Fields of Blood

by Karen Armstrong

  Colby, Captain Elbridge

  Cold War, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1

  Colombia

  colonialism, 5.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, aft.1, aft.2; European, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.2; global struggle against, 12.2; Indian response to, 10.3, 10.4, 11.2; in Middle East, 10.5, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 12.3; in Roman Empire, 5.2; structural violence of, 10.6, 10.7, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8; of United States, 11.9, 12.4, 13.1, 13.2; Zionism and, 10.8, 11.10; see also imperialism

  Columbus, Christopher, 9.1, 9.2

  commerce, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1; in Arabia, 7.1; in premodern world, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1

  Committee of Public Safety

  Commonwealth of Oceana (Harrington)

  communists, itr.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1; Russian, see Soviet Union

  Confucianism, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 9.1, 9.2, aft.1

  Confucius, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2

  Congress, U.S.

  Connecticut, 10.1; colonial, 10.2, 10.3

  conspiracy fears, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 13.1

  Constance, Council of

  Constantine, Byzantine emperor, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, aft.1

  Constantinople, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2; Council of, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6; fall of, 6.7; Persian siege of, 6.8; see also Byzantine Empire

  Constantius II, Byzantine emperor

  Constantius Chlorus, Byzantine emperor, 5.1, 5.2

  Continental Congress

  Cook, David, n79

  Coponius

  Corinth (Greece)

  Cortés, Hernán

  Cotton, John, 10.1, 10.2

  Crispus

  Croats, 13.1, 13.2

  Cromer, Evelyn Baring, Lord, 11.1, 11.2

  Cromwell, Oliver

  Croquants (France)

  Crusades, itr.1, itr.2, 8.1, 8.2, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1, aft.2, nts.1n91

  Ctesiphon (Mesopotamia)

  Cuba

  Cyprian

  Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria

  Cyrus, Achaemenid emperor, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  Dalmatia

  Damascus (Syria), 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  Dan (Israel)

  Danish War

  Danube region, 5.1, 6.1

  Daodejing, 95

  Daoism, 3.1, 9.1, aft.1, 12.1, aft.2

  Dar al-Islam, 8.1, 13.1

  Darius I, Achaemenid emperor, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2

  Darrow, Clarence

  Darwin, Charles, 10.1, 12.1

  Darwinism, 10.1, 11.1

  David, Jacques-Louis

  David, King of Israel, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1

  Davis, Natalie Zemon, 9.1, nts.1n77

  Dawkins, Richard

  Dayan, Moshe

  Dayananda, Swami

  Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)

  Decalogue

  Decius, Roman emperor

  Declaration of Independence, 10.1, nts.1n31

  Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 10.1, 10.2

  Deeds of the Franks, 214

  deification (theosis), doctrine of, 6.1, 10.1

  deists, 10.1, 10.2

  Demeter (Greek goddess)

  Democratic Party, U.S., 11.1, 11.2

  Deobandis, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1

  Descartes, René

  Devanampiya (“Beloved of the Gods”), see Ashoka

  De Veritate (Herbert), 9.1

  Dewey, John

  Dharma, 2.1, 2.2

  Di, Shang Di (sky god of Shang China), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Dickens, Charles

  Diego Garcia (British Indian Ocean Territory)

  Dinah

  Diocletian, Roman emperor, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n16

  Dionysius, temple of

  Dioscorus

  Divine Council

  Djerba (Tunisia)

  Doab (India), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem), 7.1, 12.1

  Dominicans (Order of Preachers), 8.1, 9.1

  Donatists, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n16

  Donne, John

  Dow, Lorenzo

  Dreyfus, Captain Alfred

  Drona

  Druze

  Durandus of San Poinciana

  Duryodhana

  Dutch, see Netherlands

  Dwight, Timothy

  Eannatum, King of Lagash

  Earth Mother

  East Anglia

  Eastern Catholic Church, 6.1, aft.1

  Easton, John

  Eban, Abba

  ecstasy, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2; of battle, itr.1, 2.1, 8.1, 10.3, 11.1, 12.1

  Edessa, 8.1, 8.2

  Edom

  Edward I, King of England

  Edward VI, King of England

  Edwards, Jonathan, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

  egalitarianism, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2; Christian, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2; Islamic, 7.1, 7.2, 12.1, aft.1; Jewish, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.2; premodern departures from, 1.1, 2.3

