Fields of Blood

by Karen Armstrong

  Intifadas, 12.1, 12.2

  Iran, 1.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 12.1, 13.1; ancient, itr.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1 (see also Persia; Persian Empire); elections in, 13.2; Iraq war with, 11.6, 11.7, 12.2; Mongols in, 8.1; Muslim conquest of, 7.1, 7.2; revolution in, 11.8, 11.9, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5; Safavid Empire in, 8.2, 9.1; Saudi rivalry with, 13.6

  Iraq, 1.1, 7.1, 11.1, 13.1, aft.1, aft.2, nts.1n20; Kuwait invaded by, 13.2; sanctions against, 13.3, 13.4; U.S. wars against, 12.1, 13.5; war with Iran, 11.2, 11.3, 12.2

  Ireland

  Irenaeus

  Isaac, 4.1, 4.2, 11.1

  Isabella of Castile, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

  Isaiah, 5.1, 13.1

  Ishmael

  Ishtar, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1

  Isis (goddess)

  Islam, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 4.1, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, aft.1, aft.2, nts.1n83; in Bosnia, 13.1; conversion of Mongols to, 8.1, 8.2; egalitarianism in, 7.2, 7.3, 12.1, aft.3; Khomeini’s doctrine of, 11.1; legal system of (see Shariah); modernization and, 11.2; radical (see Islamism); Satan in, 8.3; struggle in, see jihad; traditional norms of, itr.3, 11.3; Wahhabist, 13.2, nts.2n3; see also Muslims

  Islambouli, Muhammad

  Islamic Government (Khomeini)

  Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), 13.1, 13.2, 13.3

  Islamic Jihad (IJ), 12.1, 13.1

  Islami Jamiat-i-Taliban (IJT; Society of Islamic Students)

  Islamists, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 13.1, 13.1

  Islam and the Use of Force (Berri)

  Islambouli, Khaled, 12.1, 12.2

  Ismailis, 7.1, nts.1n83

  Ismail Pasha

  Israel, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, aft.1; ancient, itr.1, 4.1, 5.1, 11.2, 394, aft.2, nts.1n32; annexation of captured territory by, 11.3; Arab conflict with, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6; creation of, 11.7, 11.8; Islamist denunciation of, 13.2; Palestinians oppressed by, 11.9, 11.1, 11.10, 12.7, 13.3; Palestinian uprisings against, 12.8, 12.9; West Bank settlements of, 11.11, 11.12; Zionist view of, 10.1

  Israelites, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, aft.1, nts.1n32; in Babylonia, 4.2, 4.3; Canaanites and, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6; descent into moral depravity of, 4.7; in Egypt, 4.8; in Sinai wilderness, 4.9; state established by (see Israel ancient)

  Italy, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2; Holy Roman Empire and, 8.3, 8.4, 9.3; Papal States in, 9.4; Protestants in, 9.5

  Jacob, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 11.1, nts.1n32

  Jahangir, Moghul emperor, 10.1, 10.2

  Jains, 2.1, 2.2, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, aft.1

  Jamaat-i-Islami

  Jamestown colony

  Jan of Leyden, n43

  Japan, 9.1; ancient, itr.1; in Second World War, 12.1

  Jarrah, Ziad

  Jebusites

  Jeddah (Jidda), 13.1, 13.2

  Jefferson, Thomas, 10.1, 10.2

  Jericho, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2

  Jeroboam, King of Israel

  Jerusalem, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1, 12.1; in Byzantine Empire, 6.1, 7.2; Crusaders and, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.3a, 8.4, 8.5; Israeli control of, 11.1, 12.2; in Roman Empire, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3; Sadat in, 11.2;

  spiritual importance in Islam of, 7.1, 12.1, 12.2; suicide bombings in, 12.3; temples in, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 6.1

  Jerusalem Talmud

  Jesuits, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  Jesus, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1, aft.1; accounts of life of (see gospels); apostles of, 5.3, 5.4; belief in return of, 5.5, 5.6; birth of, 5.7; crucifixion of, 5.8, 5.9, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 9.2; disciples of, 5.10, 5.11, 8.5, 10.2; divinity of, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 10.3 (see also Christ); faith in (see Christianity); heresies based on teachings of, 8.1, 9.3; Kingdom of God of, 5.12, 5.13, 6.7, aft.2; at Last Supper, 8.6; mission in Galilee of, 5.14, 9.4, 13.2; monasticism inspired by, 6.8; Sermon on the Mount of, 11.2; worldly authority rejected by, 6.9

  Jewish Defense League

  Jews, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, aft.1, aft.2; ancient, see Israelites; assimilated, 4.1, 8.2; in Byzantine Empire, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1; Hasmonean, 5.1; in Medina, 7.2, 7.3; Muslim antagonism toward, 11.1, aft.3; Orthodox, 10.4, 11.2; in Ottoman Empire, 13.1, 13.2; persecution and slaughter of, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 10.5 (see also Holocaust); in Roman Empire, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4; during Spanish Inquisition, 9.1, 9.2; in United States, 11.3; see also Judaism

