Consuming Passions: Leisure and Pleasure in Victorian Britain
Page 75
Christmas cards, 483-6
Christmas Letter Mission, 486
Christmas Tree, The: A Book of Instruction and Amusement for All Young People, 489
Christmas trees, 470-2, 479, 487 chromolithography, 485
Chunee (elephant), 275 churches: and early football teams, 439-40
Churton’s (circulating library), 185
Cibber, Theophilus: The Harlot’s Progress, 323
cinema: beginnings, 378
circuses, 282-3, 313
cities: size and population, 98
Civil Service Co-operative Society, 82
Civil Service Supply Association, 81, 497
Clark, C. and J. (shoemakers), 93
Clark’s Weekly Dispatch, 142
class (social): and Great Exhibition visitors, 28-30; and admission to museums and galleries, 398 & n; and sports, 420-1, 423; and horseracing attendance, 430-1; see also middle classes; working classes
Classical Exhibition, Pall Mall, 258
Claude glass, 222-3
Claude Lorraine, 222; St Ursula, 380
Clementi, Muzio, 359-60, 365 clothes: ready-made, 85-9, 94-7; waterproof, 91-2; for travellers and holidaymakers, 221, 244; for sport, 459-62; see also fashion
Clowes (printers), 182
clubs (benefit): friendly societies, 30-1, 81-2; food, 79-80; and co-ops, 80-83; goose 481
clubs (social): formed, 4-6; cultural and educational, 31, 74n; books and reading in, 169-71; music, 343-5, 348-9, 366, 372, 474; sporting, 425, 428, 430-1, 440-51, 454, 456-7, 462; see also under individual towns and cities
coal: prices, 73
Cobb, Thomas, 133
Coburg Theatre, London (later Old Vic), 300, 319, 329-30
cocoa: consumption, 56n
Cochrane Stores (Scotland), 84n
cock-throwing, 420
cockfighting, 420
Cocks, James, 382
coffee: consumption, 56n
coffee houses, 5n, 56, 126-7; books and reading in, 169, 171
Colburn’s Modern Novelists series, 188
Cole, Sir Henry: and planning of Great Exhibition, 8-9, 11-12, 15, 28; founds South Kensington Museum, 403-4; and Christmas cards, 484-6; Home Treasury, 9; as designer ‘Felix Summerly’, 9; as campaigning journalist, 10-11
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 172
Collard (piano manufacturer), 361
Colman, George, 238-9, 379; The Clandestine Marriage (with David Garrick), 25-6
Colman, George, the younger: Blue Beard; or, Female Curiosity, 315-16; The Quadrupeds of Quedlingburgh, 316
Colosseum, Regent’s Park, 270, 272
Combe, William: Tour of Dr Syntax in Search of the Picturesque, 198n
comfort: concept of, 23, 26
common land see enclosures
Compton Comedy Company (theatrical), 302
Concert of Antient Music, 345, 348-9, 366
concerts: in Bath, 233; public, 343-4, 346, 348-54, 367; and virtuoso players, 365-6; ticket prices, 366; promenade, 367-8; parlour, 374
Constable’s Miscellany (publisher’s series), 188
consumerism: development, xv-xvi, 26
Contour Road Books, 456
Cook, Captain James: accounts of voyages, 197-8
Cook, John, 36
Cook, Thomas: excursions to Great Exhibition, 33-6, 41; on railways and regulation of time, 194-5; Monday tours, 208, 225; organizes excursion travel, 225-9; organizes trips to Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition, 408
Cooper, James Fenimore, 190, 259
Co-operative movement, 80-3
Co-operative Trading Association, 80
Co-operative Wholesale Society, 81-2
Co-operator, The ( journal), 80
Copley, John Singleton, 387-90
Coram, Thomas, 382
Corder, William (murderer), 181
Cornelys, Teresa, 348
Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy, 344
Cosway, Richard, 7n, 383 country-houses: visiting, 201-2, 212-15, 392
Courier (newspaper), 130
Court Magazine, 221
Covent Garden (theatre), 238-9, 293, 295-6, 304, 315-16, 319, 327-8
Cowper, William: Poems, 223
Cox, David: The Hayfield (painting), 410
Cox’s Museum, 253, 269
Cramer, J.B., 359-60
Cramer, Wilhelm, 348
Crane, Walter, 487
credit: at shops, 45; Wedgwood offers, 68
Cremorne Gardens, London, 280
cricket: guides and books on, 204-5; and football playing, 440
