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INDEX
Absence of evidence, vs. evidence of absence, 57, 60, 82, 208
Accounting, invention of, 270, 271
Acheulean stone tool industry, 252–254, 253(fig), 254n17, 256, 259(fig)
Adolescence, 226–227, 227n7
Aesthetics, 143–144, 277n6
Afar Triangle, Ethiopia, 242, 244
Africa, early humans in, 233–234, 235(fig), 236, 240–248, 249n, 253, 256, 261–262, 266
Age ratio, of human populations, 263–264, 264n22
Aggression. See also Violence; War
cooperative, 12–13, 30–31, 202–203, 208. See also Hunting behavior
and eye contact, 124
human, 12, 189–190, 194, 265n26, 281
Agriculture, advent of, 103, 270, 281
Alcohol, drinking, 223
Altruism, 160n3, 162, 163, 172, 192n6, 198
reciprocal, 161, 163, 164, 172, 187, 188, 191–192, 191n5, 194, 198
Alzheimer’s dementia, 69n6
Amnesia, 91, 91n1, 94
infantile, 100
Analogical reasoning, 68–70, 136, 149–150
Anthropogenesis, 239, 239n4
Anthropomorphism, 41–42
Apes, great. See Bonobos; Chimpanzees; Gorillas; Great apes; Orangutans
Apes, small. See Gibbons
Aquatic ape theory, 239n4
Ardipithecus, 240–242
Aristotle, 30, 139, 272
Art, of prehistoric humans, 262–263, 263(fig)
Artificial fruit tasks, 178–179, 180(fig). See also Puzzle box
Artificial mutation, 282
Artificial selection, 281, 281–282
Asia, 17, 20, 21, 22, 159, 234n1, 235, 236, 249n11, 254n17, 256, 264, 267
Associative learning, 42, 43n2, 44n4, 51, 73, 73n10, 74–75, 83, 93, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109n6, 110, 110n6, 146–147, 148, 147–148, 151, 152, 152n12, 176–177
vs. insightful reasoning, 152
Australia, 7n4, 58, 134, 139, 164, 166n9, 166, 173, 175, 177, 181, 218, 235, 285, 286
languages of, 69n6, 75
Rockhampton Zoo 29, 30(fig), 47, 286
Australian aboriginals, 45, 69n6, 75, 166, 166n9, 232–233
Australophithecines, 242–246, 248, 263
Australopithecus afarensis, 238(fig), 242, 242(fig), 243, 243n7, 244, 260
Australopithecus africanus, 236, 238(fig), 243, 249n12
Australopithecus anamensis, 238(fig), 243
Australopithecus bahrelghazali, 238(fig), 244
Australopithecus gahri, 238(fig), 244
Australopithecus sediba, 11n6, 238(fig), 245
feet, 243n8
fossilized footprints, 243
loss of fur, 244, 244n9
social group size, 255
tool use, 244
Autapomorphy, 77, 77n11
Autism, 118, 168, 220
Baboons, 2, 17, 31, 53, 155, 226
infanticide, 203, 208
problem solving, 155
and social norms, 207–208
and tactical deception, 46, 47, 126
Bacteria, 106, 159–160, 229n9
Bats, 60, 80, 134, 172
Bees, 64, 81, 134, 215
Behavioral and Brain Sciences (journal), 118, 119
Behavioral synchrony, 169n11
Behaviorism, 9, 42, 53, 73, 73n10, 107, 119, 152
behavioral conditioning, 53, 54n11. See also Associative learning
Bekoff, Marc, 207, 209
Better Angels of Our Nature, The (Pinker), 12, 189, 212, 281
Bias
and foresight, 99, 197, 198, 201n11
and reasoning, 139, 197
in research, 40–42, 43n3, 64
and self-deception, 93, 200, 200n10
Bininj Gun-Wok people, Arnhem land, Australia, 75
Biodiversity, declining, 102, 275
Bipedalism, rise of, 240–241, 243, 246
Birds, 2, 52, 60–61, 64, 173, 186, 235. See also Crows, Parrots, Scrub jays
corvids, 147–148,
memory, 104–105, 109n6
