Hollow Earth: The Long and Curious History of Imagining Strange Lands, Fantastical Creatures, Advanced Civilizatio
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Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society)
Pierce, Franklin
Pilgrims Through Space and Time (Bailey)
Pilling, W. W.
Pilot, The (Cooper)
Plagiarism
Plato
Plutonists
Poe, Edgar Allan
death of
early life of
The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym by
portrait of
Reynolds and
Symmes’ Holes and
Polar explorations, Symmes, ideas about hollow earth and
Polar openings, Euler’s ideas on
Porden, Eleanor Ann
Possibility of Approaching the North Pole, The (Barrington)
Power of Blackness, The (Levin)
Principia philosophiae (Descartes)
Progressive Liberty party
Progressivism
Pullman railroad strike
Puritanism
Pytheas
Quakers
Quatrefages, Monsieur de
Rainard, Robert Lynn
Ramus, Jonas
Rape of Proserpine, The (Claudian)
Rapp, George
Rathbone, Basil
“Raven, The” (Poe)
Rea, Sara Weber
Reconstruction
Rectilineator, Koreshan invention
Reed, William T.
Reeves, George
Reeves, Steve
Regnus, C. See Sanger, Charles
Relation d’un voyage du pole artique au pole antarctique
Remarkable Events and Remarkable Shipwrecks (Thomas)
Remarks on a Review of Symmes’ Theory (Reynolds)
Republic (Plato)
Restoration
Reynolds, Jeremiah N.
Antarctica campaign by
Poe’s interest in
Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Coleridge)
Riou, Edouard
Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, The (Hitler)
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe)
Rockwood, Roy. See Garis, Howard
Rome, hollow earth beliefs in
Roosevelt, Theodore
Rose Lawn Home Journal
Rosicrucian Society
Ross, James Clark
Ross, Sir John
Row, Delia M.
Royal Geographic Society
Royal Society of London
Rucker, Rudy
Rupes Nigra
Sabine, Sir Edward
Sacred Theory of the Earth, The (Burnet)
Salem witch trials
Sanchez, S. W.
Sanger, Charles (pseud. C. Regnus)
Science, hollow
Science fiction
feminist
Golden Age of
movies
Science fiction novels, Verne as originator of
Science-Fiction Studies (Evans)
Scientific knowledge, decline in number of hollow earth novels and
Scientific method
Scientific revolution
Scott, G. Firth
Scott, Sir Walter
Seaborn, Adam. See Symmes, John Cleves
Sea fiction
Sealing expeditions
Second Voyage in Search of a North-West Passage (Ross)
Secret Doctrine, The (Blavatsky)
Secret of the Earth, The (Beale)
Seven Worlds to Conquer (Burroughs)
Shakers
Shakespeare, William
Shaver, Richard S.
“Shaver Mystery, The” (Shaver)
Shaver Mystery stories
samples of cover stories depicted
Shaw, William Jenkins
Short History of the United States, A (Nevins and Commager)
Show Window, The
Siegmeister, Walter (pseud. Raymond Bernard)
Silverman, Kenneth
Skinner, Doug
Slavery, Reconstruction and
Slaves, emancipation of
Smith, Joseph
Smith, William
Smith College
Smoky God, The (Emerson)
Snodgrass, J. E.
