42. Ibid., 185–86; Tennessee Almanac 1865.

  43. LH, 186–87.

  44. Ibid., 187; Charles Brown to G. W. McKeag, 4 July 1865, Letters Sent, Records of Post and Defenses of Memphis, ser. 2837, Records of U. S. Army Continental Commands, Pt. 2, No. 181, RG 393, National Archives, Washington.

  45. LH, 187, 188, 191.

  46. Ibid., 116, 191, 194.

  47. Ibid., 108–109; Memphis Argus, 18 July, 9 August 1865; Trowbridge, The South, 333, 334–35.

  48. Memphis Argus, 7, 28 July 1865; Skinner, After the Storm, 1: 296–97; Trowbridge, The South, 334–35.

  49. “Statement of Some of the Facts…,” n.d. (c. 18 August 1865), Letters Sent by the Office of the Superintendent, Memphis District, vol. 133, Selected Records of the Tennessee Field Office, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land, 1865–1872, T-142, National Archives, Washington; Lovett, “Memphis Riots,” 9–10, 13; Cimprich, Slavery’s End, 46–47, 49–50, 55, 109–13; Hooper, “Memphis, Tennessee,” 138–42, 149; Joseph H. Parks, “Memphis under Military Rule, 1862 to 1865,” East Tennessee Historical Society’s Publications 14 (1942): 40.

  50. Memphis Bulletin, 28 June 1865; B. H. Campbell to J. G. Kappner, 31 July 1865, Letters Sent, Records of Post and Defenses of Memphis; T. E. Bliss to Dear Brethren, 23 August 1865, American Missionary Association, Tennessee Records; Berlin, Black Military Experience, 719; Lovett, “Memphis Riots,” 13; Cimprich, Slavery’s End, 47; Holmes, “Memphis Race Riot,” 203–204; Hooper, “Memphis, Tennessee,” 152.

  51. Memphis Argus, 18, 21 July, 12 August 1865; Davis Tillson to W. T. Clarke, 10 July 1865, Letters Sent by the Office of the Superintendent, Memphis District, vol. 133, Selected Records of the Tennessee Field Office; Holmes, “Memphis Race Riot,” 198–99, 204–205, 215–17; Lovett, “Memphis Riots,” 10–14.

  52. Reid, After the War, 291–92; T. E. Bliss to Dear Brethren, 23 August 1865, American Missionary Association, Tennessee Records; William Hackley to wife, 28 May, 4 June 1865, Hackley Letters; Lovett, “Memphis Riots,” 10–14; Charles Brown to George Clark, 10 June 1865, and to commander of 156th Illinois Infantry, 8 July 1865, Letters Sent, Records of Post and Defenses of Memphis.

  53. Cimprich, Slavery’s End, 54–55, 77–79; Alrutheus Ambush Taylor, The Negro in Tennessee, 1865–1880 (1941; repr., Spartanburg, S.C., 1975), 168–70, 205–207, 216–17; Holmes, “Memphis Race Riot,” 214–15; Lovett, “Memphis Riots,” 11, 13; Edward Wasmuth Diary, 13 April 1865, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

  54. Davis Tillson to Clinton Fisk, 6 July 1865, to W. T. Clarke, 10, 21 July 1865, and to Memphis mayor and aldermen, 21 July 1865, Letters Sent by the Office of the Superintendent, Memphis District, vol. 133, Selected Records of the Tennessee Field Office; Memphis Argus, 27, 28 July 1865; Holmes, “Memphis Race Riot,” 208–209; Hooper, “Memphis, Tennessee,” 143–45.

  55. Cimprich, Slavery’s End, 78–79; C. Stuart McGehee, “E. O. Tade, Freedmen’s Education, and the Failure of Reconstruction in Tennessee,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 43 (1984): 376–78; Ewing O. Tade to Dear Brethren, 1 August 1865, American Missionary Association, Tennessee Records.

  56. Davis Tillson to W. T. Clarke, 10, 21 July, 18 August 1865, and to General Morgan, 26 August 1865, and W. W. Deane to Major Smith, 12 August 1865, Letters Sent by the Office of the Superintendent, Memphis District, vol. 133, Selected Records of the Tennessee Field Office; Memphis Argus, 14, 23 July, 1 August 1865; Hooper, “Memphis, Tennessee,” 142–43, 149, 152, 155; Lovett, “Memphis Riots,” 15–16.

  57. LH, 191.

  58. Ibid., 91–94, 191–92.

  59. Ibid., 183, 187–88.

  60. Ibid., 192.

  61. Ibid., 192–93.

  SUMMER: SAMUEL AGNEW

    1. SAA, 4, 17, 21 March, 3, 11, 20, 27, 29 April, 5, 15, 26, 30, 31 May, 1 June 1865; Massey, Ersatz in the Confederacy, 121.

