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Battle Royal

Page 34

by Hugh Bicheno

Latimer, George Neville, Baron 100

  Le Mans, siege of (1448) 69

  Leadman, A. 295–6

  legitimacy issue 251–2

  Leicester Council 138

  levies 197, 215, 257

  Lisieux, Thomas (Dean of St Paul’s and Lord Privy Seal) 117

  Lisle, John Talbot, 1st Viscount 105, 114, 117

  Lollardy 17, 18, 82

  longbow 194–5

  Lord Chancellor 113

  Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal 113

  Louis, Dauphin of France 223, 289

  Louis XI, King of France 315, 318

  ‘Loveday’ (1458) 186–8

  Lovell, John, 8th Baron 239, 272

  Ludford Bridge campaign 211, 214–16, 299

  Ludlow 210, 212

  march on and sacking of by Royalists 214–15

  Lumley, Thomas, 1st Baron 311

  Luxembourg, Jacquetta de 1–2, 8–10, 40, 224, 284, 310

  Luxembourg, Louis, Count of Saint-Pol 164, 165, 223

  Lyhert, Walter (Bishop of Norwich) 152, 243

  Mackerell, Ralph 309

  Maine 68–9, 75

  Mancini, Dominic 55

  March, 1st Earl of 47

  March, 4th Earl of 47

  March, Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of 21, 46, 51, 84

  March, Edward, 7th Earl of (later Edward IV) 250, 253, 254, 261–71, 282, 293–4, 309

  and Battle of Mortimer’s Cross 265–6, 269

  and Battle of Towton 303, 306, 307

  birth and illegitimacy issue 54–6

  claim to and accession to throne 285–6

  coronation (1461) 310–11

  creation of new barons 311

  and death of father (York) 270

  desire to create extended family during reign 289

  formative years 261–2

  progress after Battle of Towton 310

  relationship with William Hastings 262

  and Warwick 269, 270, 296, 311

  Welsh campaign 264–5

  Mareddud (Meredith), Owain ap 175

  Marney, John 221–2

  marriage 20–1

  matrimonial alliances 188–90

  Moleyns, Adam (Bishop of Chichester) 20, 57–8, 74–5

  Moleyns, Baron see Hungerford, Baron

  Mont Orgueil Castle (Jersey) 314

  Montacute, Alice see Salisbury, Countess of

  Montacute, Thomas see Salisbury, 4th Earl of

  Montagu, John Neville, 1st Baron 189, 208, 275, 276, 278, 279, 281

  Montvilliers 30

  Mortimer, Anne 46

  Mortimer, Edmund see March, 5th Earl of

  Mortimer’s Cross, Battle of (1461) 262–4, 265–9, 287, 311

  Morton, John 158, 309

  Mountfort, Osbert 228

  Mowbray, John see Norfolk, 3rd and 4th Dukes of

  Mulso, Edmund 170

  Nanfan, John 221, 314

  Neville, Anne see Buckingham, Duchess of

  Neville, Cecily see York, Duchess of

  Neville, Edward see Bergavenny, Baron

  Neville, George see Latimer, Baron

  Neville, George (Bishop of Exeter) 110, 152, 236, 250, 285, 297

  Neville, House of 89–101

  family tree 92–5

  Neville, John see Montagu, Baron

  Neville, Ralph see Westmorland, 1st Earl of

  Neville, Richard see Salisbury, 5th Earl of

  Neville, Richard see Warwick, 16th Earl of

  Neville, Robert (Bishop of Durham) 97, 152

  Neville, Thomas 118–19, 208

  Neville, William see Fauconberg, Baron

  Nevilles 109–10, 287

  and First Battle of St Albans 140–1

  conflict with Percys 117

  join York at Ludlow 192

  lordships and manors 118

  relationship with York 253

  Norfolk, John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of 31, 86, 90, 121, 128, 137, 274, 275, 289, 290, 302, 306–7

