Congo
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industrialization, 36–38
lifestyle of, 67–68, 463
nationalism, 37–38
and World War I, 439
European Union, 473, 497, 500, 513, 524, 531–32, 556
évolués, 214–19, 222, 224–26, 229, 230, 232, 233, 236, 239, 244, 246, 270, 293, 299, 324, 352, 387
Eyskens, Gaston, 262, 274
Failed States Index, 510
Feruzi, Camille, 168, 353, 355
Fiévez, Léon, 92, 93
financial crisis (1929), 156, 175
financial crisis (2008), 509–10, 532, 534, 541
First and Second Plundering, 409
First Congo War (1996–1997), 417-31, 439, 443, 445; map, 427
First Republic of Congo, 281–330
administration of, 292, 301, 319–20
army mutinies, 284–88, 294, 301, 307
atrocities in, 287, 288, 289, 296, 302–3, 321, 324, 326, 507
Belgian military invasion in, 293–99, 302, 309
chaos of, 282–84, 287–88, 294, 301, 302–4, 323, 333, 344, 365
civil war in, 320–25, 327–29, 336
constitutional crisis, 303–5, 306
constitution of, 274, 303, 319–20
economy of, 293, 301, 329
European exodus from, 288–93, 294
formation of, 265, 302
and independence, 262–66
independence ceremony, 267–75
infrastructure of, 265–66, 290
Kasai secession (1960), 302–3
Katangan secession (1960), 282, 294–98, 301, 302, 310–18
map, 280
Mobutu’s coups d’états, 282, 283, 304, 305–7, 330
rebellions (1964), 282
and UN, 282–83, 300–303, 305–6, 309, 326
uprisings (1960), 293-96; (1964), 320–25
violence against Belgians in, 296
FLNC (Front pour la Libération Nationale du Congo), 371
floggings, 91–92
FNLA (Front Nacional para a Liberação de Angola), 371
Force Publique:
Africanization of, 287, 309
as ANC, 287
Arab campaigns, 80–81
atrocities by, 88–94, 287–88
as chaotic mob, 82
creation and recruitment, 73, 76–77, 81, 98, 103, 112, 124
effectiveness of, 470
and First Republic, 284
and Kimbangu, 149
and mandatory migration, 110
mutinies, 81–83, 193, 223, 284–88, 301
and native unrest, 255
punitive actions by, 155
tax collection by, 88, 94
and worker strikes, 192
and World War I, 131–35, 139, 188, 201
and World War II, 183–86, 188
Forces Armées Congolaises (FAC), 436, 470
Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC), 470, 514, 517, 523, 524–25
Forces Armées Zaïroises (FAZ), 419–20, 423, 425, 428, 436, 470, 521
Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR), 516–17, 520, 522, 524
Foreman, George, 174, 346–48, 360–62
Forminière, 120, 121, 305
Forrest, Georges, 527
France:
colonies of, 37, 51–53, 54, 57, 130
and droit de préemption, 130, 373
influence in Africa, 373, 531
and Rwandan genocide, 414–15, 426
and Stanley, 63
territorial disputes with, 59
Union Française, 203
Vichy regime, 182, 186
Franck, Louis, 104
Franco (musician), 330, 348, 352–53, 357, 388, 477, 495
Franco, Francisco, 258
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 131
Frazier, Joe, 347
free trade, 37, 53–55, 60, 67, 78, 79, 96, 262, 379
French Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), 52
Fule, Monsieur, 547–48
Fund for Peace, 510
Gandhi, Mahatma, 248, 391, 403
Ganshof van der Meersch, W. J., 264
Garde Républicaine, 506–7
Garvey, Marcus, 150
Gat, Julien, 307, 308
Gazzera, Pietro, 183–84
Gbenye, Christophe, 320, 322–24, 341, 342
Gécamines (Générale des Carrières et des Mines), 345–46, 469, 511, 526, 528
Generale Maatschappij, 120, 262
genocide:
defined, 95
Rwanda, 413–16, 426, 437, 442, 521
Georges, in China, 538, 550–52
Germany:
bargain rockets from, 366–67
colonies of, 37, 52, 54, 57, 60, 130, 131, 138
prisoners of war in, 178, 187–88
trading networks, 457
V-2, 366
and World War I, 60
and World War II, 178, 182–83, 187–88, 190–91
Gezelle, Guido, 174
Ghana, independence of, 245, 254
Gilson, Arthur, 246, 293
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 373, 393
Gizenga, Antoine, 254, 276, 278, 305, 306, 309, 316, 320, 392, 500, 501, 502, 509
Glave, Edward J., 46, 67
globalization, 38, 457, 459, 471–72, 474–76, 526
and multinationals, 482–86, 492, 511
Goffin, Louis, 86
gold, 15, 119, 125, 164, 193–94, 454–55, 471, 511
Goma, 14, 446, 451, 460, 475–76, 518
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 364
Great African War, see Second Congo War
Great Lakes, 15, 87
Grenfell, George, 47, 66, 68–70, 71–72, 76, 93, 94, 98, 100, 103
Greshoff, Anton, 68
Grévy, Jules, 57
Guangzhou, China:
Congolese in, 537–55
return to Congo from, 554–56
Tianxiu Building (mall), 545–47, 548
Guevara, Che, 321, 328, 341, 418, 426, 445
Guinea-Bissau, 258
Guinea-Conakry, 245, 309
gunpowder, 25
Habyarimana, Juvénal, 414, 422
Haile Selassie, 183, 185
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 281, 297, 300, 301, 303, 316
Hassan, Prince (Morocco), 270
Haute Autorité des Médias, 496, 498
HCR-PT (Haut Conseil de la République–Parlement de Transition), 410
hecatomb, 95
Heimweh nach den Tropen (documentary), 216–17
Heineken, 474, 476, 480, 481
Hemptinne, Félix de, 168, 182
Henault, Charly, 258–59
Henrique, Prince, 22
Héritier (singer), 480, 482
Hitler, Adolf, 195, 522
Hoare, “Mad Mike,” 325
Holocaust, 95
Holy Ghost, 142, 144–45
Hotel Rwanda, 442
Huawei (telecom), 541
Hughes, William, 48, 64
Huileries du Congo Belge (HCB), 126, 146, 161
Hu Jintao, 528
Hulstaert, Gustaaf, 169
Human Rights Watch, 522
Humphrey, Hubert H., 343
Hunde people, 411
Hungary, 300
Hutus:
and ethnic violence, 413–15, 418, 426, 437, 471, 472
and FDLR, 516
and Rwandan invasion, 421–24
and Second Congo War, 443, 447, 473, 517
Idjwi, 133, 350
Ileo, Joseph, 223–24, 231, 281, 303, 315, 336, 410
Ilunga, Émile, 451
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 374–75, 376–79, 391, 396, 410, 512–13, 526, 531–32
Independent State of Congo, 11; see also Congo Free State
India:
independence of, 233
partnership with Congo, 532
Indonesia, 191, 233
industrial revolution, 36–38
influenza, 125, 139, 146, 164
&nbs
p; Inga Dam, 344, 360, 367–68
Interahamwe, 414, 417, 424, 443, 447, 449
International Court of Justice, 473
International Criminal Court, 506, 518, 520, 523–24, 556
Iraq, 470, 510
Islam, 81
Israel, 340
Italy:
colonies of, 37, 183
and World War II, 187, 191
Ituri, 471, 473
ivory, 24, 31, 32, 47, 60, 67, 79, 80, 81, 87, 88, 98, 119, 389, 453–54, 457
Ivory Coast, 393
Izeidi, Roger, 330
Jadotville, 191, 234; as Likasi, 332
Janot, Narcisse, 118
Jansen, Camille, 63
Janssens, Émile, 285–87, 301
Japan:
atomic bomb deployed in, 190
trade with, 38
and World War II, 189–91
Jeffries, Jim, 347
Jesuit missionaries, 22, 72–75, 261
Jeune Afrique, 384, 391
Jia Xing, 527
Johnson, Jack, 347
Kabarebe, James, 419–20, 422, 428, 429, 431, 436, 439, 444
Kabasele (musician), 330, 477, 495
Kabasele, Joseph, 219, 221, 258–59
Kabila, Joseph, 11, 276, 428, 431, 467, 493, 500, 524
Kabila, Laurent-Désiré, 341, 431–32
and China, 529, 530, 532, 534
death of, 465–67
and Democratic Republic of Congo, 11, 433–39