Southern Literary Messenger
South Sea Fur Company and Exploring Expedition
Sovereign Guide, The: A Tale of Eden (Miller)
Spanish-American War
Speke, John
Spencer, Herbert
Sphinx of the Ice Fields, The ( Verne)
Spielberg, Steven
Spiritualism
St. John, J. Allen
cover of Tarzan of the Earth’s Core by
St. Louis, Missouri, importance of, in American frontier
St. Vincent Millay, Edna
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, William
Steamboats
Steiner, Rudolph
Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder, A (DeMille)
Stratemeyer Syndicate
Sturgeon, Theodore
Subterranean novels
Sumerians, hollow earth beliefs held by
Superman and the Mole Men (movie)
Superman films, hollow earth motifs in
Swallow Barn (Kennedy)
Swallowed by an Earthquake (Fawcett)
Symmes, Americus
Symmes, Celadon
Symmes, John Cleves (pseud. Adam
Seaborn)
biographical sketch of
influences on
as lecturer
polar holes theory of
portrait of, by John James Audubon
Symzonia written by
Symmes, John (judge)
Symmes, Timothy
“Symmes Hole, Or the South Polar Romance” (Nelson)
Symmes’ Theory of Concentric Spheres (McBride)
Symmes Theory of Concentric Spheres, The (Symmes)
Symzonia: Voyage of Discovery (Symmes)
as first American hollow earth novel
map of interior world, from original 1820 edition of
Syracuse Institute of Progressive Medicine
Tamerlane and Other Poems (Poe)
Tanar of Pellucidar (Burroughs)
cover art for
Tarzan and Jane (Tarzan’s Quest) (Burroughs)
Tarzan at the Earth’s Core (Burroughs)
St. John cover depicted
Tarzan of the Apes (Burroughs)
Taylor, William Alexander
Teed, Cyrus. See also Koresh
cosmology of
depicted
early life of
hollow earth beliefs held by
hollow globe of
Illumination of Koresh by
Koreshanity and
portrait of
setting chosen by, for his New Jerusalem
tomb on Estero Island depicted
Teed, Douglas
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the Earth’s Core (movie)
Telescope
Theory of Concentric Spheres, The (McBride)
Theosophical Society
Third World, The, A Tale of Love & Strange Adventure (Fairman)
Thomas, R.
Thoreau, Henry David
Thorpe, Fred
“Thought Records of Lemuria” (Shaver)
Through the Earth, or, Jack Nelson’s Invention (Thorpe)
Through the Earth (Fezandie)
Thyra, A Romance of the Polar Pit (Bennet)
Time Machine, The (Wells)
Tolkein, John R.
Tolstoy, Leo
Tom Jones
Tom Swift novels
Tower, Washington L.
Traveler from Altruria, A (Howells)
Travels of Jacobus Cnoyen of Bois le Duc
Treaty of Ghent
Trussel, Steve
Turner, Frederick Jackson
Twain, Mark
Twice-Told Tales (Hawthorne)
“2012 Unlimited” website
UFOlogy
Uncle Wiggley
/>
Underground Man (de Tarde)
Under Pike’s Peak; or Malama, Child of the Fire Father (McKesson)
Under the Auroras, A Marvelous Tale of the Interior World (Shaw)
Under the Moons of Mars (Burroughs)
Under the World (DeMorgan)
Underworld
novels set in
universal concept of
Unknown World (movie)
“Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfall, The” (Poe)
Upsidonia (Marshall)
Utopia (More)
Utopian Novel in America, The (Pfaelzer)
Utopian novels
Van Leeuwenhoek, Anton
Verne, Jules
early life of
journey to center of geology and
Vikings
Virgil
Volta, Alessandro
Voltaire, Francois-Marie Arouet
Von Humboldt, Alexander
Voyage from Montreal on the River St.
Lawrence, Through the Continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans, in the Years 1789 and 1793 (Mackenzie)
Voyage of the Potomac (Reynolds)
Voyages extraordinaires (Verne)
Walden (Thoreau)
Waldorf Schools
Wallace, W. Ross
Wandering Jew
Warner, Abraham
War of 1812
Watson, Dr.
Way, Robert
Web sites, hollow earth–related
Weddell, James
Welcome, S. Byron
Wellesley College
Wells, H.G.
Wells, M. L.
