A Year in the South

by Stephen V. Ash

  27. JCR, 168.

  28. Ibid.

  29. Ibid., 10–22.

  30. Ibid., 168.

  31. Ibid.

  32. Ibid., 168–69.

  33. Ibid., 169.

  34. Ibid.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Ibid., 169–70.

  37. Ibid., 170.

  38. Ibid., 170–71.

  39. Ibid., 171.

  40. Ibid.

  41. Ibid., 171–72.

  42. Ibid.

  43. Ibid., 172.

  44. Ibid.

  45. Ibid.

  46. Ibid.

  47. Ibid., 172, 173, 178, 194.

  48. Ibid., 172–73.

  FALL: JOHN ROBERTSON

    1. JCR, 173.

    2. Ibid.; Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 9:41, 69, 215–16; Shelley and Hall, Valley of Challenge and Change, 10–11.

    3. JCR, 173, 238.

    4. Ibid., 92, 181.

    5. Ibid., 1, 99, 173, 178.

    6. Ibid., 174, 178.

    7. Ibid., 178.

    8. Ibid., 179.

    9. Ibid., 179–80; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Greene County, Tennessee, p. 58/361.

  10. JCR, 180–81.

  11. Ibid., 181, 184; Robert C. Black III, The Railroads of the Confederacy (Chapel Hill, 1952), 18, 21, 23; William H. Clark, Railroads and Rivers: The Story of Inland Transportation (Boston, 1939), 134–35; Sarah H. Gordon, Passage to Union: How the Railroads Transformed American Life, 1829–1929 (Chicago, 1996), 79, 80.

  12. JCR, 139–40, 182.

  13. Ibid., 182, 183; Gordon, Passage to Union, 79, 80–82; Tennessee Almanac 1865.

  14. JCR, 182.

  15. Ibid.; Official Atlas of the Civil War, plate 149; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 6 September 1865; Trowbridge, The South, 248–54; McGehee, “E. O. Tade,” 376–77; James A. Hoobler, Cities Under the Gun: Images of Occupied Nashville and Chattanooga (Nashville, 1986), 115–206.

  16. JCR, 182; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 6 September 1865.

  17. JCR, 182.

  18. Ibid., 182–83, 184; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 13 September 1865.

  19. JCR, 183; Official Atlas of the Civil War, plate 149; Melton, “Diary of a Drummer,” 321–22.

  20. JCR, 183–85; Trowbridge, The South, 270; Official Atlas of the Civil War, plate 149; Melton, “Diary of a Drummer,” 322.

  21. JCR, 185; Trowbridge, The South, 273; Stephen V. Ash, Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860–1870: War and Peace in the Upper South (Baton Rouge and London, 1988), passim, esp. chaps. 1, 5.

  22. JCR, 185; Trowbridge, The South, 273, 275, 279; Official Atlas of the Civil War, plate 112.

  23. JCR, 185–86; Trowbridge, The South, 276–78.

  24. JCR, 186; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 6 September 1865; Nashville Dispatch, 20, 21 September 1865; Gordon, Passage to Union, 99–100.

  25. JCR, 186; Hoobler, Cities Under the Gun, 17–112; Walter T. Durham, Nashville, the Occupied City: The First Seventeen Months—February 16, 1862 to June 30, 1863 (Nashville, 1985), passim, esp. 184–85; Walter T. Durham, Reluctant Partners: Nashville and the Union, July 1, 1863 to June 30, 1865 (Nashville, 1987), passim, esp. 114, 296–97; Nashville Dispatch, 20 September 1865; Nashville Daily Press and Times, 19 September 1865; Trowbridge, The South, 287.

  26. JCR, 186–87; Trowbridge, The South, 281; Hoobler, Cities Under the Gun, 29–40.

  27. JCR, 187; Nashville Dispatch, 21 September 1865; Gordon, Passage to Union, 88–89; Nashville Daily Press and Times, 19 September 1865.

  28. JCR, 187–88; Tennessee Almanac 1865.

  29. JCR, 188–89; Gordon, Passage to Union, 84–85, 97.

  30. JCR, 189.

  31. Ibid.

  32. Ibid., 189–90.

  33. Ibid., 190.

  34. Ibid.

  35. Ibid., 191.

  36. Ibid., 191–92; Tennessee Almanac 1865.

  37. JCR, 193.

  38. Ibid., 193–99.

  39. Ibid., 199.

  40. Ibid., 200–202.

  41. Ibid., 202–203, 209, 233, 237.

  42. Ibid., 203–208, 210–22.

  43. Ibid., 209, 234–36.

  44. Ibid., 202, 204, 298.

  45. Ibid., 201, 291.

  46. Ibid., 292–93.

  47. Ibid., 291–92.

  48. Ibid., 294.

  49. Ibid., 130, 132–34, 294.

  50. Ibid., 203, 233, 237.

  51. Ibid., 237.

  52. Ibid., 194, 298.

  53. Ibid., 239.

  FALL: CORNELIA MCDONALD

    1. Special Order No. 1, 9 September 1865, Letters Sent and Orders Issued, ser. 4044, Records of Assistant Sub-assistant Commissioner, Lexington, Virginia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land, RG 105, National Archives, Washington.