problem solving, 134, 144, 147–148, 148, 149, 149n10, 152n3
social learning, 174, 175
sound imitation, 64, 82, 86, 177
tool use, 147–148, 149, 152n13, 175
Bischof, Norbert, 90, 108
Bischof-Köhler, Doris, 108, 109
Blindness, and theory of mind, 115n2
Blushing, 197, 208, 208n18
Boesch, Christophe, 22, 182
Bonobos (Pan paniscus), 29, 32–34, 33(fig), 237
diet of, 32, 33
as endangered, 34, 34n11, 282–283
and foresight, 109–110
Kanzi, 83, 84, 85, 86, 154, 210
personhood for, 210–211
prosocial behavior, 206, 210
and sex, 33
Boring, E. G., 136
Boysen, Sally, 84, 86
Brain, structure and function, 8, 17
in adolescence, 226, 227, 227n7
Broca’s area, 64n2, 254, 261n21
hippocampus, 91, 94, 104, 216–217
human vs. animal, 8, 34–38, 225
and language, 64, 254
lunate sulcus, 243, 243n6, 243n7
and memory, 91, 94
metabolic, 34
mirror neurons, 168, 177
neocortex, 17, 36n12, 255, 255n18
neurons, 34, 36n12, 37, 38, 38n14, 168, 177
olfactory bulb, 15, 38
parietal lobes, 94, 243n6
periaqueductal gray, 80–81
prefrontal cortex, 38, 94
primate, 8, 15, 17, 18, 34, 36(fig), 36n12, 37, 37(fig), 38
temporal lobes, 8, 94
visual cortex, 38, 243, 243n6
Wernicke’s area, 64n2
Brain size
and diet, 35, 247, 250
encephalization quotient, 35–36, 36(tab), 36n12
excess brain mass above that predicted by body size, 37(fig)
of hominins, 240, 243, 248, 249, 250, 251, 254, 256, 260, 264
infant human vs. chimpanzee, 225
and intelligence, 34–38, 36n12, 156n14, 280, 282
and overheating, 250, 250n13
selected animals and humans, 34–38
and social group size, 17, 24n6, 36n12, 255
Breathing, mouth, 250
Breeding, cooperative, 227–228, 227n8, 239
Broca’s area, 64n2, 254, 261n21
Buddha, 271
Bunopithecus (hoolocks), 20
Burial sites, prehistoric, 259(fig), 260, 261, 263, 266
Call, Josep, 51, 128, 131, 150, 151, 151(fig), 152n12
Cannibalism, 203, 235, 258, 266
Capital punishment, 194, 281
Capuchin monkeys and brain size, 35–37, 36(tab), 37(fig)
chameleon effect, 178n15
and mirror self-recognition, 53, 54n12
problem solving, 149, 183
sharing and fairness, 206, 208
tool use, 17
vocalizations, recorded, 79
Carnivores, 155, 181, 206n16, 241, 247, 250
Cassie (Chimpanzee), 47, 53(fig), 138n, 178, 179(fig), 286
Cats, 35, 36(tab), 52, 155, 181, 241
Cave of Forgotten Dreams (film, Herzog), 262
Cave painting, 260, 261, 262–263, 263(fig)
Celibacy, 90, 98
Cephalopods, communication, 81–82, 134
Cetaceans, 134, 175, 178. See also Dolphins; Whales
Chad, 240, 244
Chameleon effect, 169, 178n15
Chauvet Cave, France, 262
Cheating, 51, 114, 140, 163, 163n6, 164, 172, 191, 192, 196n7, 198, 200–201
Cheney, Dorothy, 80, 155
Child development. See Human development
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), 29–32, 30(fig), 50(fig), 53(fig), 125(fig), 179(fig)
brain size, vs. human infant, 225
and cooperation, 12, 17, 30, 31, 126, 131, 132, 172, 173, 183, 202, 203, 206, 207n17
and delayed gratification, 109, 211
diet of, 31
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of, vs. human DNA, 6, 6n3, 239–240
empathy, 204, 205–206, 207
as endangered, 32, 282–283
excess brain mass above that predicted by body size, 37(fig)
and eye contact, 124, 124n5, 125(fig)