  Egypt, 8.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1; ancient, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, nts.1n32; Arab-Afghans from, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6; assassination of Sadat in, 12.2; in Byzantine Empire, 6.2; Christianity in, 6.3, 6.4, 8.2; Fatimid dynasty in, 7.1, 8.3, nts.2n83; Israel and, 11.4, 11.5; modernization of, 11.6, 11.7; Muslim conquest of, 7.2, 7.3; Napoleon’s invasion of, 10.1, 11.8; Wahhabism in, 13.7

  Einhard

  Eliot, John

  elites, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1; in agrarian civilizations, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2; in Middle East, 7.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4; in United States, 9.1, 10.3, 10.4, 11.3; see also aristocracy

  Elizabeth I, Queen of England

  Emicho, Count of Leningen

  empathy, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 10.1, 13.1, aft.1

  England, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1; Christianity in, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3; Civil War in, 9.4, 9.5; in Hundred Years’ War, 8.3; Jews in, 8.4; monarchy in, 9.6, 9.6 (see also names of kings and queens); Muslims in, 10.2; see also Britain

  England, Lynndie

  English language, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1, 7.1

  Enki (Mesopotamian god), 1.1, 1.2

  Enkidu (Epic of Gilgamesh), 1.1, 1.2

  Enlightenment, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2

  Enlil (Lord Storm; Mesopotamian god), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6

  Enuma Elish (Mesopotamian hymn)

  Ephesus, 5.1; Councils of, 6.1, 6.2

  Epic of Gilgamesh, see Gilgamesh

  Epicureanism

  epidemics, 2.1, 8.1

  Erasmus, Desiderius

  Eritrea

  Erkbakan, Necmettin

  Esagil (Sumerian temple)

  Esau

  Essence of Christianity, The (Feuerbach)

  Essenes

  Estates General, French

  Ethiopia

  Etzion, Yehuda

  Eucharist, 6.1, 9.1, aft.1

  Euphrates River, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1, 6.1, 174

  European Union

  Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea

  Eutyches, monk of Constantinople, 6.1, 6.2

  Evagrius, monk of Pontus, 6.1, 6.2

  evangelicals, see Christianity, evangelical

  Eve, 4.1, 4.2

  evolution, itr.1, 1.1, 10.1, 11.1; political and social, 3.1, 5.1, 10.2, 11.2, 13.1

  exceptionalism, American

  excommunication, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 10.1

  Fadl Allah, Ayatollah Muhammad

  Fajia (Chinese: School of the Law)

  Fall (Christian doctrine)

  Fallujah (Iraq)

  Falsafah (“Philosophy”), 9.1, 10.1, 13.1

  Falwell, Jerry

  famines, itr.1, 1.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1; in China, 3.1; colonialism and, 10.1, 10.2; in Egypt, 6.1; Israelites plagued by, 4.1, 4.2

  Faraj, Abd al-Salam, 12.1, 13.1

  Faris, Iyman

  Fatah, 12.1, 13.1

  Fatima, n83

  Fatimids, 7.1, 8.1, nts.1n83

  fatwas, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1

  Fayziyah Madrassa (Iran),
11.1, 11.2

  Federalist Revolt

  Feisal, King of Saudi Arabia

  Felix of Apthungi, n16

  Ferdinand, Holy Roman Emperor, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

  Ferguson, Niall

  Fertile Crescent, see also Mesopotamia

  feudalism, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1; Chinese, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3; in medieval Europe, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

  Feuerbach, Ludwig

  Fichte, Johann Gottlieb

  Fiery Emperor (China)

  Fingarette, Herbert

  Finney, Charles

  Firestone, Reuven

  First Schmalkaldic War

  First World War, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 12.1, aft.1

  Flacilla, Aelia, Byzantine empress

  Flanders, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1

  Flavian, bishop of Constantinople, 6.1, 6.2

  France, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 11.1; absolute monarchy in, 9.2, 9.3; Algeria and, 13.1; anti-Semitism in, 10.1; British wars against, 10.2; cave paintings in, itr.1; division of Ottoman territories by Britain and, 11.2; in Hundred Years’ War, 8.4; imperialism of, 10.3; industrialization of, 10.4; Jews in, 10.5; Lebanon and, 12.1; papacy in, 8.5, 9.4; Protestants in, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8; rivalry of Spain and, 9.9; revolutionary, see French Revolution; secularization in, 9.10

  Francis I, King of France

  Francis of Assisi, Saint

  Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor)

  Franco-Prussian War

  Franklin, Benjamin

  Franks, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4; jihad against, 8.5; kingdom of, 8.6, 8.7

  Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor

  Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 8.1, 8.2

  Frederick V, Elector Palatine

  French Revolution, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, aft.1, aft.2

  Freud, Sigmund, 12.1, 12.2

  Friedman, Thomas

  Fulcher of Chartres

  Fulda (monastery)

  fundamentalism, 10.1, 11.1; Christian, 11.2, 11.3, aft.1; Jewish, 11.4, 12.1; Islamic, 11.5, 11.6, 12.2, 13.1, aft.2; Sikh, 10.2

  Fustat (Egypt)

  Galahad

  Galerius, Roman emperor

  Galienus, Roman emperor

  Galilee, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1

  Gandhi, Mohandas, 11.1, 11.2

  Gandhi, Rajiv

  Ganges River, 2.1; basin of, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5; plain of, 11.1

  Garatman (Aryan sun god)

  Garden of Eden, 4.1, 6.1, 10.1

  Gaul, 6.1, 8.1

  Gaza, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1

  Geneva (Switzerland), 9.1, 9.2

  Geneva Conventions

  Genghis Khan, 8.1, 8.2

  genocide, 4.1, 10.1; Armenian, 11.1, 13.1, aft.1; of Muslims in Bosnia, 13.2; Nazi, see Holocaust; Vendée, 10.2

  Gentili, Alberico

  George, Saint

  George III, King of England

  Gerald of Aurillac, St.

  Gerard, bishop of Cambria, n27

  German East Africa Company

  Germanic tribes, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2

  Germany, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1; in First World War, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2; Jews slaughtered in, 8.1 (see also Holocaust); Holy Roman Empire in, 8.2; industrialization of, 10.4; Peasants’ War in, 9.2; Protestants in, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6; in Second World War, 12.2, 13.1; unification of, 10.5, 10.6

  Ghazan Khan

  Ghazni (Central Asia)

  Ghose, Aurobindo

  Gilgamesh, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 2.1, 2.2, aft.1

  Girard, René

  Glaukos

  Gloucester (England)

  Goa (India)

  Gobind Singh, Guru

  Godfrey of Bouillon

  Golan Heights (Syria), 11.1, 11.2

  Golden Rule, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, aft.1

  Goldstein, Baruch

  Goliath, 4.1, 13.1

  Golwalkar, M. S.

  gospels, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1

  Gothic tribes, 5.1, 6.1

  Graber, Raoul

  Granada (Spain), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  Grand Remonstrance

  Grant, Ulysses S.

  Great Awakenings, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1

  Greater Jihad, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 11.1, 11.2

  Great Flood

  Great Judgment (Zoroastrian)

  Great Peace (China), 2.1, 3.1, 3.2

  Greeks, 7.1, 8.1, 11.1, nts.1n91; ancient, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2; in Ottoman Empire, 11.2

  Gregory VII, Pope, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  Gregory IX, Pope

  Gregory, bishop of Nazianzus

  Gregory, bishop of Nyssa

  Grenville, George, Lord

  Grotius, Hugo, 9.1, 9.2

  Guantánamo Bay detention facility, 13.1, 13.2

  Guises, 9.1, 9.2

  Gujarat (India)

  Gulf States, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3

  Gulf War, 12.1, 13.1

  Gupta period (India), 2.1, 2.2

  gurus: Hindu, 2.1, 2.2; Sikh, 10.1

  Gush Emunim (Bloc of the Faithful), 11.1, 12.1, 12.2

  Guzmán, Dominic de

  Gypsies

  Habsburgs, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

  Hadrian, Roman emperor

  Haenisch, Konrad

  Hague, The

  hajj, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 11.1, 13.1

  Hamas, 12.1, 13.1

  Hamburg Cell, 13.1, 13.2

  Hammurabi, King of Babylon

  Han (Chinese Kingdom)

  Han dynasty

  Han Feizi

  Haram al-Sharif (Jerusalem), 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2

  Hard Times (Dickens)

  Harrington, James

  Harvard University, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

  Hasmoneans

  Haut-Biterrois (France)

  Harawi, Abu Said al-

  Hazor (Israel), 4.1, 4.2

  Heaven (Tian, the sky god of Zhou China), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6

  heaven, beliefs about, 9.1; Christian, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.2, 10.1; Hindu, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4; in Judaism, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.3, 12.1; Mesopotamian, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6