    2. SAA, 31 May–28 June 1865, passim.

    3. Ibid., 1, 8, 16, 20 June, 3 July 1865.

    4. Ibid., June 1865, passim, esp. 5, 10, 17 June.

    5. O. Davis to William Sharkey, 28 June 1865, Sharkey Letters; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(2): 1015, 1025; SAA, 11 June 1865.

    6. SAA, 11 May, 2, 6, 14, 19, 22, 26 June, 25 November 1865; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(2): 850–51, 1015; William Hackley to wife, 28 May 1865, Hackley Letters; Otto, Southern Agriculture, 51–53.

    7. SAA, 7 June 1865; Dan T. Carter, When the War Was Over: The Failure of Self-Reconstruction in the South (Baton Rouge and London, 1985), 24–25; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Tippah County, Mississippi, p. 43/691.

    8. Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 42–43, 58; Carter, When the War Was Over, 28; SAA, 2, 3, 7, 10, 12, 13, 19, 22, 23 June 1865.

    9. SAA, 22 May, 3, 6, 7, 10 June, 30 August 1865.

  10. Ibid., 28 March, 6 April, 2, 5, 6, 12, 22 June 1865; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 79–82.

  11. SAA, 3, 9, 12, 22, 25 June 1865; report of Thomas Smith, 3 November 1865, Letters Received, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for Mississippi; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 58–59; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 88–89.

  12. SAA, 9 June 1865.

  13. Ibid.

  14. Ibid., 31 March, 4, 21, 25, 26, 29, 30 June, 5 July 1865; Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Mississippi, 1: 288.

  15. SAA, 14, 21, 28 May, 4, 11 June, 2 July 1865.

  16. Ibid., 22 April, 18 June 1865.

  17. Ibid., 19, 23, 24 June, 6, 8, 12 July, 14 August 1865; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Tishomingo County, Mississippi, Carrollville post office, p. 6.

  18. SAA, 4, 5, 9, 14 July 1865; Pontotoc County officials to William Sharkey, 17 July 1865, Sharkey Letters; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 34–35, 68–70.

  19. Tippah County Minutes of Police Board, July, August 1865.

  20. Kyle, “Reconstruction in Panola County,” 56; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 44; SAA, 15, 16, 17, 18, 26, 27 July 1865.

  21. SAA, 7 August 1865.

  22. Ibid., 7, 8, 11, 18, 26, 29 August 1865; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 51–57.

  23. SAA, 4, 6, 7, 11, 27 July 1865.

  24. Ibid., 17, 18, 28, 29 July 1865; Simpson, “Battle of Brice’s Crossroads”; Otto, Southern Agriculture, 51.

  25. SAA, 28, 29 July 1865.

  26. Ibid., 24, 28 July, 4, 11, 21, 22, 30 August 1865.

  27. Ibid., 11, 23 June, 4, 5, 6 July, 13 August 1865.

  28. Ibi
d., 4, 5, 19 July 1865.

  29. Brown, History of Tippah County, 152; SAA, 22, 25 June, 12, 15 July, 6, 30 August 1865; John Watson to William Sharkey, 11 July 1865, Sharkey Letters.

  30. SAA, 18, 24, 25, 28 July, 1 August 1865; Carter, When the War Was Over, 147–50, 153–56, 164–65.

  31. SAA, 3, 22 June, 18, 24, 28, 30 July, 4, 5, 15 August 1865; report of Thomas Smith, 3 November 1865, Letters Received, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for Mississippi; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(2): 1024; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 51–52; Carter, When the War Was Over, 157–60; Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, chap. 6.

  32. SAA, 21 June, 20, 25 July 1865; report of R. S. Donaldson, 4 October 1865, and report of Thomas Smith, 3 November 1865, Letters Received, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for Mississippi; General Order No. 3, 1 August 1865, Orders and Circulars, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for Mississippi; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 47–49, 74–76; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 82–89.

  33. General Order No. 3, 1 August 1865, Orders and Circulars, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for Mississippi; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(2): 1024–25; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 74–76; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 93–97; Carter, When the War Was Over, 179–83; SAA, 25 July 1865.

  34. SAA, 31 July 1865.

  35. Ibid., 1, 2 August 1865; O. Davis to William Sharkey, 28 June 1865, Sharkey Letters.

  36. SAA, 28 June, 28 July 1865; report of R. S. Donaldson, 4 October 1865, Letters Received, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for Mississippi; Roark, Masters Without Slaves, 135–39, 143.