and elections, 484, 501–4, 512, 513, 521
international relations, 437–39, 475
loss of support for, 434–39, 466, 497–98
and Mai-mai, 443, 447–49
opponents of, 493, 494
as president, 494–96, 502–3
and Rwandan invasion, 417–31
and Second Congo War, 442, 444–49
and Simbas, 322, 328
and Third Republic, 505–9, 521, 524
and transitional period, 467, 506
Kabongo Kalala, Zizi (Isidore), 349
and Ali-Foreman match, 346–47, 360–62
and First Republic, 333
and Kabila, 436–37
and Mobutu’s government, 333, 339, 344, 376, 384
and napalm burns, 403
and restrictions, 354, 394
and television, 334–35, 353, 361–62, 368–69, 436–37
and Zaire, 331–32, 388, 394
Kabuya, Martin, 83, 134–35, 139, 187–88
Kafuta, Sony “Rockman,” 489, 492, 493, 496, 498
Kagame, Paul, 414, 418, 419, 426, 438, 443, 450, 457, 467, 473, 516, 517, 524
Kakol (musician), 480, 482, 485
Kalonji, Albert, 302, 305–6
Kambove, 124, 125
Kamerhe, Vital, 508, 511
Kamitatu, Cléophas, 224, 254, 256, 277
Kango mission, 75
Kanza, Thomas, 223–24, 261, 265, 266, 291, 306, 404
Kaoze, Stefano, 115–16
Kapaya, Flamme, 480, 481–82
Kasai, 15, 87, 96, 251
diamonds in, 14, 118, 125, 164, 167, 302, 305
secession (1960), 302–3, 305, 309
Kasavubu, Joseph, 229–33, 236, 245, 268, 315, 435
and Abako, 243, 251, 253, 254
and Bakongo, 230, 232, 252
and Conscience Africaine, 231–33
and constitutional crisis, 303–5, 306
death of, 337, 342
and First Republic, 264, 265, 283, 294–95, 300, 301–2, 306, 307, 319–20, 321, 323, 324, 325, 330, 410
and independence, 225, 233, 260, 264, 265
as mayor of Dendale, 238–39, 248
and military intervention, 294–95
popular support for, 251
as president, 265, 268, 271–72, 274–75, 283, 284, 325, 329, 502
in prison, 251
and round-table conference, 256
supporters of, 283, 284, 305, 306
UN telegrams from, 296–99
Kasenge, Paul, 346
Kashala, Oscar, 500
Katanga, 15, 58
air base in, 190
annexation of, 59, 60, 80, 119
Chinese presence in, 526
colonialism in, 313–15, 318
Compagnie du Katanga, 87
copper in, 118, 119, 122, 137, 313
currency in, 127
ethnic organizations in, 175
ethnic violence in, 411
and First Republic, 265
Gendarmerie Katangaise, 295
and independence, 253, 264
industrial capitalism in, 125
and Lumumba’s death, 310
mining in, 119, 120, 121–26, 444, 526–27, 529
nuclear technology in, 190
political parties in, 252–53, 254
and railroad, 122–23
rough capitalism in, 527–28
secession (1960–63), 282, 294–98, 301, 302, 305–6, 310–18, 371
as Shaba, 332, 366–67
slave trade of, 80
strikes in, 191–94, 205
UN intervention in, 315–16
workers’ camps in, 164–65
Katangan Tigers, 371, 425, 436
Katondolo, Sekombi and Katya, 513–15, 518–19
Katsua, Masika, 460–62
Katumba Mwanke, Augustin, 509
Katumbi, Moïse, 508
Kaunda, Kenneth, 245
Kavundiji, 161
Kawang, Didace, 377
Kayser, Lutz, 366
Kazhakstan, trading networks, 457
Kelenge, Matemu a (Mundele Funji; White Storm), 162–63
Kengo wa Dondo, Léon, 391, 410, 416, 425, 430
Kennedy, John F., 316, 318, 319
Kenya, 183
Khakism, 153
Khonde Mpolo, Dominique, 493
Khrushchev, Nikita, 299–300, 301
Kiamuangana, Georges (Verckys), 333
Kibwe, Jean-Baptiste, 307, 308
Kigeri, king of Rwanda, 271
Kikongo, 215, 233
Kikwit, 14, 126, 159–61
Kilo-Moto, gold mines, 120, 125, 164, 455, 511
Kimba, Évariste, 281, 329, 336, 339, 342, 410
Kimbangu, Simon, 88, 89, 142–51, 152, 154, 162, 168, 192, 209, 220, 260, 294, 307