  Jezirah

  jihad, itr.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1; classical doctrine of, 7.1, 7.2, 13.2; global, 11.3, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7; heavenly rewards for, 7.3; military, 7.4, 7.5, 8.1; Palestinian, 12.2, 12.3; against secularism, 11.4; against selfishness and egotism, 7.6, 7.7; against Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan, 13.8, 13.9, aft.2; see also Greater Jihad

  Jihad Network

  Jin (China), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4

  Jinnah, Muhammad Ali

  Jnatra clan

  Jnatraputra, Vardhamana (Mahavira)

  Johannine authors

  John, Gospel of, 5.1, 5.2

  John XXIII, Pope

  John the Baptist, 5.1, 6.1, 10.1

  John Paul II, Pope

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 11.1, 11.2

  Jones, James Warren

  Jonestown (Guyana) mass suicide

  Jordan, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 10.1

  Jordan valley

  Joseph

  Joseph (father of Jesus)

  Josephus

  Joshua, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

  Josiah, King of Judah

  Jovian

  Judah (son of Jacob)

  Judah: ancient kingdom of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, aft.1; see also Judea

  Judaism, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1; attacks on, 8.1 (see also anti-Semitism); early Christianity and, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1; egalitarian tradition in, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.4; fundamentalist, 11.1, 12.1; holy spirit in, 6.2; Islam and, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5; in Persia, 1.2, 4.5, 6.3; Rabbinic, 5.5, 12.2; Satan in, 8.2; see also Hebrew Bible; Jews

  Judas of Galilee, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  Judea, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 7.1

  JUI (Association of Ulema of Islam)

  Julian the Apostate, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 12.1

  Jupiter

  Justinian, 6.1, 7.1

  “just war,” 154, 6.1, 9.1

  Kabah (Mecca), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1

  Kabbalism

  Kach

  Kahane, Meir

  Kakar, Sudhir

  Kalahari Desert

  Kalinga (India)

  Kali Yuga

  Kamil, Sultan al-

  Kandahar (Afghanistan), 13.1, 13.2

  Kant, Immanuel

  Karadzic, Radovan, 13.1, 13.2

  Karbala (Iraq), 7.1, 11.1, 13.1

  Kashi (India)

  Kashmir, 11.1, 13.1

  Kassites

  Kauravas, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Kelly, James

  Kemosh

  Kennedy, John F., 11.1, 11.2

  Kharajites, 7.1, 7.2

  Khatami, Hojjat ol-Islam Seyyed Muhammad

  Khaybar, Battle of, 7.1, 12.1

  Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, aft.1

  Khosrow I, King of Persia, 6.1, 7.1

  Khosrow II, King of Persia, 6.1, 7.1

  Khwarazmian Turks

  Khyber Pass

  King, Martin Luther

  Kingdom of God, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1

  Kingdom of God Is Within You, The (Tolstoy)

  Kiryat Arba (West Bank), 11.1, 12.1, 12.2

  Kish (Mesopotamia)

  knights, 8.1, 8.2; in Crusades, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, aft.1; papal supremacy challenged by, 8.7; Peace and Truce of God restrictions on violence of, 8.8, aft.2

  Knights of Hospitaler of St. John, 8.1, 8.2

  Knights Templar, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  Kongfuzi, see Confucius

  Kookists, 11.1, 12.1, aft.1

  Korea

  Kosambi (India)

  Koshala (India), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Krishna, 2.1, 11.1

  Kshatriya (“empowered ones”), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2


  Kufa (Iraq), 7.1, 7.2

  Ku Klux Klan

  Kundagrama (India)

  Kurds, 8.1, 11.1

  Kurus, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

  Lachish (Judah)

  Lackawanna Six

  Lactantius, Lucius Caecilius, 5.1, 6.1

  Lagash (Mesopotamia), 1.1, 1.2

  Lakhmid Arabs, n69

  Lambeth Articles

  Languedoc (France), 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1

  Laozi (Lao-Tzu)

  Lascaux cave paintings

  Last Days, 7.1, 8.1

  Last Judgment

  Last Supper

  Lateran Councils, 8.1, 8.2

  Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 9.1, 10.1

  Lavoisier, Antoine

  Law of Freedom

  Lawrence, T. E.

  Lazarus

  Lazlo, Prince of Serbia

  League of Nations

  Lebanon, 1.1, 7.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, aft.1

  Lee, Robert E.

