Intifadas, 12.1, 12.2
Iran, 1.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 12.1, 13.1; ancient, itr.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1 (see also Persia; Persian Empire); elections in, 13.2; Iraq war with, 11.6, 11.7, 12.2; Mongols in, 8.1; Muslim conquest of, 7.1, 7.2; revolution in, 11.8, 11.9, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5; Safavid Empire in, 8.2, 9.1; Saudi rivalry with, 13.6
Iraq, 1.1, 7.1, 11.1, 13.1, aft.1, aft.2, nts.1n20; Kuwait invaded by, 13.2; sanctions against, 13.3, 13.4; U.S. wars against, 12.1, 13.5; war with Iran, 11.2, 11.3, 12.2
Ireland
Irenaeus
Isaac, 4.1, 4.2, 11.1
Isabella of Castile, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
Isaiah, 5.1, 13.1
Ishmael
Ishtar, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1
Isis (goddess)
Islam, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 4.1, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, aft.1, aft.2, nts.1n83; in Bosnia, 13.1; conversion of Mongols to, 8.1, 8.2; egalitarianism in, 7.2, 7.3, 12.1, aft.3; Khomeini’s doctrine of, 11.1; legal system of (see Shariah); modernization and, 11.2; radical (see Islamism); Satan in, 8.3; struggle in, see jihad; traditional norms of, itr.3, 11.3; Wahhabist, 13.2, nts.2n3; see also Muslims
Islambouli, Muhammad
Islamic Government (Khomeini)
Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Islamic Jihad (IJ), 12.1, 13.1
Islami Jamiat-i-Taliban (IJT; Society of Islamic Students)
Islamists, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 13.1, 13.1
Islam and the Use of Force (Berri)
Islambouli, Khaled, 12.1, 12.2
Ismailis, 7.1, nts.1n83
Ismail Pasha
Israel, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, aft.1; ancient, itr.1, 4.1, 5.1, 11.2, 394, aft.2, nts.1n32; annexation of captured territory by, 11.3; Arab conflict with, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6; creation of, 11.7, 11.8; Islamist denunciation of, 13.2; Palestinians oppressed by, 11.9, 11.1, 11.10, 12.7, 13.3; Palestinian uprisings against, 12.8, 12.9; West Bank settlements of, 11.11, 11.12; Zionist view of, 10.1
Israelites, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, aft.1, nts.1n32; in Babylonia, 4.2, 4.3; Canaanites and, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6; descent into moral depravity of, 4.7; in Egypt, 4.8; in Sinai wilderness, 4.9; state established by (see Israel ancient)
Italy, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2; Holy Roman Empire and, 8.3, 8.4, 9.3; Papal States in, 9.4; Protestants in, 9.5
Jacob, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 11.1, nts.1n32
Jahangir, Moghul emperor, 10.1, 10.2
Jains, 2.1, 2.2, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, aft.1
Jamaat-i-Islami
Jamestown colony
Jan of Leyden, n43
Japan, 9.1; ancient, itr.1; in Second World War, 12.1
Jarrah, Ziad
Jebusites
Jeddah (Jidda), 13.1, 13.2
Jefferson, Thomas, 10.1, 10.2
Jericho, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2
Jeroboam, King of Israel
Jerusalem, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1, 12.1; in Byzantine Empire, 6.1, 7.2; Crusaders and, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.3a, 8.4, 8.5; Israeli control of, 11.1, 12.2; in Roman Empire, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3; Sadat in, 11.2;
spiritual importance in Islam of, 7.1, 12.1, 12.2; suicide bombings in, 12.3; temples in, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 6.1
Jerusalem Talmud
Jesuits, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Jesus, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1, aft.1; accounts of life of (see gospels); apostles of, 5.3, 5.4; belief in return of, 5.5, 5.6; birth of, 5.7; crucifixion of, 5.8, 5.9, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 9.2; disciples of, 5.10, 5.11, 8.5, 10.2; divinity of, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 10.3 (see also Christ); faith in (see Christianity); heresies based on teachings of, 8.1, 9.3; Kingdom of God of, 5.12, 5.13, 6.7, aft.2; at Last Supper, 8.6; mission in Galilee of, 5.14, 9.4, 13.2; monasticism inspired by, 6.8; Sermon on the Mount of, 11.2; worldly authority rejected by, 6.9
Jewish Defense League