  Norfolk, John Mowbray, 4th Duke of 310

  Norman Conquest (1066) 21

  Normandy 30, 32–4, 44, 52–4, 56, 58

  fall of (1449-50) 70–4

  ‘The North’

  and Lancastrian cause 243–4

  York’s campaign in 255–6

  Northampton, Battle of 231–40

  Northumberland, Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of 21, 97, 98, 117–18, 148, 150

  Northumberland, Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of 181, 218, 306, 308, 315

  Ogle, Robert, 1st Baron 132, 147, 202, 311

  Oldhall, William 89–909, 104, 124, 212

  Ormonde, Earl of see Wiltshire, Earl of

  Ottoman Empire 227

  Oxford, John Vere, 12th Earl of 74, 137

  papacy 17

  partisan peers (1461) 288

  Paston, John 62–4

  Paston Letters 62, 156

  Peasants’ Revolt (1381) 18, 81 peerages 16

  Pembroke, Jasper Tudor, 1st Earl of 7, 109, 151, 176, 177–8, 179, 189, 212, 219, 261, 264, 264–5, 269

  Penshurst Palace 80, 90, 136

  Percy of Carlisle, Bishop 149

  Percy, Henry see Northumberland, 2nd & 3rd Earls of

  Percy, Ralph 315, 317

  Percy, Richard 119, 127

  Percy, Thomas see Egremont, Baron

  Percys 287

  conflict with Nevilles 117–20, 127–8

  lordships and manors 118

  Philippe of Burgundy see Burgundy, Philippe, Duke of

  Pisan, Christine de

  The Treasure of the City of Ladies 102

  Pius II, Pope 12, 227–8, 240–1, 254

  Commentaries 12, 223, 236, 240

  Pole, Alice de la née Chaucer see Suffolk, Countess of

  Pole, John de la see Suffolk, Duke of

  Pole, William de la see Suffolk, Duke of

  poleaxes 196, 308

  Pontefract Castle 127, 218, 256, 259, 269, 273, 291, 294

  Pontoise 32

  Powderham Castle 154, 155

  Powys Castle 212

  ‘Praguerie’ revolt (1440) 39–40, 43

  primogeniture 22

  Protectorate Council 155–6

  Protestant Reformation 18

  Radcliffe, John, de jure Baron FitzWalter 291, 292

  Radford, Henry 201

  Radford, Nicholas 155

  Regnéville 71

  religion 114

  Richard II, King 3, 19, 20, 24, 47, 50, 55, 81, 192

  Richard III, King see Gloucester, Richard, Duke of

  Richard of York see York, Richard, 3rd Duke of

  Richardson, Simon 299–300, 303, 307

  Richemont, Arthur de 30, 37, 39, 40, 72

  Richmond, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of 6, 109, 151, 176–7

  Rivers, Richard Woodbville, 1st Baron 1–2, 8–9, 10, 40, 80, 90, 91, 164, 224, 239, 302, 303, 310

  Roman roads (Akeman Street, Ermine Steet, Fosse Way, Roman Ridge Road and Watling Street) 139, 210, 231, 244, 277, 281, 294, 296, 302

  Roos, Thomas, 9th Baron 137–8, 181, 221, 312

  ‘Rose of Rouen, The’ (poem) 289–90

  Rouen 2, 4, 42, 54, 73

  Rougemont Grey, Thomas 1st Baron 213, 308, 312

  Roxburgh Castle 247, 248

  royal finances 108

  Rutland, Edmund, Earl of 55, 56, 258, 270

  St Albans, First Battle of (1455) 139–42, 144–50, 157, 161, 184, 186–7

  St Albans, Second Battle of (1461) 275–82, 283

  Saint-Pol 164

  Salisbury, Alice née Montacute, Countess of 97, 98, 189, 191, 225

  Salisbury, Thomas Montacute 4th Earl of 97

  Salisbury, Richard Neville 5th Earl of 28, 53, 89, 96, 97–8, 117–18, 152, 153, 243, 250, 254, 255