  37. SAA, 2 August 1865.

  38. Ibid., 30 July, 1, 3, 4, 12, 14, 17, 20, 26 August 1865.

  39. Ibid., 9 August, 17 October 1865; John Murray to J. Watson, 23 September 1865, Margaret E. Blackwell Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 58–59; Roark, Masters Without Slaves, 141–43; Carter, When the War Was Over, 206–11; Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, chaps. 7, 8.

  40. SAA, 29 June, 7 July, 6, 8, 9, 10, 24, 25, 28 August 1865; Agnew, Historical Sketch, 10.

  41. SAA, 13, 22 June, 7, 14 July, 6, 8 August 1865; Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Mississippi, 1:288.

  42. SAA, 25, 26 May, 1, 8, 10, 11, 17, 24, 29 July 1865; Sutherland, Expansion of Everyday Life, 147–48.

  43. SAA, 19, 20, 28, 29 August 1865; Academy Baptist Church, Tippah County, Mississippi, Minutes, August 1865, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson; Hilliard, Hog Meat and Hoecake, 153.

  44. SAA, 27 August 1865; Acts 16:30–31; Isa. 33:14.

  45. SAA, 27 August–1 September 1865.

  SUMMER: CORNELIA MCDONALD

    1. CPM, 263–64, map facing 324.

    2. Ibid., 261, 263–64.

    3. Ibid., 261, 264, 267.

    4. Ibid., 261–62.

    5. Ibid., 262.

    6. Rose Pendleton to Dear Friend, 10 June 1865, Pendleton Papers; Cecil Clay to General Curtis, 22 July 1865, and to Newton Bunker, 10 August 1865, Letters Sent, ser. 749, Records of Subdistrict of Staunton, Virginia, Records of U.S. Army Continental Commands, Pt. 3, RG 393, National Archives, Washington; Cecil Clay to General Curtis, 4 August 1865, Telegrams Sent, ser. 750, ibid.; Allan, Life and Letters, 208; Blair, Virginia’s Private War, 137.

    7. Lee, Memoirs, 411, 415; Cecil Clay to Newton Bunker, 28 July 1865, Letters Sent, ser. 749, Records of Subdistrict of Staunton.

    8. Lee, Memoirs, 409, 414; Rose Pendleton to Dear Friend, 5 June 1865, Pendleton Papers.

    9. CPM, 262; Lee, Memoirs, 422; Allan, Life and Letters, 208; Blair, Virginia’s Private War, 134–36, 139.

  10. CPM, 43, 45–48, 50, 58–59, 60, 62–63, 75, 167–68; Faust, Mothers of Invention, 200.

  11. Cecil Clay to E. W. Smith, 28 August 1865, and to George Hicks, 30 September 1865, 14 October 1865, Letters Sent, ser. 749, Records of Subdistrict of Staunton.

  12. Cecil Clay to Lieutenant Colonel Smith, 18 September 1865, and to Newton Bunker, 10 August 1865, ibid.; Lexington Gazette, 23 August 1865; Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 100; Blair, Virginia’s Private War, 137–39.

  13. Lexington Gazette, 2 August 1865.

  14. Lee, Memoirs, 413–16, 419–21.

  15. William Pendleton to Colonel Stuart, 10 July 1865, Pendleton Papers.

  16. William Pendleton to commander of federal troops in Lexington, 14 July 1865, ibid.; Lee, Memoirs, 423.

  17. Ann Pendleton to daughter, 18 July 1865, Pendleton Papers.

  18. Lee, Memoirs, 422; Ann Pendleton to daughter, 18 July 1865, and William Pendleton to Dear General, 28 July 1865, Pendleton Papers.

  19. Ann Pendleton to daughter, 18 July 1865, William Pendleton to lieutenant colonel commanding federal troops in Lexington, 16 July 1865, and William Pendleton to Dear General, 28 July 1865, Pendleton Papers; Lee, Memoirs, 422–23.

  20. Ann Pendleton to daughter, 18 July 1865, Mary Pendleton to unknown correspondent, 24 July 1865, and William Pendleton to Dear General, 28 July 1865, Pendleton Papers; Lee, Memoirs, 421, 424n.

  21. Lee, Memoirs, 412, 422; William Pendleton to Dear General, 28 July 1865, Pendleton Papers.

  22. General Orders No. 1, 1 August 1865, Pendleton Papers; Lee, Memoirs, 423–24.

  23. Lee, Memoirs, 422, 423; Robert Redmond to Captain McMurry, 7 November 1865, Letters Sent, ser. 749, Records of Subdistrict of Staunton.

  24. CPM, 264, 265.

  25. Ibid., 239; Drew Gilpin Faust, “The Civil War Soldier and the Art of Dying,” Journal of Southern History 67 (2001): 3–38.