Jews, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, aft.1, aft.2; ancient, see Israelites; assimilated, 4.1, 8.2; in Byzantine Empire, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1; Hasmonean, 5.1; in Medina, 7.2, 7.3; Muslim antagonism toward, 11.1, aft.3; Orthodox, 10.4, 11.2; in Ottoman Empire, 13.1, 13.2; persecution and slaughter of, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 10.5 (see also Holocaust); in Roman Empire, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4; during Spanish Inquisition, 9.1, 9.2; in United States, 11.3; see also Judaism
Jezirah
jihad, itr.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1; classical doctrine of, 7.1, 7.2, 13.2; global, 11.3, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7; heavenly rewards for, 7.3; military, 7.4, 7.5, 8.1; Palestinian, 12.2, 12.3; against secularism, 11.4; against selfishness and egotism, 7.6, 7.7; against Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan, 13.8, 13.9, aft.2; see also Greater Jihad
Jihad Network
Jin (China), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali
Jnatra clan
Jnatraputra, Vardhamana (Mahavira)
Johannine authors
John, Gospel of, 5.1, 5.2
John XXIII, Pope
John the Baptist, 5.1, 6.1, 10.1
John Paul II, Pope
Johnson, Lyndon B., 11.1, 11.2
Jones, James Warren
Jonestown (Guyana) mass suicide
Jordan, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 10.1
Jordan valley
Joseph
Joseph (father of Jesus)
Josephus
Joshua, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
Josiah, King of Judah
Jovian
Judah (son of Jacob)
Judah: ancient kingdom of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, aft.1; see also Judea
Judaism, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1; attacks on, 8.1 (see also anti-Semitism); early Christianity and, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1; egalitarian tradition in, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.4; fundamentalist, 11.1, 12.1; holy spirit in, 6.2; Islam and, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5; in Persia, 1.2, 4.5, 6.3; Rabbinic, 5.5, 12.2; Satan in, 8.2; see also Hebrew Bible; Jews
Judas of Galilee, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Judea, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 7.1
JUI (Association of Ulema of Islam)
Julian the Apostate, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 12.1
Jupiter
Justinian, 6.1, 7.1
“just war,” 154, 6.1, 9.1
Kabah (Mecca), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1
Kabbalism
Kach
Kahane, Meir
Kakar, Sudhir
Kalahari Desert
Kalinga (India)
Kali Yuga
Kamil, Sultan al-
Kandahar (Afghanistan), 13.1, 13.2
Kant, Immanuel
Karadzic, Radovan, 13.1, 13.2
Karbala (Iraq), 7.1, 11.1, 13.1
Kashi (India)
Kashmir, 11.1, 13.1
Kassites
Kauravas, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Kelly, James
Kemosh
Kennedy, John F., 11.1, 11.2
Kharajites, 7.1, 7.2
Khatami, Hojjat ol-Islam Seyyed Muhammad
Khaybar, Battle of, 7.1, 12.1
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, aft.1
Khosrow I, King of Persia, 6.1, 7.1
Khosrow II, King of Persia, 6.1, 7.1
Khwarazmian Turks
Khyber Pass
King, Martin Luther
Kingdom of God, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1
Kingdom of God Is Within You, The (Tolstoy)
Kiryat Arba (West Bank), 11.1, 12.1, 12.2
Kish (Mesopotamia)
knights, 8.1, 8.2; in Crusades, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, aft.1; papal supremacy challenged by, 8.7; Peace and Truce of God restrictions on violence of, 8.8, aft.2
Knights of Hospitaler of St. John, 8.1, 8.2
Knights Templar, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Kongfuzi, see Confucius
Kookists, 11.1, 12.1, aft.1
Korea
Kosambi (India)
Koshala (India), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Krishna, 2.1, 11.1
Kshatriya (“empowered ones”), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2
Kufa (Iraq), 7.1, 7.2
Ku Klux Klan
Kundagrama (India)
Kurds, 8.1, 11.1
Kurus, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
Lachish (Judah)
Lackawanna Six
Lactantius, Lucius Caecilius, 5.1, 6.1
Lagash (Mesopotamia), 1.1, 1.2
Lakhmid Arabs, n69
Lambeth Articles
Languedoc (France), 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1
Laozi (Lao-Tzu)
Lascaux cave paintings
Last Days, 7.1, 8.1
Last Judgment
Last Supper
Lateran Councils, 8.1, 8.2
Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 9.1, 10.1
Lavoisier, Antoine
Law of Freedom
Lawrence, T. E.
Lazarus
Lazlo, Prince of Serbia
League of Nations
Lebanon, 1.1, 7.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, aft.1
Lee, Robert E.