Wesleyan College
Western Druggist
Whaling, Antarctic expeditions and
“What Curiosity in the Structure: The Hollow Earth in Science” (Griffin)
When the Sleeper Wakes (Wells)
Whigs
White, Thomas
Whitman, Sarah Ellen, portrait of Edgar Allan Poe by
Wilgus, Neal
Wilkenson, James
William III (king of England)
Winthrop, Park
Women, education for
Women’s suffrage
Wonderful Wizard of Oz, The (Baum)
Wood, Mrs J. (pseud.)
World College of Life
World War I
Wren, Christopher
X-Files, The
Zola, Emile
1
Quoted in Alan Cook’s Edmond Halley (Oxford 1998). Note reads: First Minute Book: Oldenburg to Richard Norwood, 6 March 1664, Oldenburg Corresp, Vol. 2, p. 146.
2
From the Spark Museum website at www.sparkmuseum.com/RADIOS.HTM.
3
See the chapter “The Reverend Thomas’ Dirty Little Planet” in Stephen Jay Gould’s Ever Since Darwin (1979).
4
As reprinted in James McBride’s Pioneer Biography: Sketches of the Lives of Some of the Early Settlers of Butler County, Ohio, 2 vols. (Cincinnati: R. Clarke & Co., 1859–1861).
5
This is from a long marginal note by Symmes in a copy of Symmes’s Theory of Concentric Circles, written by his friend, James McBride, and published as “By A Citizen of the United States” (Cincinnati: Morgan, Lodge and Fisher, 1826).
6
A History and Biographical Cyclopaedia of Butler County Ohio, With Illustrations and Sketches of its Representative Men and Pioneers (Cincinnati, Ohio: Western Biographical Publishing Company, 1882).
7
The book was published anonymously, as written by “A Citizen of the United States,” but it’s generally recognized that McBride was the author. Born in Pennsylvania in 1788, McBride migrated to the “Symmes Purchase” at age eighteen, where he made enough money as a merchant to become a historian of the Miami country’s early white settlement and accumulated arguably the most extensive library in the area—of which, presumably, Symmes generously availed himself. It has been suggested by one writer, in fact, that McBride was the brains behind Symmes’s hollow earth theory, directing his reading and thinking, and, puppetmaster-like, putting Symmes out there as the front man for it. But this seems unlikely.
8
For this and other questionable hollow earth information, the UnMuseum’s address is http://www.unmuseum.org/hollow.htm.
9
“What Curiosity in the Structure: The Hollow Earth in Science” by Duane Griffin is an excellent, short historical paper surveying scientific thinking about the hollow earth, down to the present. Quite readable though aimed for an academic audience. It is available online at www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/dgriffin/Research/Griffin-HE_in_Science.pdf.
10
http://www.professorfringe.com/he.htm.
11
Sir John Ross, whose second arctic expedition (1829–33) in search of the Northwest Passage discovered and surveyed Boothia Peninsula and King William Island in Canada’s Northwest Territories. His nephew, James Clark Ross, part of the expedition, located the north magnetic pole.
12
Mercator wrote in a letter to John Dee, Queen Elizabeth I’s astrologer: “In the midst of the four countries is a Whirlpool into which there empty these four Indrawing Seas which divide the North. And the water rushes round and descends into the earth just as if one were pouring it through a filter funnel. It is 4 degrees wide on every side of the Pole, that is to say eight degrees altogther. Except that right under the Pole there lies a bare rock in the midst of the Sea. Its circumference is almost 33 French miles, and it is all of magnetic stone. And is as high as the clouds, so the Priest said, [and] one can see all round it from the Sea, and that it is black and glistening.”
13
McBride in The Theory of Concentric Spheres: “Hearne, who travelled very high north and northwest on the continent of America, details various facts in his journal, which strongly corroborate Symmes’s position … he states that large droves of musk-oxen abound within the arctic circle … white or arctic foxes are, some years, remarkably plentiful, and always come from the north… .We should conclude that the internal region of the earth is as much more favourable to the support of animal life, as the rein-deer is larger than our deer, and the white bear larger than our bear …”
14
McBride enlists the aid of the book half a dozen times, saying of it, “there is an extensive collection of instances cited, where navigators have reached high northern latitudes…. It is almost uniformly stated, that in those high latitudes, the sea is clear of ice, or nearly so, and the weather moderate.”
