A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History
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Europeans, 2, 4, 9, 18, 20, 86, 93, 109, 110, 147, 182, 219, 223, 225, 236
ethnic prejudices among, 17
genetics of, 79–80
IQ tests and, 8, 191, 192
physical characteristics in, 87–91
society of, 123–24
transition to modern economy by, 178, 188
evolution:
Darwin’s theory of, 22, 26
pedomorphic, 167
speciation and, 71–75, 76
evolution, human, 1–2
belief in recent suspension of, 5
genes changed in, 2–3
history and, 245–49
of independent populations, 1–2
natural selection in, see natural selection
new view of, 2–4
races and, 71–75
as recent, copious and regional, 2–4, 6, 7, 10, 242, 243, 251
social science and, 5, 241
societies created through, 65–66
evolutionary perspectives on race, 239–51
evolutionary stresses, 80–85
executions, 168–69
eyes, whites of, 39–40
face recognition, 52
Fanconi’s anemia, 208
Feldman, Marcus, 97–99
Fengler, Wolfgang, 176
Ferguson, Niall, 215, 224–25, 246
feudalism, 145, 146
Finns, 57, 94
First Crusade, 204
fossils, 107, 167
foxes, 160–61
founder effect, 206–7
FOXP2 gene, 110
Framington Heart Study, 3
France, 137, 140
ethnic prejudices and, 17
Fukuyama, Francis, 136, 137, 139, 142, 144–49, 172–73, 193, 243
Funnel Beaker Culture, 61, 113
Galileo, 216, 217
Galton, Francis, 25–27, 33, 34
Gama, Vasco da, 233
Gaucher’s disease, 206, 209
gene(s), 54, 95, 250–51
ABCC11, 90–91, 121
aggression and, 54–57
alleles of, see alleles
BRCA1 and BRCA2, 208
chips, 79
culture and, 48, 59–61
DARC, 110–11
EDAR-V370A, 89–90, 92, 105, 118, 121
evolutionary changes in, 2–3
FOXP2, 110
HTR2B, 57
KITLG, 111
lactase, 60–61, 113
MAO-A, 54–57, 110, 170–71, 243, 244
MC1R, 87–88
physical characteristics and, 87–92
promoters of, 55–57
race and, 95
SLC24A5, 88, 111
social behavior and, 9, 41, 46–47, 50–51, 53, 57–59, 64, 85
gene-culture evolution, 59–60
genetic determinism, 221–22
genetic diversity, species origin and, 102
genetic drift, 72–75, 76, 78, 102–3, 114, 196
genetic gradients (clines), 98–99
genetics:
language families and, 101
Mendel’s laws of, 28, 29, 34
of race, 95–122
in social institutions, 124–27
genetic structure of race, 114–17
genome, human, 1, 2, 14, 68, 251
association studies and, 114–15
clusters of variation in, 96–102
fingerprints of selection in, 102–10
tandem repeats in, 96, 97, 99, 100
genomics, racial differences and, 7–9
genotypes, 75, 109
geographic determinism, 221–25
geography, 223
Germans:
ethnic prejudices and, 17
immigrants, 187–88
Germany, 135, 137, 236–37
IQ tests in, 192
Nazi, see Nazi Germany
Ghana, 183
Gillham, Nicholas, 26–27
glaciers, 81
Glazer, Nathan, 184
Glorious Revolution, 194–95, 196, 224
Gobineau, Joseph-Arthur Comte de, 19–20
Gould, Stephen Jay, 21–22
government(s), 148, 173
absolutist, 195, 237
in Africa, 175–76
kleptocracies, 175
in Middle East, 174
gracilization, 82, 167–68, 170
Grant, Madison, 31–33
Greece, ancient, 17, 228, 229
Gregory VII, Pope, 145–46
guilt, 50
Guns, Germs, and Steel (Diamond), 117–18, 221–23