  26. CPM, 5–6, 183–84, 277, 289, 352; Compiled Civil War Service Records, 7th Virginia Cavalry; Report of Col. A. W. McDonald, Relative to His Mission to England, document xxxix, Virginia General Assembly Documents (Richmond, 1861), 5; Avirett, Memoirs, 331, 345–46, 349; Williams, Glengarry McDonalds, 263, 269.

  27. CPM, 34–37, 197–98, 277, 340–47, 356; Avirett, Memoirs, 318–46; Compiled Civil War Service Records, 7th Virginia Cavalry; Haskell M. Monroe Jr., James T. McIntosh, and Lynda Lasswell Crist, eds., The Papers of Jefferson Davis, 10 vols. to date (Baton Rouge and London, 1971-), 7: 365.

  28. CPM, 201–203, 210, 212, 277–78; Avirett, Memoirs, 346.

  29. CPM, 210, 278.

  30. Ibid., 209–11, 278.

  31. Ibid., 211, 278; Cecil D. Eby Jr., ed., A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War: The Diaries of David Hunter Strother (Chapel Hill, 1961), 260–61.

  32. CPM, 212–24, 226–32, 233–34, 236–37, 278–84, 289–91; Compiled Civil War Service Records, 7th Virginia Cavalry; Richmond Whig, 3 December 1864; Avirett, Memoirs, 337–38, 356–59; Lexington Gazette, 7 December 1864; Williams, Glengarry McDonalds, 96–98, 155–57, 264–65.

  33. CPM, 209–10, 211–12.

  34. Ibid., 83, 106, 184, 188, 209, 232, 265, 266–67.

  35. Ibid., 264, 266, 267, 271.

  36. Ibid., 195n, 265.

  37. Ibid., 265, 265n.

  38. Ibid., 265–66.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Ibid., 268.

  41. Ibid., 266–67.

  42. Ibid., 267.

  43. Ibid., 267–68.

  44. Ibid., 268.

  45. Ibid.

  SUMMER: JOHN ROBERTSON

    1. Melton, “Diary of a Drummer,” 345; JCR, 130, 162.

    2. JCR, 162; Tennessee Almanac 1865; F. D. Srygley, Seventy Years in Dixie (Nashville, 1891), 162–63; Sutherland, Expansion of Everyday Life, 141–42.

    3. JCR, 158; Roane County Deeds, vol. P-1, p. 305.

    4. JCR, 162; Srygley, Seventy Years in Dixie, 166–70; Bailey, Class and Tennessee’s Confederate Generation, 27; Winters, Tennessee Farming, 120, 157; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Productions of Agriculture, Greene County, Tenness
ee, District 17.

    5. JCR, 162–63.

    6. Ibid., 163; Lewis C. Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (Washington, 1933), 2:818.

    7. JCR, 160, 167.

    8. Ibid., 167.

    9. Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 9: 10–11, 69, 215–16; Trowbridge, The South, 239–40; Bailey, Class and Tennessee’s Confederate Generation, 116–18; Fisher, War at Every Door, 156–65; Groce, Mountain Rebels, 131–35, 147–51.

  10. Fisher, War at Every Door, 167; Coulter, William G. Brownlow, 268–80.

  11. Coulter, William G. Brownlow, 268–69; Groce, Mountain Rebels, 136; White and Ash, Messages of the Governors of Tennessee, 5: 436–38, 442–48.

  12. JCR, 97.

  13. Coulter, William G. Brownlow, 294–96; Campbell, “East Tennessee During the Federal Occupation,” 78.

  14. Coulter, William G. Brownlow, 296–301; Fisher, War at Every Door, 85–86; Campbell, “East Tennessee During the Federal Occupation,” 78–80; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 24, 31 May, 14 June 1865; Journal of the Twenty-Second Session of the Holston Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church … Athens, Tennessee, June 1–5, 1865 (Knoxville, n.d.), 15–21.

  15. JCR, 159, 163–64.

  16. Ibid., 164–65.

  17. Ibid.

  18. Ibid., 165.

  19. Ibid., 165–66; Roane County Deeds, vol. P-1, p. 305.

  20. JCR, 166.

  21. Ibid.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Ibid., 41–49, 99, 167, 179; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Greene County, Tennessee, p. 58/361.

  24. JCR, 97–99, 113, 162; Bailey, Class and Tennessee’s Confederate Generation, 46–49; Sutherland, Expansion of Everyday Life, 97–98.

  25. JCR, 167–68.

  26. Ibid., 168; Bailey, Class and Tennessee’s Confederate Generation, 47–48; Sutherland, Expansion of Everyday Life, 98–102.