A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History
Page 27
33.Nathan Glazer, “Disaggregating Culture,” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 219–31 (220–21 cited).
34.Daniel Etounga-Manguelle, “Does Africa Need a Cultural Adjustment Program?” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 65–77.
35.Lawrence E. Harrison, The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1.
36.Thomas Sowell, Migrations and Cultures: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 118.
37.Ibid., 192.
38.Ibid., 219.
39.Sowell, Conquests and Cultures, 330.
40.Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 226.
41.Ibid., 57.
42.Christopher F. Chabris et al., “Most Reported Genetic Associations with General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives,” Psychological Science 20, no. 10 (Sept. 24, 2012): 1–10.
43.Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, IQ and Global Inequality (Augusta, GA: Washington Summit, 2006), 238–39.
44.Ibid., 2.
45.Ibid., 277.
46.Ibid., 281.
47.Acemog˘lu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, 48.
48.Ibid., 238.
49.Ibid., 454.
50.Ibid., 211.
51.Ibid., 427.
CHAPTER 8: JEWISH ADAPTATIONS
1.Gertrude Himmelfarb, The People of the Book: Philosemitism in England, from Cromwell to Churchill (New York: Encounter Books, 2011), 3.
2.Charles Murray, “Jewish Genius,” Commentary, Apr. 2007, 29–35.
3.Melvin Konner, Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews (New York: Viking Compass, 2003), 199.
4.Harry Ostrer, Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 92–93.
5.Anna C. Need, Dalia Kasparaviciutè, Elizabeth T. Cirulli and David B. Goldstein, “A Genome-Wide Genetic Signature of Jewish Ancestry Perfectly Separates Individuals with and without Full Jewish Ancestry in a Large Random Sample of European Americans,” Genome Biology 10, Issue 1, Article R7, 2009.
6.Gregory Cochran, Jason Hardy, and Henry Harpending, “Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence,” Journal of Biosocial Science 38, no. 5 (Sept. 2006): 659–93.
7.Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein, The Chosen Few: How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70–1492 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 109.
8.Ibid., 193.
9.Ibid., 267.
10.Konner, Unsettled, 189.
11.Neil Risch et al., “Geographic Distribution of Disease Mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish Population Supports Genetic Drift over Selection,” American Journal of Human Genetics 72, no. 4 (Apr. 2003): 812–22.
12.See, for instance, Nicholas Wade, The Faith Instinct: How Religion Evolved and Why It Endures (New York: Penguin Press, 2010), 157–72.
13.Botticini and Eckstein, Chosen Few, 150.
14.Jerry Z. Muller, Capitalism and the Jews (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 88.
CHAPTER 9: THE RISE OF THE WEST
1.William H. McNeill, A World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 295.
2.Victor Davis Hanson, Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power (New York: Random House, 2001), 5.
3.Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest (London: Allen Lane, 2011), 18.
4.Toby E. Huff, Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 126.
5.Ibid., 133.
6.Quoted in ibid., 110.
7.Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1997), 25.
8.Ibid., 21
9.IQ for Papua New Guinea is 83, compared with the European normalized score of 100. Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, IQ and Global Inequality (Augusta, GA: Washington Summit, 2006), 146. If Diamond has in mind some more appropriate measure of intelligence, he does not cite it.
10.Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973), 297–98, quoted in David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York: Norton, 1998), 55.
11.Ferguson, Civilization, 13.
12.Ibid., 256–57.
13.Eric Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies, and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 61.
14.Ibid., 106.
15.Quoted in ibid., 153.
16.Jones, European Miracle, 61.
17.Huff, Intellectual Curiosity, 128.
18.Timur Kuran, The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 281.
19.Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 47.
20.Ibid., 321.
21.Ibid., 10.
22.David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York: Norton, 1998), 56.
23.Lecture in 1755, quoted in Dugald Stewart, “Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith LL.D.,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Jan. 21 and Mar. 18, 1793, section 4, repr. in Collected Works of Dugald Stewart, ed. William Hamilton (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable, 1854), vol. 10, 1–98.
24.Landes, Wealth and Poverty, 516.
CHAPTER 10: EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES ON RACE
1.This image is derived from an idea of Richard Dawkins that relates human and chimp ancestry.
2.Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest (London: Allen Lane, 2011), 322.