Crim.-Con. Gazette, 142 crime: reported in popular newspapers, 141
Crimean War: newspaper coverage, 141 crinolines, 19
Crosthwaite, Peter, 217
Cruikshank, George (illustrator), 159; Life in London, 178; The Bottle, 324; Fairy Library, 306n
Cruikshank, Robert (illustrator), Life in London, 179
Crystal Palace: houses Great Exhibition, 3, 17, 26, 37; moved to Sydenham, 282-3; concerts at, 368
Cubitt, Thomas, 11 & n
Cullwick, Hannah, 475
Cumberland, Richard, 295
Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, 278
Cushman, James, 25
cycling: as sport, 453, 455-6; popularization, 455-9; journals, 458; dress, 462-3
Cyclists Touring Club (CTC), 456-7, 462
Czerny, Karl, 360; see also music, pianos
Dadd, Richard, 306n
Daguerre, Louis, 266, 270; see also photography
Daily Advertiser, 7
Daily Chronicle, 119, 147
Daily News, 147
Daily Telegraph: price and sales, 147; sports reporting, 154; advertisements, 162
Dam, H.J.W.: The Shop Girl, 340
Dance, George, the younger, 390
Dance, Nathaniel, 383n
Darley, Thomas, 426
Darwen News, 444-6
Darwin, Erasmus, 74 & n
Darwin, Susannah (née Wedgwood), 69n
Davenport, John & Co. (store): low prices, 54
Davies, John, 448, 452
Davy, Sir Humphry, 172, 474n
Day’s Library, 187
Defoe, Daniel, 51; Complete Tradesman, 106
department stores: beginnings and development, 85; display, 101; middle-class appeal, 110; quality and range of goods, 111; service departments, 112-13; purpose-built, 113; annual sales, 118; in plays, 340; sell theatre tickets, 340; Christmas grottos, 490-1; opening dates, 496-7; see also shops
Derby: size, 45-6; football match, 438
Derby, Edward George Geoffrey Smith, 14th Earl of (earlier Lord Stanley), 11
Derby Philosophical Society, 74n
Derry and Toms (London store), 113, 496
Destouches, Philippe Néricault: La Fausse Agnes, 238
de Vere, Pauline (lion-tamer), 283
Devonshire, William George Spencer Cavendish, 6th Duke of, 226
Dibdin, Charles: The Blackamoor, 357
Dibdin, Charles, the younger, 179
Dibdin, Thomas, 240n, 329
Dicey, William, 124, 130, 133, 176
Dickens, Charles: and Sala, 88n; cheap editions, 190; promotes panorama of Mississippi, 273; on bill-sticker, 287; on Christmas, 468-9, 572; Bleak House, 215; A Christmas Carol, 183, 208n, 473-5, 481, 490; ‘The Cricket on the Hearth’, 330; David Copperfield, 309-10; ‘The Haunted Man’, 272; Martin Chuzzlewit, 190; Oliver Twist, 190; Our Mutual Friend, 143n; The Pickwick Papers, 188-9, 483
Dilettanti, Society of, 380-2
Dilke, Charles W., 8
dioramas, 266-8
Dissenters: rise of, 6
Dodson, James: Antilogarithmic Canon, 138
dogfighting, 420
Doncaster: horseracing, 424, 430, 436
Douglas, Canon John, 197
D’Oyly Carte Company, 299, 302
Drake, Francis, 423
Dramatic and Musical Directory, 367
Draper’s Record, 117, 491
dressm
aking, 88-9
Dressmaking at Home (magazine), 162
drug companies, 134-5
Drury Lane Journal, 255
Drury Lane theatre see Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
Dryden, John, 344
Ducrow, Andrew, 317-19, 321, 324
Dulwich Gallery, London, 398
Dumas, Alexandre, pe`re, 322n
du Maurier, George, 26
Dundee Evening Telegraph, 155
Dunlop rubber company, 455
Dussek, Jan Ladislav, 355, 365
Dyche, Thomas: A Guide to the English Tongue, 138
dyes and dyestuffs, 7-8
Eagleton, Edward, 59-60
Early Closing Association, 211
Early English Text Society, 31
East India Company: imports tea, 57
Easthope, Sir John, 430
Eastlake, Charles, 403
Eclipse (racehorse), 427
Edgeworth, Maria: The Absentee, 298, 300; Belinda, 323; Ennui, 107, 218n
Edgeworth, Richard, 172
Edinburgh: clubs, 6; public transport, 99
education: of masses, 139; magazines, 156
Edwards, Annie: Leah: A Woman of Fashion, 186
Edwinstowe’s Artisans’ Library, 184
Egan, Pierce, 153, 232; Life in London, 178, 179-80
Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, 219, 252, 264, 270, 272, 274-5, 285