hair, 88–89, 90, 92, 105, 108, 118, 236, 250
Haiti, 13, 189, 241
Hanson, Victor Davis, 215
HapMap, 103
Hapsburgs, 234, 247
Harappan civilization, 134
Hardy, Jason, 202–5, 207–9, 214
Hargreaves, James, 158–59
Harpending, Henry, 202–5, 207–9, 214
Harriman, E. H., 28
Harriman, Mary, 28
Harrison, Lawrence, 185
Hawaii, 134, 186
Head Start, 190
height, 112–13
Henry IV, King, 146
Heron, David, 34
high altitudes, 3, 8, 107, 214
Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 198
history:
evolution and, 245–49
social behavior and, 9–13, 135–46
Hitler, Adolf, 16, 19–20, 33, 34–37, 135, 234, 247
Mein Kampf, 33
Hofstadter, Richard, 16
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 29–30
Holocaust, 31, 36–37, 69, 198
homicide, 156, 170, 172
Homo erectus, 77
Homo ergaster, 46
HTR2B, 57
Huff, Toby, 166, 216, 217, 219, 228, 230–31, 232
human capital, 191
human nature, 150–97, 244
domestication and, 160–61, 167–73
economics and, 154–58, 160, 161
and changes in China, 165–66
see also social behaviors
Hung-wu, 230
hunter-gatherer societies, 62, 76–78, 84, 100–101, 136, 178, 197, 223, 242–43
division of labor in, 129
egalitarianism in, 63, 128, 129
and formation of civilizations, 133
initiation rites in, 130
institutions of, 128
kinship in, 44, 130
punishment in, 49
religion in, 130–31
time preferences in, 158
transition to settled life from, 10–11, 50, 58, 62–63, 82, 85, 110, 127–32, 149, 167, 226
violence in, 156
hunting, 62
Huntington, Samuel, 183
ice ages, 77, 91, 93
Pleistocene, 76, 81, 83
Iceland, 13, 94
immigrants, immigration, 28, 38, 188
Chinese, 186–87, 188, 201, 213, 237
eugenicists and, 31
German, 187–88
Japanese, 185–86, 188
Immigration Act, 31, 33
Incas, 134, 226
incest, 237, 250–51
India, 134, 147, 227, 233, 246
Brahmanism in, 141
state achieved in, 137, 141–42
telescope introduced to, 215–17
Indian subcontinent, 4, 86, 96
transition to modern economy in, 178
Indonesia, 18, 187
Industrial Revolution, 12, 149, 151–52, 154, 158–59, 161–63, 172, 178–79, 185, 188, 193, 203, 222–24, 244
influenza, 116
Inquisition, 216
institutional drift, 196
institutions, see social institutions
intelligence, 7–8, 111–12, 204, 214, 222–23
alleles and, 190
brain size and, 21
in Jewish populations, 199, 201–5, 207–14
tests of, see IQ tests
intentionality, shared, 48, 49
interbreeding, 17, 19, 23, 71, 75, 78, 84, 116
interest rates, 157, 158
IQ and Global Inequality (Lynn and Vanhanen), 191
IQ and the Wealth of Nations (Lynn and Vanhanen), 191
IQ tests, 8, 191, 214, 223
Ashkenazi Jews and, 202, 214
Chinese and, 166
debate between hereditarians and environmentalists on, 189–91
eugenicists and, 30
wealth and, 189–93
Iraq, 14, 148, 212, 213, 241
Isaac, Benjamin, 17–18
Islam, 229, 230
Islamic world, 12, 219, 228, 234, 244, 246
military slavery in, 142–44
science in, 228–32
state achieved in, 137
Jahangir, 216
James II, King, 146, 194
Janissaries, 143, 144
Japan, 13, 88, 90, 172, 193, 196, 220, 236–37, 246, 248
transition to modern economy in, 178–79