    2. Compiled Civil War Service Records, 58th Pennsylvania Infantry; pension record of Christopher J. Tubbs, 58th Pennsylvania Infantry, Civil War Pension Files, RG 15, National Archives, Washington; Dyer, Compendium of the War, 3:1594.

    3. C. Jerome Tubbs to W. Storer How, 30 October 1865, Letters Sent and Orders Issued, ser. 4044, Records of Assistant Sub-assistant Commissioner, Lexington.

    4. Special Order No. 2, 9 September 1865, ibid.; CPM, 262.

    5. Robert Redmond to Captain McMurry, 7 November 1865, Letters Sent, ser. 749, Records of Subdistrict of Staunton; CPM, 262.

    6. CPM, 262–63.

    7. Ibid., 263; Compiled Civil War Service Records, 58th Pennsylvania Infantry.

    8. Cases 22, 87, and 89, Letters Sent and Orders Issued, ser. 4044, Records of Assistant Sub-assistant Commissioner, Lexington. See also cases 24, 65, 72, and 112, ibid.

    9. Cases 10, 32, and 50, and C. Jerome Tubbs to W. S. How, 30 November 1865, ibid.; Rockbridge County Court Minute Book, October 1865.

  10. Cases 20 and 43, Letters Sent and Orders Issued, ser. 4044, Records of Assistant Sub-assistant Commissioner, Lexington. See also cases 14, 18, 21, and 45, ibid.

  11. Cases 15 and 19, ibid. See also case 70 and Circular, 18 September 1865, ibid.

  12. Cecil Clay to George Hicks, 30 September, 14, 24 October 1865, and Robert Redmond to Captain McMurry, 7 November 1865, Letters Sent, ser. 749, Records of Subdistrict of Staunton.

  13. Ann Pendleton to daughter, 9 October 1865, Pendleton Papers; Robert Redmond to Captain McMurry, 7 November 1865, Letters Sent, ser. 749, Records of Subdistrict of Staunton; Lee, Memoirs, 424, 424n.

  14. Charles Bracelen Flood, Lee: The Last Years (Boston and New York, 1998), 89–95; CPM, 268–69.

  15. Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography, 4 vols. (New York, 1934–35), 4: 222–23; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 78–79, 115; Lee, Memoirs, 426; Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 72.

  16. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 4:188–215, 221–22; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 79–80.

  17. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 4:216; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 83.

  18. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 4:215–18, 226–27; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 81–84, 88–93; Lexington Gazette, 20 September 1865.

  19. CPM, 269; Freeman, R. E. Lee, 4:227–29, 230; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 94–95, 96.

  20. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 4:229–30; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 98–99, 105.

  21. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 4:218, 219–21; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 87–88, 93, 98–99, 102, 110. For a somewhat different interpretation of Lee’s postwar political sentiments, see Michael Fellman, “Robert E. Lee, Postwar Southern Nationalist,” Civil War History 46 (2000): 185–204.

  22. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 4:233, 246; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 94, 103, 112–13; Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 72; Allan, Life and Letters, 212; Lexington Gazette, 25 October 1865; Lee, Memoirs, 426–27.


  23. CPM, 150n, 233, 269; Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 101.

  24. CPM, 267, 268, 269–70.

  25. Ibid., 270.

  26. Ibid., 221, 270, map facing 324; Lexington Gazette, 27 September, 11 October 1865; Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 66.

  27. CPM, 233, 244, 270; Lee, Memoirs, 368–73; Lexington Gazette, 26 October 1864; Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 82.

  28. CPM, 270; Lee, Memoirs, 423.

  29. CPM, 270.

  30. Ibid.

  31. Ibid., 270–71.

  32. Ibid., 265, 270–71.

  33. Ibid., 259n, 271, 271n; Lee, Memoirs, 427; Ann Pendleton to daughter, 9 October 1865, Pendleton Papers; Williams, Glengarry McDonalds, 275, 287.