Eidophusikon, 253 & n, 254-6
electricity: for jewellery and clothing, 312n; for theatre 299-300
Eliot, George: Adam Bede, 185, 206
Eliot, T.S.: The Waste Land, 143n
Elliot, Obadiah, 72
Ellis, Sir Henry, 402
Ellis, John, 34
Elliston, Robert, 236
Elssler, Fanny, 298n
Ely: shops and retailers, 43n
Ely Pamphlet Club, 170
Empire Music Hall, Leicester Square, 378
enclosures: Select Committee on Public Walks (1883), 436; common land reduced, 436-7; General Enclosure Acts (1836), 437; (1845), 437; recreation and open space, 436-7; opening of Epping Forest to the public, 437; public parks, 437
Engels, Friedrich, 105n; see also Marx, Karl
Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine, 161-2
engravings see prints and print-sellers
Entr’acte ( journal), 376
Epsom racecourse, 435
Era (weekly), 154, 376
Erard, Pierre (piano manufacturer), 20
Evangelical Magazine, 274
evangelicalism: rise of, 6, 138-9; and education, 156; on theatre, 274; and decline of concerts, 354
Evans, D.H. (London store), 121, 497
Everett-Green, Constance, 457
Evill, John (of Bath), 85
Ewart, William, 401
Exchange Coffee House, Manchester, 126
Exchange and Mart (magazine), 161
excursions and excursion travel, 225-9
Exeter Change, Strand (London), 107-8, 255-6, 275
extravaganzas (theatrical), 308-9, 312
Factory Act (1833), 138, 208
Factory and Workshops Act (1867), 210
Fairbairn, Thomas, 407
Fairbairn, William, 408
fairies: in the arts, 306n
fairs, 76, 207-9, 282-4, 294
Farington, Joseph: Views of the Lakes, 221
Farmer and Rogers (London shawl warehouse), 115
fashion: and supply and demand, 26; affordability, 87; magazines, 159-62; for holiday wear, 244-5; see also clothes
Father Christmas, 475-6, 478-9, 490-1
Felkin, William: The Exhibition in 1851, 14
Fenwick (Newcastle store), 106, 497
Festival of the Golden Rump, The (play), 292n
festivals, 208, 470
Field, Henry Ibbot, 365
Field (magazine), 152
Fielding, Copley: The Mull of Galloway (painting), 410
Fielding, Henry, 293; Amelia, 184n
Fieschi, Joseph, 257 & n
fireworks displays, 279, 350, 368
Fitzgerald, Percy, 323, 377
Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 399
Flatow, Louis, 413
Flaxman, John, 265, 383
Flying Post (newspaper), 128
Folkard (grocer and tea-dealer), 17
food: for lower classes, 79; riots, 79; see also clubs (benefit), grocers, multiple stores
football: books on, 205; origins, 438-41; clubs, 440-51; rules, 441-2; organization, 443-4; professionalization, 444-6; attendance, 449-50; club financing, 450-2; clothes, 458; improved equipment, 463-4; outfitting, 465; see also individual clubs Football Association: formed, 442-3, 446-7
Football Field and Sports Telegram, 155
Football League: formed, 448
Foote, Samuel, 293; The Quadrupeds, 316
footwear see shoes and boots
Forget Me Not (annual), 489
Fougt, Henry, 356-7
Foundling Hospital, London, 344, 382, 398
Fourdrinier machines (paper-making), 148
Fox, Charles James, 379
France: daily newspapers, 124; paper manufacture in, 148; excursions to, 227
Franklin, Benjamin, 156
Franklin, Sir John, 261n
Fraser’s Magazine, 140
Frederick, Prince of Wales: death, 351
Free Society of Artists, 383
Freeling, Francis, 144
French Revolution: and demand for necessities, 55-6; and atheism, 138-9
friendly societies see clubs (benefit)
Friendly Societies Act (1793), 31
Frith, William Powell: Derby Day (painting), 324, 413; Life at the Seaside (Ramsgate Sands (painting)), 413; The Railway Station (painting), 324, 413
Fuller, Francis, 8
furniture: wooden, 23
Furnivall, Frederick, 31n
Fuseli, Henry, 390
Gaiety Theatre, London, 340
Gainsborough, Thomas, 382, 384, 390, 393
Gallery of Illustration, Regent Street, London, 275
Gamage’s department store, 488, 491
Gambart, Ernest, 411-13
gambling see betting
Garraway’s Coffee House, London, 56
Garrick, David, 237-40, 302, 327, 379
gas lighting, 301