  appointed Lord Chancellor 125

  attainders after Yorkist defeat at Ludlow and recovery of lands by Crown 218

  and Blore Heath campaign 199, 200–1, 204–5, 206–7, 208–9

  death of (1460) 259

  feud with t
he Percys 98

  resigns as Lord Chancellor 132

  royal favour and growth of power 98–9

  and York 125, 255

  Salisbury, 6th Earl of see Warwick, 16th Earl of

  Sandal Castle 256, 258

  Sandwich 224

  raids on 168–9, 228, 313

  Saye and Sele, 1st Baron (James Fiennes) 20, 65, 80, 81, 83, 84

  Saye and Sele, 2nd Baron (William Fiennes) 111

  Scales, Anthony Woodville, 8th Baron 310

  Scales, Thomas, 7th Baron 53–4, 80, 83, 90, 107, 152, 229, 238, 239

  Scotland 157, 246–9, 315–16

  Sforza, Duke Francesco 227

  Shakespeare, William 10–11

  Henry the Sixth 36, 187, 258–9, 266

  Shrewsbury, John Talbot, 1st Earl of 42, 52, 54, 73–4, 86, 109, 110, 112, 114, 117

  Shrewsbury, John Talbot, 2nd Earl of 128, 141, 158, 189, 198, 218, 238, 242

  siege artillery 272

  Skydmore family 178

  Somerset, John Beaufort, 1st Duke of 5, 24, 25, 28, 30–1, 32–5, 53, 54

  Somerset, Edmund Beaufort 2nd (new 1st) Duke of 4, 5, 6, 8, 25, 28–30, 32, 35, 44, 52, 57, 68–74

  accused of treason and sent to the Tower 121–2

  appointed Constable of England 86, 103

  attack on Beauchamp settlement 114, 117

  and Ludford Bridge campaign 214

  and First Battle of St Albans 140, 141, 142–3, 147

  burial 150

  and Calais 162–5, 222

  conflict with Warwick over lands 110

  death of 148, 166

  enmity with York 69, 72–3, 90, 104, 106, 121, 138

  and fall of Normandy 71–4, 75, 84, 85, 106

  and Henry VI 108, 132, 138, 142

  Lieutenant of Normandy 68–9

  release of (1455) 131–2

  return to England 86

  Somerset, 2nd/3rd Duke of (Henry Beaufort) 148, 151, 165, 181, 210, 212, 222, 239, 243, 282, 287, 290, 303, 312, 318

  Somnium Vigilantis 216–17, 219, 220

  Sorel, Agnès 27, 313

  Stafford, Henry 178

  Stafford of Hooke, Humphrey 221, 224, 262, 311

  Stafford, House of 134–5

  Stafford, Humphrey see Buckingham, Duke of

  Stafford, Humphrey (Buckingham’s son) 310

  Stafford, Richard 64–5

  Stanberry, John (Bishop of Hereford) 186, 236, 237, 243

  Stanhope, Maud 118

  Stanley, Thomas, 2nd Baron 159, 200–1, 205–6, 208, 219, 242, 252

  Stanley, William 217

  Stillington, John (Bishop of Bath and Wells) 250

  Stone, John 234

  Stourton, John, 3rd Baron 107, 126, 155

  Sudeley, Ralph Boteler, 6th Baron 141, 213

  Suffolk, Alice née Chaucer, Duchess of 41–2, 62

  Suffolk, John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of 189, 274

  Suffolk, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of 13, 15, 20, 40, 41–2, 43, 44, 61, 64, 99, 102–3, 143