Japanese, 4, 91, 166
immigrants, 185–86, 188
Jennings, Herbert S., 29
Jensen, Arthur, 190
Jesuits, 217, 218
Jews, 94, 187, 197, 198–214, 244, 249
achievements of, 198–99, 202, 214
Ashkenazi, 199–209, 214
Christian conversion among, 211
discrimination against, 36–37, 198, 213
expulsions and massacres of, 201, 204–5, 210
Gobineau’s views on, 19–20
Hitler and, 19–20
Holocaust and, 31, 36–37, 69, 198
intelligence of, 199, 201–5, 207–14
literacy and, 202, 210–12
marriage and, 199–200, 204, 205
Mendelian diseases and, 202, 205–8, 209
moneylending and, 202–5, 210, 212, 213
occupations of, 212, 213
Oriental (Mizrahi), 200–201, 204, 209
population of, 211, 213
reproductive success of, 203
Sephardi, 200–201, 204, 206, 209
standards of living of, 203
Talmud and, 205, 211, 212
Torah and, 210–11
trade and, 212, 213, 214
Jones, Eric, 225
Jordan, Winthrop, 72
Joshua ben Gamla, 210
Journal of Biosocial Science, 202
Judaism, 210–11
Kamehameha, King, 134
Kant, Immanuel, 37
Kapital, Das (Marx), 24
Kaplan, Hillard, 63
Kepler, Johannes, 216, 217
Kevles, Daniel, 29, 30
Khoisan, 101
Kim family, 189
kinship, 136, 143, 178
chimpanzees and, 43–44
in hunter-gatherer societies, 44, 130
KITLG gene, 111
kleptocracy, 175
Konner, Melvin, 205
Korea, Koreans, 4, 90, 166, 179–80, 193, 246
Korean War, 220
Kuran, Timur, 230
lactase gene, 60–61, 113
lactose tolerance, 60–61
Landes, David, 235–36
language(s), 40, 83–84, 92, 98
cultural component of, 125
genetics and, 101
grammar in, 125
Indo-European, 84
Khoisan, 101
in New Guinea, 83, 84
in United States, 83
Laos, 187
Last Glacial Maximum, 81
law, 58, 124–25, 144–45, 146, 194, 224, 232, 237, 247
canon, 146
Justinian code, 146
Lazarus, Emma, 32
Lebanon, 182
Lewontin, Richard, 118–20
Lewontin’s fallacy, 120
Li, Jun Z., 99
lice, 22–23, 108–9
Lippershey, Hans, 215–16
L’Isle-aux-Coudres, 3
literacy, 156–57, 160, 175, 180, 229, 236, 244
Jews and, 202, 210–12
Little, Clarence, 29
Livingstone, Frank, 98
Lynn, Richard, 191–93
Lysenko, Trofim, 160
madrasas, 229
malaria, 110–11, 116, 117–18, 206
Malaya, 18
Malaysia, 186
Malthus, Thomas, 11, 159, 161, 163–65, 172, 178, 181, 197, 245
Darwin and, 155
An Essay on the Principle of Population, 152, 153–54, 155, 162
Malthusian trap, 149, 152, 153–54, 162, 179, 203, 222
Mamluks, 143–44
Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race (Montagu), 69, 119
MAO-A gene, 54–57, 110, 170–71, 243, 244
Mao Tse-tung, 135, 145, 189
marriage, 145, 154, 162–63
incest and, 237
intermarriage, 17, 19, 23, 71, 75, 78, 84, 92, 116, 199
Jews and, 199–200, 204, 205
local, 80
Marshall Plan, 183
marshmallow test, 157–58
Marx, Karl, 24
Marxism, 27, 59, 201
mate guarding, 44–45
MC1R gene, 87–88
McNeill, William, 215
medicine, 221, 224
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 33
Mendel, Gregor, 28, 29, 34
Mendelian diseases, 202, 205–8, 209
menopause, age at first, 3
Mental Deficiency Act, 33
Meredith, Martin, 175–76
Mesoamerica, 134
Meso-Industrial Age, 196–97
Mesolithic Age, 197
Mesopotamia, 132, 226