  34. CPM, 269; Lexington Gazette, 6 December 1865; Freeman, R. E. Lee, 4:241–42.

  35. Ann Pendleton to daughter, 5 December 1865, Pendleton Papers; Cecil Clay to Joseph Johnson, 1 December 1865, to Henry Robinson, 15 December 1865, and to William Pendleton, 17 December 1865, Letters Sent, ser. 749, Records of Subdistrict of Staunton.

  36. “Report of Freedmen’s Schools in Operation,” December 1865, and monthly report, December 1865, Letters Sent and Orders Issued, ser. 4044, Records of Assistant Sub-assistant Commissioner, Lexington; Lexington Gazette, 20 December 1865; Freeman, R. E. Lee, 4:345–46.

  37. Lexington Gazette, 20 December 1865; note written by Mary Pendleton in Ann Pendleton to daughter, 12 December 1865, Pendleton Papers; Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 485–87.

  38. “Report of Freedmen’s Schools in Operation,” December 1865, Letters Sent and Orders Issued, ser. 4044, Records of Assistant Sub-assistant Commissioner, Lexington; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 98; Freeman, R. E. Lee, 4:354–55; Robert C. Morris, Reading, ‘Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861–1870 (Chicago and London, 1981), 230–31.

  39. CPM, 44–45, 90–91, 267, 268, 269, 271.

  FALL: LOUIS HUGHES

    1. LH, 92–93, 96–97, 192–94.

    2. Ibid., 195; Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 7 September 1865; Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 15 September 1865; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 5 September 1865.

    3. Statistics of the Population (1870), 231; Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 14, 18, 28 August 1865; Sutherland, Expansion of Everyday Life, 178; Oscar E. Anderson Jr., ed., “Harvey W. Wiley Spends the Christmas Holidays in the Miami Valley, 1865–1866,” Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio Bulletin 12 (1954): 213; Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 20 September, 11 October 1865; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 11, 14, 15 September, 7, 9, 19 October 1865; Joe William Trotter Jr., River Jordan: African American Urban Life in the Ohio Valley (Lexington, Ky., 1998), 11.

    4. Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 21 August, 21 September 1865; Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 26 August, 7, 14 September 1865; Sutherland, Expansion of Everyday Life, 216–18.

    5. Steven J. Ross, Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788–1890 (New York, 1985), 215; Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 31 August 1865.

    6. Ross, Workers on the Edge, 72; Trotter, River Jordan, 17, 19.

    7. Trotter, River Jordan, 20–21; Ross, Workers on the Edge, 196.

    8. Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 19 August, 11, 15 September 1865; Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 25 August, 17 October 1865; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 11 September, 4 October 1865.

    9. Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 15, 20 September, 11 October 1865; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 10, 13 October 1865; Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 31 August, 16 September 1865; Trotter, River Jordan, 31.

  10. Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 1, 13 September 1865; Henry A. Ford and Kate B. Ford, comps., History of Cincinnati, Ohio, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches (Cleveland, 1881), 106; Ross, Workers on the Edge, 194–95; Trotter, River Jordan, 11, 14; Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 16, 17, 22, 24 August 1865.

  11. Trotter, River Jordan, 11–14; Ford and Ford, History of Cincinnati, 106, 107, 109–10; Ross, Workers on the Edge, 195; Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 22 August 1865.

  12. Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 14, 15, 17, 22, 23, 28, 31 August, 12, 15, 23 September, 3, 17 October 1865.

  13. Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 1 September 1865.

  14. Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 16, 25 September 1865.

  15. Ross, Workers on the Edge, 193, 195–97; Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 23 August, 13 September 1865; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 13 October 1865.

  16. Ross, Workers on the Edge, 193, 199, 206–207; Trotter, River Jordan, 17–19; Sutherland, Expansion of Everyday Life, 159; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York, 1988), 460, 475–78.

  17. Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 7, 8, 11, 22 September, 2 October 1865; Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 21 August 1865; Ross, Workers on the Edge, 195–97, 198–201; Foner, Reconstruction, 477–79.

  18. Ross, Workers on the Edge, 198–99, 211–13; Trotter, River Jordan, 18, 19–20, 22–23; Foner, Reconstruction, 479–80.

  19. Ross, Workers on the Edge, 72, 195; Trotter, River Jordan, 24–37, 41–42, 55–56; Foner, Reconstruction, 471–72; Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 14, 21, 22, 23 August, 8 September, 11 October 1865; Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 4, 16 September 1865.

  20. Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 11 October 1865; Trotter, River Jordan, 47–48; Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 14 August 1865; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 27 September, 16 October 1865.

  21. Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 8, 9 September 1865; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 9 September 1865; Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 77.