15
Arguing Symmes’ case for greater refraction of light in polar regions, McBride quotes Mackenzie in a footnote as stating “‘that sometimes the land looms, so that there may be a great deception in the distances.’ —Mackenzie’s Voyage, p.11, New York, 1802.”
16
This story appears in A Fabulous Kingdom: The Exploration of the Arctic by Charlies Officer and Jake Page (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
17
In fact most martins winter in South America, from southeastern Brazil as far west as Colombia.
18
Today 95% of the world’s southern fur seals—upwards of a million—jam South Georgia in summer, along with half the southern elephant seals, a quarter-million albatrosses, and penguins numbering in the millions.
19
As Walker Chapman writes in The Loneliest Continent: “Sealing was a brutal, cold-blooded operation, and the men who manned the ships were the toughest to go to sea since the days of the Elizabethan buccaneers. Sailing in ice-filled seas, gliding between uncharted rocks hidden by mist and snow, they made their landings on lonely, barren islands where thousands of friendly, harmless seals had come to mate. The seals offered no defense as the sealers went among them, clubbing them to death. The men worked caked with grease, wading in rivers of blood. It was cruel work, and attracted cruel men… . Island after island was stripped of its seals. One sealing vessel alone ki
lled 100,000 seals in five years.”
20
A History and Biographical Cyclopaedia of Butler County Ohio, With Illustrations and Sketches of its Representative Men and Pioneers (Cincinnati, Ohio: Western Biographical Publishing Company, 1882). This book is available online at http://www.rootsweb.com/~ohbutler/cyc/.
21
Quoted without naming the source in “Symmes and His Theory,” by E. F. Madden, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. October, 1882: 740–744.
22
The best account of this partnership is found in William Stanton’s 1975 The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, to which I am indebted for the details here.
23
It must have been pretty profitable to him. His first solo lectures in Philadelphia, according to a notice in The Democratic Press, drew “an auditory of from thirteen to fifteen hundred…. The lecture was intended and well calculated to remove prejudice against the theory of Capt. Symmes.”
24
Henry Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio (Columbus, Ohio: The State of Ohio, 1891), 1:430–432.
25
As related in Israfel: The Life and Times of Edgar Allan Poe by Hervey Allen (1926).
26
This sketch of Reynolds is quoted in The History of Clinton County Ohio (Chicago: W. H. Beers and Company, 1882), 580–585.
27
Reynolds finds no metaphysics lurking in his story of the white whale, and, at the end of his tale, it’s killed. Melville probably read the story as a young sailor aboard the Acushnet. In 1847, Melville bought a copy of Reynolds’ Voyage of the United States Frigate Potomac.
28
Nathaniel Hawthorne, then thirty-four years old, whose Twice-Told Tales had been published in 1837, had also applied for the job as Corresponding Secretary, seeking “a way out of despondency,” as Robert Almy puts it, adding, “His friend Franklin Pierce advised negotiating through Reynolds, and himself talked with and wrote Reynolds in Hawthorne’s behalf.” But nothing came of it, and in 1839 Hawthorne took a position in the Boston Custom House instead.
29
Others he liberally pilfered from were Benjamin Morrell’s A Narrative of Four Voyages ( J. & J. Harper, New York, 1832); The Mariner’s Chronicle (stories of true sailing disasters originally published from 1804 to 1812, reprinted as a collection by George W. Gorton, New Haven, 1834); and R. Thomas’s Remarkable Events and Remarkable Shipwrecks (New York, 1836). Behind on getting material to his publisher, Poe resorted to using these as a bit of Novel Helper.
30
This account is related in Hervey Allen’s landmark 1926 biography, Israfel.