  Legalism, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, aft.1

  Leighton, Alexander

  Leo III, Pope

  Levant, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 8.1

  Levi, 4.1, 4.2

  Leviathan (Israelite chaos-monster), 4.1, 4.2, 9.1

  Leviathan (Hobbes)

  Levinger, Moshe, 11.1, 11.2

  Lewis, Taylor

  Libanius

  Liberation Theology, 11.1, 11.2

  libertas, 8.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

  Libya, 4.1, 12.1

  Life of St. Gerald of Aurillac (Odo, abbot of Cluny)

  Likud party, Israeli

  Limoges (France)

  Lincoln, Abraham, 10.1, 10.2

  Lincoln (England)

  Li Si (prime minister of Qi) 97, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Liu Bang

  Liu Xiang

  Livni, Menachem

  Locke, John, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, aft.1

  Logos, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2; Incarnation of, 6.3

  Lombards

  Lombardy

  London (England), itr.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1, aft.1

  Lord’s Prayer

  Lord’s Supper, 5.1, 10.1

  Lot

  Louis VII, King of France

  Louis IX, King of France

  Louis XVI, King of France

  Louvre museum (Paris)

  Lu (Chinese principality), 3.1; Duke of, 3.2

  Luke, Saint, 5.1, 5.2, aft.1

  Lupercalia

  Luther, Martin, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1

  Lutheran League

  Lutherans, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 10.1

  Luxor (Egypt), massacre of tourists in

  Lyell, Charles, 10.1, 10.2

  Lyons (France), 5.1, 5.2, 10.1

  Maccabees

  Macedonia

  MacGregor, Neil

  Madison, James

  Madrid (Spain), aft.1; train bombing in, 13.1

  Magadha (India), 2.1, 2.2

  Magyars

  Mahabharata, 2.1, 12.1, aft.1

  Mahavira, see Jnatraputra, Vardhamana

  Mahdi (Sudan)

  Mahmud, Sultan

  Mainz (Germany), 8.1, 8.2

  Majlis

  Malacca Straits

  Malaysia

  Mamluks, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1

  Mamre (Canaan)

  Manasseh, King of Judah, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  Manicheanism

  Mansfeld, Ernst von

  Manzikert, Battle of

  Marcourt, Antoine

  Mardin (Turkey)

  Marduk, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 11.1

  Mark, gospel of, 5.1, 5.2

  Maronite Christians, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1

  Marseilles (France)

  Marshal, General S. L. A.

  Martel, Charles, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2

  Martha

  Martin V, Pope

  martyrs, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3; Christian, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 204, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1; Muslim, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 13.1, 13.2 (see also suicide attacks)

  Maruts (storm gods)

  Marxism, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

  Mary (Jesus’s mother), 5.1, 6.1

  Mary (sister of Lazarus)

  Mary I, Queen of England, 9.1, 9.2

  Mashhad (Iran)

  Massachusetts, colonial

  Mater et Magistra (Pope John XXIII)

  Mathura (India)

  Matthew, gospel of

  Matthias

  Maududi, Abul Ala, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2

  Maurice, Byzantine emperor

  Mauryan Empire, 2.1, 2.2

  Maxentius

  Maxim guns

  Maximian, Roman emperor

  Maximianus Daia, Roman emperor, 5.1, 5.2

  Maximilian, Holy Roman Emperor

  Maximus (“the Confessor”)

  Mazda, Ahura (Lord Wisdom), 1.1, 1.2

  McVeigh, Timothy

  Mecca (Arabia), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 9.1, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1

  Media

  Medina (Arabia), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2

  Megiddo, ancient fortress of, 4.1, 4.2

  Melkites

  Mencius, itr.1, itr.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Mencken, H. L.

  mercenaries, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  merchant class, 2.1, 2.2; see also bourgeoisie

  Mercury, Saint

  Merneptah, Pharoah

  Merton, Thomas

  Merum (Phrygia)

  Mesha, King of Moab

  Mesoamericans

  Mesopotamia, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2; ancient cities in, 1.3, 1.4; aristocracy of, 1.5; Christianity in, 6.1; climate of, 1.6; Muslims in, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1; traditional religions of, itr.2, 1.7, 1.8, 4.1; see also specific empires, peoples, and states

  Metacom, Chief of the Wampanoag (“King Philip”)

  Methodists

  Mexico

  Michael, Archangel, 5.1, 8.1

  Michael the Syrian

  Michelet, Jules

  Middle East, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 11.1, 11.2; absolute monarchies in, 9.1; ancient sacred geography of, 11.3; Christian crusaders in, see Crusades; colonial period in, 11.4; fiction of conquest in, 4.2; Islamic wars of expansion in, 7.1; mythical and cultural consciousness of, 4.3; pastoralists of, 1.3; secular modernity in, 11.5, 11.6; social organization of, 6.1; structural violence of, 1.4; symbolic weight of temples in, 5.1; traditional cosmogony of, 4.4; treaties between former enemies in, 4.5; Western domination of, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2; see also specific countries, nation states, and regions

