Congo
Page 86
Leysen, Luc, 217
Libya, 183, 186, 187, 439, 445
Lincoln, Abraham, Gettysburg Address, 273
Lingala, 15–16, 77, 215, 230
Lisanga, Pauline, 212–13
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 95, 106
Livingstone, David, 32, 33–34
Livingstone Inland Mission, 47, 48
Lomami Tshibamba, Paul, 170–72, 216
Lomboto, Nkusu, 89–90
Lombume, Vincent, 335
Lord’s Resistance Army, 524
Lualaba River, 32, 34
Luanda, 59
Luba migrants, 411
Lubanga, Thomas, 473
Lubumbashi, 15, 123, 428–29, 507, 508
Luiswishi cobalt mine, 527
Lukudu, 83
Lukunga mission, 48, 116
Lukusu movement (snake sect), 154
Luliba, Ruffin, 395, 465
and First Congo War, 428–32
as Kabila’s bodyguard, 428–29, 445
kidnapping of, 416–17, 418, 428
as prisoner of war, 421–22
and Rwandan invasion, 418–22
visit to parents’ home, 431–32
Lulua, 175, 302
Luluabourg, Constitution of, 319–20, 404–5
Lumbala, Roger, 453, 467
Lumbeeck, Walter and Alice, 313, 314–15, 318
Lumbi, Pierre, 528
Lumoso, Thomas Masamba, 136
Lumumba, Patrice, 242–45
arrest and murder of, 104, 281, 283, 304–5, 306–10, 311, 315, 321, 338, 465
attempts on life of, 304–5, 310
and constitutional crisis, 303–5
as defense minister, 302, 470
and elections, 263–65, 272, 337, 410
and First Republic, 262–65, 283, 284–85, 294–95, 299–300, 302–3
and Force Publique, 285, 286–87, 288
and independence, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265
legacy of, 284, 325, 372, 391, 392, 435
as martyr, 309, 338, 343
and MNC, 242, 244, 253, 261
opponents of, 286, 288
as orator, 229, 238, 243, 245, 247, 272–75, 284, 286, 301, 334
and political congress, 253–55
as prime minister, 265, 269, 271, 276, 299, 304, 309, 405
in prison, 255, 257, 304–5
removal from office, 303–6, 329
and round-table conference, 257, 261
supporters of, 284, 305, 306, 320–22, 323, 336, 338, 500
and United Nations, 301–3, 305, 306, 309
UN telegrams from, 296–99
Lunda Empire, 32, 252–53, 310–11, 371
Lundula, Victor, 287, 288
Lungeni, Mama, 322, 324, 326–27
Lusaka Peace Agreement, 442, 449
Lutunu, 9, 65, 101–3, 109, 110, 113, 116, 137
Lutunu-Smith, Francis, 103
Maasbach, John, 490
Machiavelli, Niccolò, Principe, 339, 340
Madame A., 385–86
Mahamba, Alexandre, 336
Mahele, Marc, 429–30
Mai-mai, 411, 420, 423, 443, 447–49, 467, 517, 519
Maindo, Raphaël, 245
Makala prison, 463–65
Makeba, Miriam, 348
Makitu, Mfumu, 101–2, 103, 108
Makulo, Disasi, 29–33, 36, 38, 41–46, 82, 100, 103
atrocities witnessed by, 88–89
death of, 322
in Europe, 64–67
and Force Publique, 76, 98
and Grenfell, 68–69, 70, 71, 98
kidnapping of, 42–43, 327
at Kinshasa station, 49–51, 55
marriage of, 71, 98
and Stanley, 35, 37, 43, 44–46, 49, 99
and Swinburne, 62–64, 67, 68
and tribal customs, 70, 71
and Yalemba mission, 71–72, 88, 98, 103, 324
malaria, 47, 93, 106, 177, 440
Mali, 393
Malula, Msgr./Cardinal Joseph-Albert, 277, 339, 354–55, 400
Malu Malu, Abbé Apollinaire, 496, 517
Mamadou, 453–54
Mampata, Sylvia, 480
Mananga, Camille, 76, 218, 296
Mandela, Nelson, 151, 273, 393, 414, 426, 429, 437, 513
“Manifeste de la Nsele,” 342, 344
manioc, 23, 25, 88
Mao Tse-tung, 320, 321, 322, 352, 355, 364, 528
March of Hope, 402–3, 490, 493, 503
Marie-Antoinette, mama-présidente, 380
Marist Brothers, 83, 114
Maron, Amour, 168, 192
Marthoz, Aimé, 168
Masasu Nindaga, Anselme, 418, 431, 435, 466
Masika, Justine, 476