Legalism, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, aft.1
Leighton, Alexander
Leo III, Pope
Levant, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 8.1
Levi, 4.1, 4.2
Leviathan (Israelite chaos-monster), 4.1, 4.2, 9.1
Leviathan (Hobbes)
Levinger, Moshe, 11.1, 11.2
Lewis, Taylor
Libanius
Liberation Theology, 11.1, 11.2
libertas, 8.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Libya, 4.1, 12.1
Life of St. Gerald of Aurillac (Odo, abbot of Cluny)
Likud party, Israeli
Limoges (France)
Lincoln, Abraham, 10.1, 10.2
Lincoln (England)
Li Si (prime minister of Qi) 97, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Liu Bang
Liu Xiang
Livni, Menachem
Locke, John, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, aft.1
Logos, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2; Incarnation of, 6.3
Lombards
Lombardy
London (England), itr.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1, aft.1
Lord’s Prayer
Lord’s Supper, 5.1, 10.1
Lot
Louis VII, King of France
Louis IX, King of France
Louis XVI, King of France
Louvre museum (Paris)
Lu (Chinese principality), 3.1; Duke of, 3.2
Luke, Saint, 5.1, 5.2, aft.1
Lupercalia
Luther, Martin, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1
Lutheran League
Lutherans, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 10.1
Luxor (Egypt), massacre of tourists in
Lyell, Charles, 10.1, 10.2
Lyons (France), 5.1, 5.2, 10.1
Maccabees
Macedonia
MacGregor, Neil
Madison, James
Madrid (Spain), aft.1; train bombing in, 13.1
Magadha (India), 2.1, 2.2
Magyars
Mahabharata, 2.1, 12.1, aft.1
Mahavira, see Jnatraputra, Vardhamana
Mahdi (Sudan)
Mahmud, Sultan
Mainz (Germany), 8.1, 8.2
Majlis
Malacca Straits
Malaysia
Mamluks, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1
Mamre (Canaan)
Manasseh, King of Judah, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Manicheanism
Mansfeld, Ernst von
Manzikert, Battle of
Marcourt, Antoine
Mardin (Turkey)
Marduk, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 11.1
Mark, gospel of, 5.1, 5.2
Maronite Christians, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1
Marseilles (France)
Marshal, General S. L. A.
Martel, Charles, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
Martha
Martin V, Pope
martyrs, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3; Christian, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 204, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1; Muslim, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 13.1, 13.2 (see also suicide attacks)
Maruts (storm gods)
Marxism, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Mary (Jesus’s mother), 5.1, 6.1
Mary (sister of Lazarus)
Mary I, Queen of England, 9.1, 9.2
Mashhad (Iran)
Massachusetts, colonial
Mater et Magistra (Pope John XXIII)
Mathura (India)
Matthew, gospel of
Matthias
Maududi, Abul Ala, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2
Maurice, Byzantine emperor
Mauryan Empire, 2.1, 2.2
Maxentius
Maxim guns
Maximian, Roman emperor
Maximianus Daia, Roman emperor, 5.1, 5.2
Maximilian, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximus (“the Confessor”)
Mazda, Ahura (Lord Wisdom), 1.1, 1.2
McVeigh, Timothy
Mecca (Arabia), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 9.1, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1
Media
Medina (Arabia), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2
Megiddo, ancient fortress of, 4.1, 4.2
Melkites
Mencius, itr.1, itr.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Mencken, H. L.