  assassination of (1450) 76–7, 79, 84

  fall of 62, 100–1

  trial over embezzlement charges and banishment 75–6

  Surienne, François de 71

  Sutton, John see Dudley, Baron

  Swynford, Katherine 4, 24, 41

  Tailboys, William 61–2, 316

  Talbot, John see Lisle, 1st Viscount

  Talbot, John see Shrewsbury, 1st & 2nd Earls of

  Thomas, William ap 176, 177

  Thorpe, Thomas 124, 152

  Thorpe Waterville 272–3

  Tiptoft, John see Worcester, Earl of

  Tours, truce negotiated at (1444) 40, 56, 68

  Tower of London, capitulation to the Yorkists 238–9

  Towton, Battle of (1461) 275, 295–301, 302–9

  Towton Battlefield Archaeological Survey (TBAS) 299

  Trémoille, Georges de la 37

  Tresham, Thomas 282

  Tresham, William 87

  Trollope, Andrew 73–4, 162, 164, 167, 212, 214, 221, 277, 290, 302, 303, 308

  Troyes, Treaty of (1420) 2

  Tuchet, James see Audley, 5th Baron

  Tuchet, John see Audley, 6th Baron

  Tuddenham, Thomas 191

  Tudor, Edmund see Richmond, Earl of

  Tudor, Jasper see Pembroke, Earl of

  Tudor, Owen 6, 7–8, 10, 29, 71, 269

  Valois, Catherine de 2–3, 4, 5, 6–7, 10

  Valois-Anjou, House of 36–45

  family tree 38

  Vaughan, Roger 262

  Vaughan, Thomas 212

  Vaughan, Walter 179

  Vere, John see Oxford, Earl of

  Vere, Robert 74

  Vescy, Henry Bromflete, 1st Baron 239

  Wainflete, William (Bishop of Winchester) 63, 83, 85, 158, 235

  Wakefield, Battle of (1460) 256–9

  Wales 172, 173–80

  map 173, 174

  wardships 21

  warfare 194–6, 272

  cost of 198

  see also weaponry

  Wallingford Castle 6, 67, 106, 189, 242

  Warr, Richard West, Baron de la 239

  Warwick, Anne Beauchamp Countess of Warwick 28, 99, 100, 110, 171, 314

  Warwick, Henry Beauchamp 1st Duke of 28, 99–100, 101

  Warwick, Richard Beauchamp 13th Earl of 6, 28, 30, 53, 99, 101

  Warwick, Richard ‘the Kingmaker’ Neville 16th Earl of 1, 28, 89, 99, 100, 161, 210, 272, 289