  Midian (Arabia), 4.1, 4.2

  Milestones (Qutb), 11.1, 12.1

  Mill, John Stuart

  Milosevic, Slobodan, 13.1, 13.2

  Milton, John

  Mina, University of

  Minié rifles, 10.1, 10.2

  Minorca

  Mirabeau, Honoré

  Mishnah

  Mississippi River

  Mitanni, 1.1, 4.1

  Mithra (Sanskrit: Mitra), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1

  Modarris, Ayatollah

  modernity, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 11.1; colonialism and, 10.1, 11.2; industrialized, 10.2, 10.3; religious responses to, 9.1, 9.2, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 12.1, 13.1; secularism and, itr.3, 10.7, 10.8, 11.10, 11.11, aft.1 (see also Enlightenment); violence generated by, 8.1, 8.2, 11.12, 11.13, 12.2, aft.2, aft.3 (see also terrorism)

  Moghul Empire, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, aft.1

  monarchy, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1; absolute, see absolute monarchies; attacks on, 9.1; constitutional, 9.2; monotheism and, 6.1; papal, 8.1, 8.2, aft.1; see also names of sovereigns

  Mongolia, 1.1, 11.1

  Mongols, 8.1, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1, 396

  monks: Buddhist, 2.1, 2.2, 9.1, aft.1; Christian, itr.1, itr.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 13.1, 13.2, aft.2, aft.3 (see also specific orders); Jain, 2.3

  Monophysitism, 6.1, 7.1

  monotheism, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7.1, 10.1; embeddedness of politics in, 4.3, 5.2; intolerance and, itr.2, 4.4, 4.5


  Montastruc (France)

  Montezuma

  Montmorencies, 9.1, 9.2

  Moral Majority, 11.1, 11.2

  More, Thomas, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

  Moriscos, 9.1, 9.2

  Morocco

  Moses, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1

  Mossad

  Mot

  Mother Goddess, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 11.1

  Mount Hira, 7.1, 9.1

  Mount of Olives

  Mount Sinai, 4.1, 4.2

  Mozi, 3.1, 3.2

  Muawiyyah

  Mubarak, Hosni, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2

  Muhammad, Prophet, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3; ahadith of, see ahadith; at Battle of Khaybar, 7.3, 12.2; death of, 7.4, 7.5; imitation of, 7.6, 13.4; enemies of, 7.7; customary practice of, 7.8, nts.1n82; nonviolent policy of, 7.9, 7.10, 11.2; pristine Islam of, 8.1, 10.3, 13.5; revelation of Quran to, 7.11, 7.12; reverence for descendants of, 7.13, nts.2n83 (see also names of descendants); structural violence opposed by, 9.1; successors of, 7.14, 7.15

  Muhammad Ali, 11.1, 11.2

  Muharram, month of

  mujahidin, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

  Mujama al-Islamiya, 12.1, 12.2

  Münster (Germany), 9.1, nts.1n43

  Musaddiq, Muhammad, 11.1, 11.2

  Musharraf, Pervez

  Muslim Brotherhood, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, aft.1, nts.1n52

  Muslims, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1; Bosnian, 13.1; Christian crusades against, see Crusades; emigration from Mecca of, 7.2; fundamentalist, 11.2, 11.3, 13.2; impact of secularism on, 11.4, 11.5; in India, 10.2, 11.6, 11.7, 12.1 (see also Moghul Empire); in Pakistan, 11.8, 11.9, 13.3; Palestinian, 11.10, 12.2; rigidly rule-bound (see Deobandis);

  Muslims (continued)

  in Spain, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3; Turkish (see Ottoman Empire); see also Shiis; Sufis; Sunnis; Wahhabism

  Muslim World League, 13.1, 13.2

  Mustafa, Shukri, 12.1, aft.1

  Myth of Religious Violence, The (Cavanaugh)

  Nabonidus, King of Babylon

  Nadir tribe

  Nagasaki, atomic bombing of

  Najaf (Iraq), 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2

  Nakula

  Nanak, Guru

  Nanda, Mahapadma

  Nantes, Edict of

  Napoleon, Emperor of France, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1

  Napoleonic Wars

  Naram-Sin, Akkadian emperor

  Narragansetts

  Naruna

  Naseby, Battle of

  Natal Indian Congress Party

  National Assembly, French

  National Association of Evangelicals

  National Council of Churches

  nationalism, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1, aft.2; First World War, 10.3; Hindu, 12.1; Israeli, 10.4, 11.1, 11.6, 12.2, aft.3; Palestinian, 12.3, 12.4; secular, 10.5, 10.6, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 12.5, 12.6, 13.3, aft.4; Slavic, 13.4; terrorism inspired by, 12.7, 12.8