mercenaries, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
merchant class, 2.1, 2.2; see also bourgeoisie
Mercury, Saint
Merneptah, Pharoah
Merton, Thomas
Merum (Phrygia)
Mesha, King of Moab
Mesoamericans
Mesopotamia, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2; ancient cities in, 1.3, 1.4; aristocracy of, 1.5; Christianity in, 6.1; climate of, 1.6; Muslims in, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1; traditional religions of, itr.2, 1.7, 1.8, 4.1; see also specific empires, peoples, and states
Metacom, Chief of the Wampanoag (“King Philip”)
Methodists
Mexico
Michael, Archangel, 5.1, 8.1
Michael the Syrian
Michelet, Jules
Middle East, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 11.1, 11.2; absolute monarchies in, 9.1; ancient sacred geography of, 11.3; Christian crusaders in, see Crusades; colonial period in, 11.4; fiction of conquest in, 4.2; Islamic wars of expansion in, 7.1; mythical and cultural consciousness of, 4.3; pastoralists of, 1.3; secular modernity in, 11.5, 11.6; social organization of, 6.1; structural violence of, 1.4; symbolic weight of temples in, 5.1; traditional cosmogony of, 4.4; treaties between former enemies in, 4.5; Western domination of, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2; see also specific countries, nation states, and regions
Midian (Arabia), 4.1, 4.2
Milestones (Qutb), 11.1, 12.1
Mill, John Stuart
Milosevic, Slobodan, 13.1, 13.2
Milton, John
Mina, University of
Minié rifles, 10.1, 10.2
Minorca
Mirabeau, Honoré
Mishnah
Mississippi River
Mitanni, 1.1, 4.1
Mithra (Sanskrit: Mitra), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1
Modarris, Ayatollah
modernity, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 11.1; colonialism and, 10.1, 11.2; industrialized, 10.2, 10.3; religious responses to, 9.1, 9.2, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 12.1, 13.1; secularism and, itr.3, 10.7, 10.8, 11.10, 11.11, aft.1 (see also Enlightenment); violence generated by, 8.1, 8.2, 11.12, 11.13, 12.2, aft.2, aft.3 (see also terrorism)
Moghul Empire, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, aft.1
monarchy, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1; absolute, see absolute monarchies; attacks on, 9.1; constitutional, 9.2; monotheism and, 6.1; papal, 8.1, 8.2, aft.1; see also names of sovereigns
Mongolia, 1.1, 11.1
Mongols, 8.1, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1, 396
monks: Buddhist, 2.1, 2.2, 9.1, aft.1; Christian, itr.1, itr.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 13.1, 13.2, aft.2, aft.3 (see also specific orders); Jain, 2.3
Monophysitism, 6.1, 7.1
monotheism, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7.1, 10.1; embeddedness of politics in, 4.3, 5.2; intolerance and, itr.2, 4.4, 4.5
Montastruc (France)
Montezuma
Montmorencies, 9.1, 9.2
Moral Majority, 11.1, 11.2
More, Thomas, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Moriscos, 9.1, 9.2
Morocco
Moses, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1
Mossad
Mot
Mother Goddess, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 11.1
Mount Hira, 7.1, 9.1
Mount of Olives
Mount Sinai, 4.1, 4.2
Mozi, 3.1, 3.2
Muawiyyah
Mubarak, Hosni, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2
Muhammad, Prophet, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3; ahadith of, see ahadith; at Battle of Khaybar, 7.3, 12.2; death of, 7.4, 7.5; imitation of, 7.6, 13.4; enemies of, 7.7; customary practice of, 7.8, nts.1n82; nonviolent policy of, 7.9, 7.10, 11.2; pristine Islam of, 8.1, 10.3, 13.5; revelation of Quran to, 7.11, 7.12; reverence for descendants of, 7.13, nts.2n83 (see also names of descendants); structural violence opposed by, 9.1; successors of, 7.14, 7.15
Muhammad Ali, 11.1, 11.2
Muharram, month of
mujahidin, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
Mujama al-Islamiya, 12.1, 12.2
Münster (Germany), 9.1, nts.1n43
Musaddiq, Muhammad, 11.1, 11.2
Musharraf, Pervez
Muslim Brotherhood, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, aft.1, nts.1n52
Muslims, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1; Bosnian, 13.1; Christian crusades against, see Crusades; emigration from Mecca of, 7.2; fundamentalist, 11.2, 11.3, 13.2; impact of secularism on, 11.4, 11.5; in India, 10.2, 11.6, 11.7, 12.1 (see also Moghul Empire); in Pakistan, 11.8, 11.9, 13.3; Palestinian, 11.10, 12.2; rigidly rule-bound (see Deobandis);
Muslims (continued)
in Spain, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3; Turkish (see Ottoman Empire); see also Shiis; Sufis; Sunnis; Wahhabism
Muslim World League, 13.1, 13.2
Mustafa, Shukri, 12.1, aft.1
Myth of Religious Violence, The (Cavanaugh)
Nabonidus, King of Babylon
Nadir tribe
Nagasaki, atomic bombing of
Najaf (Iraq), 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2
Nakula
Nanak, Guru
Nanda, Mahapadma
Nantes, Edict of
Napoleon, Emperor of France, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1
Napoleonic Wars
Naram-Sin, Akkadian emperor
Narragansetts
Naruna
Naseby, Battle of
Natal Indian Congress Party
National Assembly, French
National Association of Evangelicals
National Council of Churches
nationalism, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1, aft.2; First World War, 10.3; Hindu, 12.1; Israeli, 10.4, 11.1, 11.6, 12.2, aft.3; Palestinian, 12.3, 12.4; secular, 10.5, 10.6, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 12.5, 12.6, 13.3, aft.4; Slavic, 13.4; terrorism inspired by, 12.7, 12.8
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