Kimbanguism, 142–44, 147–48, 151–55, 157, 175, 355, 384
Kimbangu Kiangani, Papa Simon, 143–44
Kim Il-sung, 355, 364
Kimuenza mission, 72–73
King, B. B., 235, 348
King, Don, 347
King, Martin Luther, 273, 391
Kinshasa, 4–5, 14, 15–16, 117–18
author’s visits to, 98–100
Chinese embassy in, 534–35
dance music in, 213
elegance in, 212
First and Second Plundering, 409
as Léopoldville, see Léopoldville
markets in, 24, 67
orchestra in, 144
population of, 117, 164, 207, 336–37
prison of, 463–65
protests in, 401–3
public hangings in, 335–37, 339–40, 507
public services, 433–34
radio-trottoir in, 387
Rwandan invasion of, 429–31
station established at, 49–51, 52, 63
street children of, 478, 484, 492
violence in, 506–7
Kintambo mission, 71
Kintondo, 146
Kisangani, 15, 332, 340, 451
diamond trading in, 450, 456
Rwandan conquest of, 425, 522
as Stanleyville, see Stanleyville
Kisantu mission, 74
Kisase Ngandu, André, 418, 435
Kisema Kinzundi, Oscar, 354
Kisolokele, Charles, 294
Kitadi, André, 129, 182, 185–88, 199–200, 346
Kitawala, 153, 175, 192, 193–94, 270, 324
Kitenge, Ambroise, 160
Kitenge, Ga
briel, 307
Kitona, air base in, 190
Kivu, 14, 193–94, 523
ethnic violence in, 411–13, 442, 472
mines in, 15, 193, 456
and Second Congo War, 442, 471, 472, 473
women’s movement in, 446
Kiziamina-Kibila, Pastor, 492
kleptocracy, 381
Kolonga, Jamais, 219–24, 225, 229, 239, 258, 267–71, 274, 288, 300–301, 329–30, 357, 381, 463, 495
Kolosoyi, Wendo, 168, 215–16, 348, 434
Kongo Empire, 21–22, 506
Kongo ethnic group, 13
Kony, Joseph, 459, 524
Korean War, 234, 298, 346
Kudjabo, Albert, 138, 178, 179
Kutino, Fernando, 489–91, 493–94, 496
Kwango, 60, 159, 163
Kwilu, 14, 264, 341
Kyungu wa Kumwanza, Gabriel, 411
Labwe, Riza, 475–76
Ladawa, Bobi, 380, 400
Lahout, Julien, 274
Lake Albert, 525
Lake Edward, 17
Lake Kivu, 132, 350, 525
Lake Malawi, 59
Lake Tanganyika, 12, 32, 33, 34, 36, 132–33, 134, 323
La Kéthulle, Raphaël de, 173–74, 210, 223, 237, 261
La Kéthulle de Ryhove, Henri de, 173–75
Lake Victoria, 34, 36, 59
La Synergie des Femmes, 460–62, 476
League of Nations, 139
Lee, Rev. Dr. Jaerock, 491
Lelo, Patou, 548–50
Lema, Joseph, 86, 222
Leo XIII, Pope, 72
Leopold II, king of Belgium, 102, 243
and AIA, 41, 51, 54–55
and AIC, 54–55, 58
and atrocities, 93–94, 104, 395
and CEHC, 50
and colony of Congo, 11, 39–41, 51–54, 87, 271, 393
and Congo Free State, 55, 57–60, 63, 78–80, 94, 97, 125
as constitutional monarch, 58
death of, 105
expansionism of, 50–51, 59–60, 80, 81, 87
finances of, 79, 87–88, 105
and Force Publique, 77, 83
and free trade, 53, 54, 60, 67, 78, 79, 86–87, 262
and imperialism, 60–61, 88
and investigative committee, 97–98
lasting influence of, 104
and missionaries, 72, 73, 75
and natural resources, 118
profits sought by, 50, 61, 87, 94, 95–96, 97
promises of, 78–80
and slave trade, 39, 62, 78, 80, 94
and Stanley, 41, 44, 49, 50–52, 53, 58–59, 81
Leopold III, king of Belgium, 182
Léopoldville, 117, 164, 167–68
as capital, 61, 210–11, 284, 325
culture in, 166, 213, 230
elections, 238, 241, 264
as Kinshasa, see Kinshasa
Maison des Blancs, 210–11
racial legends in, 193
sports in, 172–73, 174, 210, 237
violence in, 194, 237–38, 248–49, 255, 401
Les Belges, 176
Lessie, Pastor Denis, 489
Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von, 131
Lever, William, 126–27, 146
Ley, Tabu (Rochereau), 348, 353, 388, 477, 496