INDEX
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Abbasid empire, 212–13
ABCC11 gene, 90–91, 121
absolutist regimes, 195, 237
Acemoglu, Daron, 148–49, 175, 180, 193–96
Aché, 156
adaptation, 58, 64
Afghanistan, 148, 241
Africa, 85, 100–102, 137, 147, 172, 184, 197, 225
Bantu expansion in, 84–85, 100, 101
foreign aid to, 13, 148, 175, 181, 183
GNP in, 176
government and ruling elites in, 175–76
human dispersal from, 1–2, 76, 80, 84, 85, 93, 225
kingdoms in, 134–35
lactose tolerance and, 61
populations in, 181, 226, 248
transition to modern economy in, 180–82
tribalism in, 173, 175, 177, 181
violence in, 176
African Americans, 4, 94
IQ tests and, 189–91
MAO-A promoters in, 56–57
physical characteristics in, 88
Africans, 2, 4, 18, 20, 93, 94, 98, 109
IQ tests and, 191
physical characteristics in, 87–91
skulls of, 70
society of, 123–24
aggression, 53–57, 62, 82, 130, 131, 132, 170–71, 241, 243, 244
genes and, 54–57, 110, 170–71
agriculture, 11, 50, 62, 63, 80, 81–82, 84–85, 100, 110, 129, 132, 139, 149, 152, 153, 163, 195, 197, 221, 226
AIMs (ancestry informative markers), 70, 115–16
Akey, Joshua M., 108
alleles, 71–75, 76, 87–92, 95–96, 98, 102, 103–4, 107, 114, 172
diseases and, 114–15, 206
Duffy null, 110, 114, 115
&
nbsp; hard and soft sweeps of, 110–14
intelligence and, 190
Allen, Robert, 31
American Anthropological Association, 5, 119, 121
American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 121
American Indians, see Native Americans
American Sociological Association, 5
Americas, 85, 225, 226, 233
Anatolia, 84
Andean highlands, 8, 226
anthropologists, physical, 69–70, 82
ants, 65–66
apes, see monkeys and apes
apocrine glands, 89, 91
Arab world, 174–75, 182
science in, 228–32
see also Islamic world
Arctic regions, 134, 214
Aristotle, 231
Arkwright, Richard, 158
Aryans (Indo-Europeans), 19–20
Ashkenazim, 199–209, 214
Asian Americans, IQ tests and, 189–90
astronomy, 215–19, 228
athleticism, 8
Australia, 93, 94, 222, 225–26
autocracies, 9, 237
Aztecs, 226
Bacon, Francis, 228
Baibars, 143
Bantu expansion, 84–85, 100, 101
behavior:
individual, institutions’ effect on, 147–49
social, see social behaviors
Belyaev, Dmitriy, 54, 160–61
Beringia, 81, 134
Binet, Alfred, 30
Black, Edwin, 29, 35
Black Death, 153
Bloom syndrome, 208
Blumenbach, Johann, 18–19, 86
Boas, Franz, 5–6, 31–32, 69, 241
bone, see skeleton
Botticini, Maristella, 151, 209–10, 211, 212
Bowcock, Anne, 97
brain, 4, 51, 106, 108, 109, 208
oxytocin in, 51–53, 243
size of, 21, 50
Brazil, 186
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, 208
breast cancer, 208
breasts, 89, 90
Buck, Carrie, 29
Buck v. Bell, 29–30, 31
bureaucracy, 140, 173
Burusho, 98
bushmen, 17
Byzantine empire, 174–75, 182, 234
Cambodia, 187
Carnegie Institution, 28–29, 34, 38
Carneiro, Robert, 133
Castle, William E., 29
Caucasians, 4, 86, 93, 94, 96, 246
invention of word, 18–19
MAO-A promoters in, 56–57
physical characteristics in, 87
skulls of, 70
split between East Asians and, 86
transition to modern economy by, 178
Caucasus, 18, 86
Cavalli-Sforza, Luca, 97
Chagnon, Napoleon, 131
Chapais, Bernard, 39–66, 44, 45
Charlemagne, 234, 246
Charles I, King, 146
chemokines, 110
chiefdoms, 133, 134
childbirth:
age at first reproduction, 3
risk of death in, 162
chimpanzees, 41–47, 110, 242
cooperation in, 47–48
kinship and, 43–44
China, 12, 17, 85, 90, 132, 134, 135, 137, 172, 189, 193, 195, 219, 220, 224, 227–28, 233–38, 244, 246–48, 250
education system in, 231
evolutionary changes in, 165–66
inheritance practices in, 165
one child policy in, 180
population increase in, 165
rule of law and, 144–45
science in, 228–32
state achieved in, 137–42, 144
technology in, 234
telescope introduced to, 215–16, 217–19
transition to modern economy in, 178–79, 180
Chinese, 4, 89, 91, 92, 147
Han, 84, 88, 90
immigrants, 186–87, 188, 201, 213, 237
intelligence tests and, 166
society of, 123–24
Christianity, 211, 212, 217, 232
Protestantism, 126
chromosomes, 106, 107, 116
Y, 74–75, 78, 163
Churchill, Winston, 33