  22. LH, 195.

  23. Ibid.; Ford and Ford, History of Cincinnati, 104.

  24. Statistics of the Population (1870), 228; Hamilton (Ohio) True Telegraph, 19 October 1865.

  25. LH, 195.

  26. Hamilton True Telegraph, 19, 26 October, 2, 9, 30 November, 7 December 1865.

  27. Statistics of the Population (1870), 228; Hamilton True Telegraph, 5, 12, 19, 26 October, 16 November 1865.

  28. LH, 80, 100–106, 195; Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History (Montreal and Kingston, 1997), chap. 8.

  29. Winks, Blacks in Canada, 231–32; LH, 195.

  30. Hamilton True Telegraph, 23 November, 14, 21 December 1865.

  31. LH, 195; Hamilton True Telegraph, 21 December 1865.

  FALL: SAMUEL AGNEW

    1. SAA, 1, 2, 3 September 1865.

    2. Ibid., 4, 5, 6, 16 September 1865.

    3. Ibid., 9 September 1865.

    4. Ibid., 9–15 September 1865.

    5. Ibid., 10, 12, 13, 14, 19 September 1865.

    6. Ibid., 8, 11 September 1865; Agnew, Historical Sketch, 10, 32.

    7. SAA, 16, 17, 27, 28, 29 September, 1 October 1865.

    8. Ibid., 1 October 1865.

    9. Ibid., 20 September, 1–5 October 1865.

  10. Ibid., 1, 2 October 1865.

  11. Ibid., 1, 3, 8, 15, 19, 25 September 1865; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 104–109.

  12. SAA, 5, 6, 9, 11, 14, 30 October, 3 November 1865; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 106, 116.

  13. SAA, 17 November 1865; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 106, 109–16; Roark, Masters Without Slaves, 182–83.

  14. SAA, 4–6 July, 25 August 1864, 4 October 1865.

  15. Ibid., 10 October 1865.

  16. Ibid., 11 October 1865.

  17. Ibid., 25 June 1864, 10 February, 12 October 1865; Agnew, “Battle of Tishomingo Creek,” 402–403.

  18. SAA, 12 October 1865.

  19. Ibid.

  20. Ibid., 12 June 1864, 12, 13 October 1865.

  21. Ibid., 20, 29 September, 17 October 1865; Otto, Southern Agriculture, 30–32, 54–55; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Productions of Agriculture, Tippah County, Mississippi, Southern Division.

&
nbsp; 22. SAA, 17 October 1865; Gray, History of Agriculture, 2:702.

  23. SAA, 18, 19, 25, 31 October 1865.

  24. Ibid., 20, 27 August, 1 September, 21 October, 30 December 1865; Gray, History of Agriculture, 2:814–15; Hilliard, Hog Meat and Hoecake, 154.

  25. SAA, 9, 11 November, 2, 5, 6 December 1865; Otto, Southern Agriculture, 55–56.

  26. SAA, 4, 11, 27, 28 November 1865; Carter, When the War Was Over, 207–208; Roark, Masters Without Slaves, 141–42.

  27. SAA, 3 November, 8, 9, 15 December 1865.

  28. Ibid., 29 May, 30 October, 8, 11, 25, 28 November, 5, 6, 15 December 1865.

  29. Ibid., 19, 21, 25 September, 11 October, 2, 17, 19 November, 4, 20 December 1865; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 58–59; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 70–71, 89, 97; John Watson to Benjamin Humphreys, 29 November 1865, Governor Benjamin G. Humphreys Correspondence, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson; Berlin, Black Military Experience, 747–49; Carter, When the War Was Over, 197–98.

  30. SAA, 11 October, 3, 4, 5 November 1865; Joel Berry to F. Wolfe, 1 November 1865, Joel H. Berry Letter, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson; report of Thomas Smith, 3 November 1865, and report of R. S. Donaldson, 6 November 1865, Letters Received, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for Mississippi; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 89–90.

  31. SAA, 3, 14 November 1865; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 89–91; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 218; Carter, When the War Was Over, 194; Trowbridge, The South, 342.

  32. SAA, 3 November 1865; Carter, When the War Was Over, 191–92, 195–97.

  33. SAA, 21, 22, 24 November 1865.

  34. Ibid., 21, 22, 24 November, 2 December 1865.

  35. Ibid., 24 November 1865.

  36. Ibid., 24, 26, 28 November 1865.

  37. Ibid., 26 November 1865.

  38. Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 104 and passim.

  39. SAA, 3 November 1865; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 117–18, 121–23; Carter, When the War Was Over, 215–26, 231; Roark, Masters Without Slaves, 182–85; Foner, Reconstruction, 176–84, 239–40.

  40. Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 99, 121–40; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 84–89.

  41. SAA, 20, 29, 30, 31 October, 14, 16, 30 November 1865; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 87–89, 92, 96, 99–100, 129–30, 131, 147; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 58–59, 117.