middle-class culture, 160, 161, 171, 172
Middle East, 86, 96, 137, 177, 197, 230
transition to modern economy in, 178
tribalism in, 173, 174–75, 177
migrations, 72, 75, 76, 185–86
military, 58, 63, 64, 130, 148, 247
military power, 220, 234
military slavery, 142–44
milk consumption, 60–61
mind as blank slate, 59, 201, 242
Mirazón Lahr, Marta, 167
Mischel, Walter, 157–58
Mismeasure of Man, The (Gould), 21
mitochondria, 74, 79
Mizrahim (Oriental Jews), 200–201, 204, 209
Moche state, 134
moneylending, 202–5, 210, 212, 213
Mongoloid skulls, 91
Mongols, 136, 141, 246, 247
monkeys and apes, 39
chimpanzees, see chimpanzees
monogamy, 45
Montagu, Ashley, 69, 70, 119
moral dilemmas, 52
morality, 50, 59, 124
Morton, Samuel, 20–22
mosaic zones, 83, 84
mucolipidosis type IV, 206
Muhammad, 229
Muller, Jerry Z., 213
Muslim world, see Islami
c world
mutations, 72, 73, 75, 78
Myers, Richard M., 99
Napoleon I, Emperor, 234, 247
Narmer, 134
national character, 150–51
National Human Genome Research Institute, 68
National Institutes of Health, 103
Native Americans, 18, 20, 88, 91, 93, 94
Natufian culture, 82
natural selection, 1, 2–4, 11, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 114, 155, 222, 243–44, 245
diversity reduction and, 102
fingerprints of, in human genome, 102–10
human social behavior and, 40, 41, 66
MAO-A gene and, 55, 56
neutral variations in, 102
purifying, 73, 87–88
trust and, 53
whites of the eyes and, 40
nature vs. nurture, 26
Nazi Germany, 16, 25, 34–35
eugenics program in, 35–37
Holocaust and, 31, 36–37, 69, 198
Neanderthals, 77
Near East, 4, 85, 182, 227
Neolithic Age, 197
nervous system, 109
neurotransmitters, 54–55
New Guinea, 83, 84, 93, 94, 222
Newton, Isaac, 216
Niemann-Pick disease, 206
Nigeria, 13, 176
Noah’s ark, 18
Nordics, 31, 32, 35, 37
norepinephrine, 54–55
North, Douglass, 124, 136, 243
North Korea, 13, 179–80, 189
Nuremberg Law, 36
Ögedei Khan, 234
Olmec state, 134
Olympic Games, 8
On Civility in Children (Erasmus), 168
On the Natural Variety of Mankind (Blumenbach), 18–19
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 16, 22
Oriental Jews (Mizrahim), 200–201, 204, 209
Ottomans, 144, 147, 174, 175, 182, 220, 229, 230, 233, 234, 247
telescope introduced to, 215–16, 217
oxytocin, 51–53, 243
ovarian cancer, 208
pair bonding, 44–45, 46
Paleolithic Age, 197, 222
Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 31, 33
pastoralists, 63
patience and delayed gratification, 157–58, 160, 184–85
Paul of Tarsus, 211
Pearl, Raymond, 29
pedomorphic evolution, 167
peopling of the world, 76–80, 84
Persia, 212, 213
Peru, 186
Pharisees, 210
phenotypes, 75, 109
physical anthropologists, 69–70, 82
physical characteristics, genes and, 87–92
Pinker, Steven, 169–72
plagues, 153
Pleistocene Ice Age, 76, 81, 83
Polynesia, 134
Pomeranz, Kenneth, 154, 179
population, 11, 245, 246
budding, 76
in evolution of societies, 132–34
increases in, 64, 83, 85
major splits in, 85–86, 93
Malthusian trap and, 149, 152, 153–54, 162, 179, 203, 222