civilizations, formation of, 132–35
Clark, Gregory, 151–55, 158–64, 171–73, 178–79, 184–85, 236
click-speakers, 17, 100–101, 102
climate, 223, 246
change in, 80, 83, 248
clines, 98–99
clothing, 108–9
Cochran, Gregory, 202–5, 207–9, 214
Collins, Francis, 68
Columbus, Christopher, 233
competition, 224
conformity, 59, 241, 245
see also social norms
Congo, 176
continental drift, 6
cooperation:
among chimpanzees, 47–48
in human societies, 47–50, 51, 62, 124, 132, 243
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 216, 217
Coyne, Jerry, 68
crime, 50
see also violence
Crusades, 204
culture(s), 5–6, 9, 241–42, 245
economics and, 13, 155, 183–85
equality of, 6, 9
genes and, 58, 59–61
race and, 184, 185
in social institutions, 124–27
DARC gene, 110–11
Darwin, Charles, 11, 22–23, 24, 26, 39, 67, 95, 164, 245
The Descent of Man, 22
Malthus and, 155
On the Origin of Species, 16, 22
Social Darwinism and, 24–25
Davenport, Charles, 28, 29, 30, 33–34, 35, 38
De Dreu, Carsten, 51–52
delayed gratification and patience, 157–58, 160, 184–85
Deng Xiaoping, 179
Denmark, 13
Descent of Man, The (Darwin), 22
Devarajan, Shantayanan, 176
Diamond, Jared, 68, 117–18, 221–23
diet, 60, 108
lactase and, 60–61, 113
disciplined behaviors, 158, 183
diseases, 108, 110–11, 116, 223
alleles and, 114–15, 206
malaria, 110–11, 116, 117–18, 206
Mendelian, 202, 205–8, 209
sickle-cell anemia, 111, 116, 206
thalassemia, 111, 118
DNA, 14, 56, 70, 72–74, 96, 109, 113
AIMs (ancestry informative markers) and, 70, 115–16
bases of, 72–73, 79, 88
coding, 73
complementary, 79
fingerprinting of, 104–7, 116
mitochondrial, 74, 79
repair systems of, 208
repeats in, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 116
dogs, 167
domestication:
in animals, 160–61, 167–68
in humans, 160–61, 167–73
dopamine, 55
Dowden, Patrick, 176
Duffy null allele, 110, 114, 115
earwax, 90–91, 92, 121
East, Edward M., 29
East Asians, 2, 4, 18, 20, 86, 93, 94, 109, 110, 147, 177–79, 182, 188, 193, 220, 223, 225, 236, 246, 248, 249
IQ tests and, 8, 191
physical characteristics in, 87–92
skulls of, 70
split between Caucasians and, 86
eccrine glands, 89, 91
Eckstein, Zvi, 151, 209–10, 211, 212
e
conomic development, 182–89
economics, economies, 10, 172, 224, 244, 247
culture and, 13, 155, 183–85
disparities in, 13–14
and escape from tribalism and poverty, 177–82
human nature and, 154–58, 160, 161
Industrial Revolution and, see Industrial Revolution
IQ and wealth hypothesis, 189–93
market, 161
wealth and, see wealth
EDAR-V370A gene, 89–90, 92, 105, 118, 121
education, 191, 199
Head Start and, 190
Edwards, A.W.F., 120
egalitarianism, 63, 128, 129, 173
eggs, 106
Egypt, 132, 134, 143–44
Elias, Norbert, 123, 168–70
Elvin, Mark, 223
empathy, 170
empires, 234, 246–47
England, 137, 152, 237
behavior changes in, 155–58, 160, 161
economy in, 162
ethnic prejudices and, 17
farm laborers’ wages in, 152–53
Glorious Revolution in, 194–95, 196, 224
Industrial Revolution in, 151–52, 158–59, 162, 163, 172, 178–79, 185, 193–95
population growth in, 162
social mobility in, 164
Enlightenment, 154
environment, societal change and, 57–61
Equatorial Guinea, 189
Erasmus, 168
Eskimos, 134, 214
Essay on the Inequality of Human Races, An (Gobineau), 19–20
Essay on the Principle of Population, An (Malthus), 152, 153–54, 155, 162
Ethiopia, 195
ethnic prejudice, 17, 19
racism vs., 17
etiquette, 168
Etounga-Manguelle, Danielle, 184, 185
eugenics, 16, 18, 26–38
in Germany, 35–37
immigration and, 31
intelligence tests, 30
sterilization and, 27–31, 33–38
Eugenics Record Office, 28, 34
Eugenics Research Association, 29
Eugenics Society, 33
Eurasia, 77, 86, 147, 226
Europe:
awakening of, 12–13
colonization by, 18, 147, 177, 226, 247
educational institutes in, 231–32
empires in, 234, 246–47
exploration by, 233, 234
internal wars in, 233–34
in Middle Ages, 227–28
religion in, 145–46
states achieved in, 137, 138, 140–41, 142, 144, 146
telescope introduced to, 215–16, 219
tribalism in, 137, 144, 145, 147
see also West
European Americans, IQ tests and, 189–90