Masunda, Victor, 75, 218
Matadi, 12, 14, 61, 194, 202
Matswa, André, 153, 178
Matuli, 91
Maurice/Moritz, Monsieur, 224
Mayani, Jean, 244–45, 254, 255
Mbila, Suzanne, 156
Mbuji-Mayi, 14, 15
Mbumba, Nathanaël, 371, 372
Mbunda tribe, 320, 321
Mbusa Nyamwisi, Antipas, 451, 453, 454, 467
Mertens, Alfons, 381–82, 394, 408
Methodist missionaries, 47
Michel, Louis, 503
Michels, Gabriël, 308
mining, 118–26, 156, 357, 374
Chinese owners in, 526–27
corporal punishment in, 125
and First Congo War, 428
and First Republic, 293
manual laborers, 121–25, 137, 302
multinationals, 457
recruitment for, 124, 125
and Second Congo War, 454–57, 458, 459
strikes, 191–94
workers’ lives, 165–68, 171–72
and World War II, 191
Miss Charm contests, 212
Miss Congo, 345
missionaries, 8, 22, 46–49, 64, 68–76, 141
charismatic church, 406, 490
and local customs, 110
and nuclear family, 293
and schools, 98, 113–16, 169, 171, 172, 175, 208, 214, 229, 258
and social life, 174–75
violence against, 82–83, 324
See also Catholic Church; Protestant missionaries
Miss Zaïre, 349
Mitterand, François, 390, 392–93
Mkapa, Benjamin, 437
MLC (Mouvement pour la Libération du Congo), 446, 449, 453, 454, 467
MNC (Mouvement National Congolais), 241–42, 244, 253, 255, 261, 263, 264, 275
Mobutu, Joseph-Désiré, 11, 241
aging, 379–80, 394, 427–28
and Ceausescu, 363–65, 392
and the church, 400–401, 489–90
coups d’états of, 282, 283, 284, 304, 305–7, 330, 336, 338, 394, 410, 497
death of, 431
and detribalization, 349
and droit de cuissage, 384–85
exile of, 431
fall from power, 328, 395–400, 445
and First Republic, 283, 284, 300, 306, 311, 315, 319, 323, 324, 325
and Force Publique, 287, 288
at Gbadolite, 380–82, 384, 385, 400–401, 403, 409, 430
health problems of, 344, 427
as journalist, 247
and Katanga, 316, 319
and kleptocracy, 381
and Lumumba, 303–7, 310
and Mao, 528
marshal’s inauguration, 382
mother’s death, 379–80
name change of, 348
and national conference, 397–401
as national village chieftain, 351
opponents of, 277, 337, 343–44, 354–55, 371–72, 382–84, 397–406, 435, 493, 521
as orator, 174, 333–34, 348
and personality cult, 353, 381–82
power amassed by, 338–39, 342–44, 346, 356–58, 365, 373, 374, 396, 507
as president, 330, 440, 449,
458, 463, 481, 513, 531
as prime minister, 325
properties of, 380–82
rivals eliminated by, 336–40, 342
and round-table conference, 262–63
and Rwandan genocide, 415–16
and Rwandan invasion, 418, 426–28, 429
shadow government set up by, 410–11
supporters of, 397, 497
and tribalism, 413
waning popularity of, 359, 371, 387, 393–94, 395–97, 400, 426, 434
wealth amassed by, 367, 375
and Zaïre, 331, 333–51, 389–90
Mobutu, Nzanga, 500, 502
Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga, 348
Mokolo, 92
monetization, 127–28
Monsengwo, Laurent, 400, 402, 404, 405
Morel, Edward, 96, 379
Morel, Léon, 148
Morocco, 233, 241, 270
Mosolo Mpiaka, Alphonsine, 340–41, 373–74
Mount Stanley, 12
Mozambique, 258, 311
moziki (women’s groups), 235–36
Mpadi, Simon-Pierre, 153
Mpiana, J. B., 434, 477–78, 484, 495, 511
MPLA (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola), 371
Mpolo, Maurice, 307
Mpoyi, Léonard, 192
MPR (Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution), 342–44, 346, 347, 353, 365, 383, 384, 393, 394, 395, 410, 497
Mpundu, Abbé José, 401–3, 493, 503