facial expressions, 204n13
and following gaze, 128
and foresight, 108, 109, 110
and social norms, 208–209
as hunters, 17, 31, 205
and imitation, 177, 178–180
mating habits, 29–30, 205n15, 228
and mirror self-recognition, 52–53, 53(fig), 54n12, 61–62, 278–279
murder, 30–31, 202–203, 211
and object permanence tasks, 50–51, 50(fig)
painting by, 65–66, 65(fig)
personhood for, 210–212
and pointing, 126, 131
pretend play, 46–48
problem solving, 31, 50–51, 110, 119, 126, 131, 138n3, 146–147, 148, 149, 150–152, 152n12, 155, 172–173, 174, 178–180
reciprocal altruism, 172, 173
and representational insight, 84
sharing, 205–206
and sign language, 83, 84, 84n14, 205
and social learning, 31–32, 174–175, 178, 179–180
split from hominins, 6, 239, 240
teaching, 182–183
temperament, 29, 277
and theory of mind, 118, 119, 126, 127, 129, 130
tool use, 31–32, 148, 182–183
and violence, 12–13, 30–31, 127n7, 202–203, 205n14
working memory, 153–154
China, Homo erectus in, 249(fig), 249n11, 252
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), 199
Chomsky, Noam, 63, 73, 73n9, 73n10, 75, 76, 85, 197
Chunking, memory, 14
0, 141, 142, 153, 156
Cinderella effect, 161n4
Clayton, Nicola, 104, 147
Cleopatra, 231, 232
Clever Hans effect, 41–42, 47, 107, 147
Climate change
and evolution, 11, 240–241, 246, 252n16, 258
and the future, 275–276
Cognition, physical vs. social, 132, 132n8
Collier-Baker, Emma, 23(fig), 28(fig), 47, 51, 58, 59(fig), 151(fig), 178, 286, 287
Colobus monkeys, 17, 31
Commerce, advent of, 270
Common descent, and shared traits, 60–62
Competition, 128–129, 130, 189, 205, 229, 236, 245, 247, 265, 265n26, 266, 267
Composite tools, 257, 260
Compound words, 70, 70n7, 71
Concentration camps, World War II, 186, 187n3, 201
Confucius, 232, 271
Consciousness, 9, 55, 91n1, 105, 127, 140, 199, 200, 211, 218
Conservation, 21n4, 26, 26n7, 28n8, 29, 32, 32n10, 34, 34n11, 282–283
Constant, Roger, 263
Contraception, 281–282
Convergent evolution, 60–61
Conversational maxims, 76–77, 78
Cooperation, 159–178, 207n17. See also Culture; Morality
and aggression, 12–13, 30–31. See also Violence; War
cross-cultural, 193, 194–195
and cultural evolution, 187, 190
and division of labor, 221
Homo erectus, 255
Homo heidelbergensis, 256
and hunting 31, 32, 33, 205, 256
and morality, 187, 191, 192
and reciprocal altruism, 161, 162, 163, 164, 172, 187, 188, 191–192, 191n5, 194, 198
rules for, 164
and primates, 12, 17, 30, 31, 126, 129, 131, 132, 172, 173, 183, 202, 203, 206, 207n17
Copernicus, 3
Coppens, Yves, 240
Corballis, Michael, 63, 78, 81n12, 85n15, 90, 117, 218, 261, 285, 286
Corvids, 147–148, 148, 149. See also Crows; Scrub jays
Cosmides, Leda, 10, 163n6
Creation (Vidal), 271
Creation myths, 44, 45, 271
Creativity, and intelligence, 142–144
and animals, 144, 145, 156
and recursive thought, 143–144
Crows, New Caledonian
problem solving, 148, 149, 149n10, 152n13
and social learning, 175
tool use, 147, 148, 152n13, 175
Crystalized intelligence, 137, 228
Culture 157–183
animal, 173–178
cumulative, 164–165, 175, 176, 180n16, 183, 216, 220, 254
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