  acts as King’s Chief Minster after Battle of Northampton 250–1

  apotheosis of 221–30

  assassination attempt on (1458) 190–1, 213

  attainted after Ludlow defeat and distribution of possessions 218

  attempt to ambush (1456) 182–3

  and Battle of Ferrybridge 292–3

  and Battle of Northampton 237, 272

  and First Battle of St Albans 147–8, 161, 272

  and Battle of Towton 302–3

  and Calais 153, 161, 166–71

  characteristics and attributes 101, 171, 223

  coalition building 274–5

  damage to reputation after Second Battle of St Albans 282

  and Edward of March 269, 270, 296, 311

  expedition to Ireland 224–6

  flight to Calais after Ludlow defeat 221, 222–4

  international stature 223

  invasion of England and unopposed admission to London (1460) 228–30, 231

  made Keeper of the Seas (1457) 169

  march from Calais to Ludlow 210, 212

  and Marguerite d’Anjou 170, 190

  marriage 171

  powers vested in 169–70

  refusal to surrender Cardiff and Cowbridge 110, 117

  rise of 100–1, 161

  and Second Battle of St Albans (1461) 275–7, 279–80

  truce with Duke of Burgundy 222

  and Wenlock mission 190

  and York 252–3, 282

  Waterton, Robert 50, 84

  Wavrin, Jehan de 204, 234, 235, 303, 306, 337

  weaponry 194–6

  hook guns 278–9

  longbow 194–5

  poleaxe 196, 308

  Welles, Lionel, 6th Baron 86, 126, 129, 152, 167, 275, 308

  Welsh Marches 21, 65, 128, 174, 179, 192–3, 200, 206, 213, 242, 274

  Wenlock, John, 1st Baron 149, 190, 212, 224, 262, 264, 269, 272, 274, 311

  West, Richard see Warr, Baron de la

  Westmorland, Joan, Countess of 50, 96, 246

  Westmorland, Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of 50, 96–7

  Whethamstede, John, Abbot of St Albans 260

  Whittingham, Robert 281–2, 318

  Wiltshire, James Butler, 1st Earl of 62, 105, 108, 126, 132, 149, 159, 219, 238, 242, 246, 263, 268, 308–9

  Windsor Castle 8, 18, 29, 47, 67, 124, 153, 290

  Woodville, Anthony see Scales, Baron

  Woodville, Elizabeth 10, 55, 283

  Woodville, Richard see Rivers
, Baron

  Worcester, John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of 126, 132, 189, 212

  Wressle 119

  Wycliffe, John 17, 18

  Yolande de Aragón, Princess 36–7

  York, Cecily née Neville, Duchess of 50–1, 54, 55, 56, 87, 99, 116, 126, 215

  York, Edward, 2nd Duke of 47, 50

  York, House of 46–58, 289

  family tree 48–9

  York, Richard, 3rd Duke of 28, 31, 46, 50–4, 77, 121–9, 270

  and Act of Accord 254–5

  ancestry 46–7

  appointed as Protector 124–30, 154, 155–6

  arms 46

  attainted after defeat at Ludlow and distribution of lands 218, 219

  attempt to suppress disorder in the North 255–6

  attempted assassinations against 182, 183

  and First Battle of St Albans 140–1, 144–5, 149

  and Calais 126, 129

  claim to throne 52, 58, 90, 114, 244, 252–4

  and Courtenay-Bonville feud 105–6, 155, 156

  enmity with Somerset 69, 72–3, 90, 104, 106, 121, 138

  erosion of loyalty to 253

  estates and income 51–2

  flight from Ludlow 215

  and Great Council (1453) 121, 122–4

  grievances manifesto 226

  and Henry VI 106, 132–3, 157, 184–5

  humiliation of 250–60

  increasingly marginalized 90–1, 96

  and Ireland 58, 184–5, 225–6, 242

  issuing of manifesto 87

  killed at Battle of Wakefield 258, 259

  march on London and punishment of (1452) 106–8

  marriage to Cecily Neville 51, 56

  and Nevilles 89

  and Normandy lieutenancy 52–4, 56, 133, 136

  orders for arrest of by Henry and attempt to clear name 86–7

  recovery of lands by Crown after defeat 218–19

  refrains from rewarding himself 153

  relationship with Marguerite d’Anjou 129–30, 154, 156–7, 191–2

  relationship with the Nevilles 253, 254

  relationship with son, Edward 55–6, 270

  resignation as Lord Protector (1454) 132

  resignation as Lord Protector (1456) 156

  return to England (1445) 57

  return to England from Ireland (1460) 252–3

  and Salisbury 125, 255

  and Wales 177

  and Warwick 252–3, 282

  Young, Thomas 91, 104

  About Battle Royal

  The ‘real’ Game of Thrones

  The Wars of the Roses were a prolonged brawl over an inheritance by a deeply dysfunctional extended family. The inheritance in question was the throne of England; the story is one of unbridled ambition and murderous treachery.

  The weak, mentally fragile Lancastrian King Henry VI struggles to deal with a war in France and rising disorder at home. Opposition to the king rallies around his cousin, Richard of York, who has as good a claim by blood to the throne. As the tension mounts, Henry’s young wife, Marguerite d’Anjou, is drawn into the void of authority created by her husband’s incompetence. A few months before Marguerite bears him a long-awaited heir, Henry lapses into catatonia. Marguerite skilfully works to create an arrangement to protect her son’s birthright and give Richard of York a leading role, only for Henry to recover and reject this agreement.

 

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