Msiri, 8, 32, 38, 58, 308, 453
Muana, Tshala, 496, 503
Mubarak, Hosni, 437
Mugabe, Robert, 445, 513, 528
“Muhindu” (pseud.), 446–47, 460
Mukamba, Mibaas Jonan, 381
Mukanirwa, Jeanine, 446
Mukoka, Raymond, 383
Mulamba, Léonard, 339
Mulele, Pierre, 320–22, 341–42, 372
Mundele-Mwinda, legend of, 193
Mundele-Ngulu, legend of, 193
Mungul-Diaka, Bernardin, 401
Munongo, Godefroid, 307–8
Munzihirwa, Archbishop Christophe, 420
Murjebi, Hamed ben Mohammed al-(Tippo Tip), 32
Musafiri, François, 160
Musekiwa, Isaac, 330
Museveni, Yoweri, 413, 418, 426, 438, 450, 457, 467
Mushiete, Paul, 261
music:
as anesthesia, 388
and beer endorsements, 477–80
Congolese rumba, 168, 219, 235, 553
and dancing, 167–68, 169, 213, 477
“Indépendance Cha-Cha,” 259, 495
Kimbanguist, 144
kobwaka libanga, 495–96
and politics, 495–96
reggae, 185
and urban life, 213, 511
in Zaïre, 352–56, 388
Mussolini, Benito, 183
Mutebusi, Jules, 472
Mutijima, Régine, 391–92, 395–401, 403–6, 410, 431
Mutinga, Modeste, 396
Muzito, Adolphe, 509
Mwilu, Marie, 151, 152
Namibia, 130, 138, 258, 311, 439, 445
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 233
Natalis de Cleene, Père, 75
National Colonial Congress, 179
nationalism, 37–38, 351–54, 413, 484
nationalization, 262, 345–46, 356, 357–58
NATO, 287
Ndele, Albert, 224, 325
Ndjoli, Victorine, 212, 225, 235, 270
ndombolo (dance style), 477, 481, 485
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 233
Nendaka, Victor, 325
Netherlands, 37, 426, 457
Neto, Agostinho, 371
Ngombe, François, 212
Ngoy, Adolphine, 349
Ngumbi, Louis, 185
Ngunzism, 153
Nguza Karl-I-Bond, Jean, 376, 384, 401, 403
Ngwadi, Longin, 207–11, 213, 240, 276–79, 288, 305, 359–60
Niasse, Moustapha, 467
Nigeria, trade with China, 526
Nile River, 34, 36, 59–60, 81
Nile Valley, 31
Nirahabimana, Grâce, 522–23
Nixon, Richard M., 376
Njoli, Joseph, 128
Nkamba (Holy City), 142–47, 150, 152
Nkasi, Etienne, 6–11, 13, 38, 96, 102, 137, 154–61, 222, 295, 533
in Kikwit, 159–61
and Kimbangu, 142–43
in Kinshasa, 117–18, 127, 154
as manual laborer, 119–20, 121–22, 154
marriage of, 156
and missionaries, 48–49, 72
and native unrest, 154–55
and railroads, 84–85, 116, 127, 155–56, 526
travels of, 116–17
Nkayi, Pascal, 265
Nkoi, Maria (Marie aux Léopards), 137–38
Nkrumah, Kwame, 245, 391
Nkunda, Laurent, 461, 472, 473, 495, 514, 515–24, 532
Ntaganda, Bosco, 459–60, 518, 524
Numbi, John, 509
Nyanga people, 411
Nyerere, Julius, 245
Nyiragongo volcano, 515
Nzimbu Diluzeyi, Hélène, 135–36
Nzinga Kuwu, King, 21
Nzinga Mvemba, Prince, 21
Obama, Barack, 274, 533–34
Obote, Milton, 413
oil crisis, 358, 374
okapi, 13
Okito, Joseph, 307
OK Jazz, 235, 330, 348, 352
Olenga, Nicholas, 324
Olomide, Koffi, 477, 492, 495
Oman, sultan of, 31
Onema, Mama, 322
ONUC (Opération des Nations Unies au Congo), 297
Operation Artémis, 473, 497
Operation Dragon Rouge, 326
Operation Grand Slam, 316
Operation Ommegang, 326
Opération Turqoise, 414–15
Organization for African Unity, 410
Orientale province, 15, 137
Otenga, Libert, 188–89, 190–91, 200
OTRAG (Orbital Transport und Raketen Aktiengesellschaft), 366
Overbergh, Cyrille van, 112
Pacheco, Johnny, 348
pagne, 352, 355
Pakasa, Thérèse, 392
palm oil, 19, 30, 126–27, 161, 191
Pan-African Congress, 180
Panda Farnana, Paul, 138, 178, 179–80
Paris Club, 374–75, 378
Paris Peace Conference (1919), 138