Gaskell, Peter: Artisans and Machinery, 419
Gastineau, Benjamin, 251
Gastrell, Revd Francis, 236-7
Gay, John: The Beggar’s Opera, 348
General Enclosure Acts (1836) and (1845) see enclosures
General Evening Post, 130
General Stud Book, The, 426-7
Gentleman, Francis: The Stratford Jubilee, 240
Gentleman’s Magazine, 353, 469
Gentlewoman (magazine), 162
George I, King: court, 347
George II, King, 349
George III, King: bathes at Weymouth, 230; awards pension to Handel, 233n; takes waters at Cheltenham, 235; supports Concert of Antient Music, 345; celebrated in music, 351; as art patron, 383, 385, 393
George IV, King (earlier Prince of Wales and Regent): death, 145; in Bath, 233
Géricault, Théodore: The Raft of the Medusa (painting), 268
Germany: piano manufacture, 364
Gibbon, Edward, xvi, 379
Gilbert, Davies: Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern, 473-4
Gilbert, W.S.: 299, 302; ‘Bab Ballads’, 457; Iolanthe (with Sullivan), 300, 306n, 312; The Mikado (with Sullivan), 116; Patience (with Sullivan), 11, 116; Utopia (Limited) (with Sullivan), 339
Gilpin, Revd William: Essay on Prints, 216-17, 223, 388
Gissing, George: ‘A Daughter of the Lodge’, 458
Gladstone, William Ewart: and National Gallery purchases, 403
Glasgow: clubs, 6; public transport, 99; shops, 106
Glasgow Evening Times, 155
glass: for shop windows, 100-1
Glovers (Southampton store), 110
Godfr
ey, Sir Dan, 250
Godwin, William: An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, 167
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: Sorrows of Young Werther, 220n
Goldberg, Cornelius, 58
Goldsmith, Oliver: death, 135; in Johnson’s club, 379; on Reynolds, 384; Goody-Two Shoes (attrib.), 133; The Vicar of Wakefield, 184n, 353, 409
Gomersal, Edward, 319
Goncourt, Edmond and Jules de, 4
Goodwood racecourse, 435
Goupil (French art dealer), 412
Gower, George Granville-Leveson- Gower, Earl (later 1st Duke of Sutherland), 392
Graham, Dr James, 135-6
Graham, Mrs (balloonist), 281
Grand Tour: and art appreciation, 380
Gravesend, 242
Gray, Thomas, 203
Great Exhibition (1851): planning and organisation, 3-4, 6-9, 11-12, 21-2; aims and contents (exhibits), 12-21, 23, 27; subscribers, 12; popular appeal, 16-17, 259; souvenirs and mementoes, 17-18; lack of prices, 27; entrance prices, 28-9; working-class visitors, 28-30, 33-7, 40-1; accommodation and lodgings for visitors, 34-5; temperance and, 34 & n; books, guides and associated amusements, 37-40; construction of, 37; attendance figures, 40, 259; advertises travel guides, 223; Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, 21; Popular Guide, 29; see also Crystal Palace
Greeley, Horace, 14-15, 25
Greenaway, Kate, 487
Greenburg, C. (tailor), 96-7
Greenwich: as zero meridian, 195n
Greenwood and Batley (engineers), 90
Greiner, George Frederick, 20
Grenada, 54 & n
Grieve family, 310
Grimaldi, Joseph, 305-6, 310
Grimm brothers, 306n
grocers: sell tea, 58; trade, 78-9
Grocers’ Weekly Circular and Price List, 78
Grosvenor Gallery, London, 116n, 414
guidebooks, 200, 202-4, 223
Gye, Frederick, 60
Halifax, Charles Montague, 3rd Earl of, 381
Hallam, John, Dean of Bristol, 172
Hallé, Sir Charles E., 116n, 369, 372, 471
Hamilton, Emma, Lady, 136
Hamilton, Sir William, 65 & n, 136, 397
Hampstead: tea gardens, 281
Hampton Court, 259
Ham’s Muslin and Linen Warehouse, Strand (London), 85
Handel, George Frederick, 277, 343-6, 352; Messiah, 344-5, 347, 358, 365; Music for the Royal Fireworks, 350
Hanover Square Concert Rooms, London, 348
Hanway, Jonas, 57
harlequinade: and pantomime, 306-8
harpsicords, 354-6, 360
Harris, Augustus, 312
Harrison, James, 358
Harris’s of Whitechapel, 97n
Harrod’s (London store): Gent’s Club Room, 112n; window displays, 119; opening hours, 210; opening date, 496
Harrop, Sarah, 347
Harvey Nichols (London store): advertising, 97, 496