  Hébert, Jacques

  Hebrew Bible, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1, aft.1, aft.2; Chronicles, 4.3; Daniel, 5.3; Deuteronomy, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, aft.3, aft.4, nts.1n79; Exodus, 4.7, 4.8, nts.2n100; Genesis, 4.9, 11.1, 11.2, nts.3n20; Joshua, 4.10, 4.11; Judges, 4.12, 4.13; Kings, 4.14, nts.4n79; Psalms, 11.3; Samuel, 4.15; Song of Songs, 5.4; see also Pentateuch

  Hebrews, seeIsraelites

  Hebron (West Bank), 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

  Hedges, Chris, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1

  Hedgewar, Keshav B., 11.1, 11.2, 12.1

  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

  Hehe tribe

  Hejazi, Taha

  Helios

  Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  Henry II, King of England, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2

  Henry VIII, King of England

  Henry III, King of France

  Henry IV, King of France

  Henry of Lancaster

  Henry of Lausanne

  Heraclius

  Herbert, Edward, Lord of Cherbury

  Hercules

  herdsmen, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2; see also pastoral societies

  heretics, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2; Christian, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, aft.1; Hindu, 2.1, 2.2; Islamic, 11.1, aft.2, nts.1n29

  hermits, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2

  Herod, King of Judea, 5.1, 5.2, 11.1

  Heroic Age, 2.1, 2.2

  Hertford, Treaty of

  Herzl, Theodor

  Hidden Imam, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1

  Higher Criticism, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1

  Hilary of Poitiers

  Himalayas, 7.1, 11.1; foothills of, 2.1, 2.2

  Hindus, 2.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.1; nationalist, 12.1

  Hindutva (Savarkar)

  Hippo (North Africa)

  Hiros
hima, atomic bombing of, 12.1, 13.1

  Hisham I

  Hitler, Adolf, 11.1, aft.1

  Hittites, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2

  Hizbollah, 12.1, 12.2

  Hobbes, Thomas, 9.1, 10.1

  Hodge, Charles, 11.1, 11.2

  Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.

  Holocaust, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1, aft.2

  Holy Land, 8.1, 8.2

  Holy Roman Empire, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6

  Holy Spirit, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2

  Homer, 1.1, 2.1

  Honorius

  Hosea, King of the Kingdom of Israel

  Hospitalers, 8.1, 8.2

  Houte, Soetken van den

  Huai Valley (China)

  Huang Di, see Yellow Emperor

  Hudaybiyyah, Well of (Arabia), 7.1, 11.1

  Huguenots

  Hulugu

  humanism, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1, 10.2

  Humbaba

  Hume, David

  Hundred Years’ War

  Hungary, 8.1, 8.2

  Husain (third Shii Imam), 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, aft.1, nts.1n83

  Hutcheson, Francis

  Hyderabad (India)

  Hyksos

  Ibn Adham, Ibrahim

  Ibn al-Arabi, Muid ad-Din

  Ibn al-Athir, Izz ad-Din, 8.1, nts.1n69

  Ibn al-Khattab, Umar

  Ibn al-Shibh, Ramzi

  Ibn Anas, Malik

  Ibn Ayyub, Yusuf, see Saladin

  Ibn Mubarak, Abdullah

  Ibn Saud, 13.1, 13.2

  Ibn Taymiyyah, Ahmed, 8.1, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1, aft.2

  Idumaea, 5.1, 5.2

  Igigis

  Ignatius of Loyola, 9.1, 9.2

  Iliad (Homer), 1.1, 2.1

  Imams, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 12.1, 12.2; see also Hidden Imam; Husain

  Imperial Academy

  imperialism, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1; agrarian, itr.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5; Chinese, 3.1, aft.2; Islamic, 11.2, 12.2; Israelites and, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10; Western, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.3, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, aft.3 (see also colonialism); see also specific empires

  Inca Empire

  India, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, aft.1; ancient, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 90, 5.1, aft.2; British in, 10.1, 10.2; Hindu-Muslim conflicts in, 12.1; independence of, 2.1, 11.4; Moghuls in (see Moghul Empire); partition of, 11.5, 11.6 (see also Pakistan); trade routes from, 7.2

  Indian National Party

  Indians, American, see Native Americans

  Indo-Europeans, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 8.1; see also Aryans

  Indonesia, 13.1, 13.2

  Indra, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 4.1

  industrialization, itr.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1; of warfare, 10.5, 10.6, 12.1, 12.2

  Industrial Revolution, 10.1, 10.2

  Indus Valley, 1.1, 2.1

  Infamous Decree

  Innocent III, Pope, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1

  Innocent IV, Pope

  Inquisition, itr.1, itr.2, 9.1, 9.2, aft.1, aft.2