Pasquale, Monsieur, 155–56
The Passion of Christ (movie), 494
Pay Pay, Pierre, 500
Peace, 69, 76, 99–100
Peigneux, Firmin, 157–59
Pelgrim, Willy, 357
Pels, Dick, 479
Pemba, Kuku, 359–60
Pende, 161, 163, 168–69, 174, 192, 320
Pentecostalism, 489–94, 496, 516, 550
Permanent Commission for the Protection of Natives, 93, 105, 203, 205
Permentier, René de, 92
Pétillon, Léon, 202, 210–11, 222, 240, 276, 277
physicians, 106–10
Piaf, Edith, 215
Picard, Edmond, 66–67
Picasso, Pablo, 352
Pointer Sisters, 348
Poland, 297, 309
Polar beer, 243
Portugal:
Carnation Revolution in, 371
colonies of, 23, 52, 53, 54, 130, 258
territorial disputes with, 59
trade with, 21–23, 30, 54
PPRD (Parti du Peuple pour la Reconstruction et la Démocratie), 501, 502, 506
Primus beer, 243, 474, 476–77, 479, 480, 483–85
proletarianization, 125–27
Protestant missionaries, 72, 74, 76, 96, 102, 103, 116, 147–49, 150
PSA (Parti Solidaire Africain), 254, 255
Punga, Bertin, 435
Pygmies, 14, 18, 19, 24, 64, 112, 349, 453, 454
quinine, 65, 191
race:
army violence agai
nst whites, 82–83
atrocities of, 92, 288, 289, 324, 459
black pride, 347–48
blacks considered children, 170, 206
blacks in cities, 165–68
civil rights, 244
color bar, 176–78, 216–17, 244
and control, 169, 171, 172, 175, 177–78, 200
and corporal punishment, 216, 217
and ethnographers, 110–16
and fear, 165, 174, 178, 206, 249, 288–91
gap between races, 204–5, 230, 231, 272–73, 285–86, 288
gradual civilization of blacks, 204
in Guangzhou, 550
integration in Belgium, 239
legends of, 193
mixed parentage, 203–4
and native middle class, 217
and native unrest, 141–42, 149, 153, 156, 160, 161, 162–63, 175, 176, 200–201, 205, 248–49, 251, 255
Pan-Africanism, 180
postwar life for blacks, 204–5
postwar riots, 178–80
prejudice, 290–92
and premium system, 85–86
segregation, 125, 159, 170, 177, 205, 216, 218, 221, 232, 239
and slave trade, see slave trade
strikes, 179
us/them logic, 177, 216–19
Western invasion after blacks kill whites, 163, 372–73
white, right-wing regimes, 311, 312
radicalization, 357–58
Radio Congo Belge, 212–13, 234
Radio Okapi, 176, 180, 488
railroads, 8, 79, 83–86, 116, 120–22, 127, 155–56
and BCK, 121, 313
Katanga-Angola line, 313, 369
premium system, 85–86, 90
strikes, 194, 202
Raphaël, Tata, 215, 231, 268
Rashidi, 465
Rastafarians, 185, 515
RCD (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie), 443–49, 451, 452–53, 516
RCD-G, 451, 453, 467, 472
RCD-K, 451
RCD-K/ML, 451, 453
RCD-ML, 451, 454, 467
RCD-N, 453, 467
Reagan, Ronald, 376, 390
Regis, Simba, 442–44
religion:
ancestor worship, 355
churches of the awakening, 490
Kimbanguism, 142–44, 147–48, 151–53, 355
and media, 489
missions, see missionaries
new movements, 153–54
Pentecostalism, 489–94, 496, 550
and racial legends, 193
serial monotheism, 492
and unrest, 137, 161–62, 175–76
Renkin, Jules, 104
Republic of Congo, 11; see also First Republic; Second Republic; Third Republic
République Populaire du Congo, 324
retrocession, 358
Rhodes, Cecil, 80
Rhodesia, 122–23, 131, 176, 311, 312
river blindness, 329
roads, 15, 142, 379, 529
Roberto, Holden, 371
rocket launching, 365–67, 369–70
Roi David (performer), 480
Romania, 363–65, 392
Rommel, Erwin, 186
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 190
Ross, Ronald, 106
Rossi, Tino, 141, 355