The Classical World

by Robin Lane Fox

  9.Aristotle F668 (Rose).

  10. Aristotle, On the Heavens 297A3-8.

  11. Duris, in Athenaeus 12.542D; Diogenes Laertius, 5.75 (the statues); Wil­liam W. Fortenbaugh and Eckart Schutrumpf, Demetrius of Phaleron, texts and translation (2000).

  12. Diogenes Laertius, 5.38; C. Habicht, Athens from Alexander to Antony (1997), 73, and the fine study in his Athen in Hellenisticher Zeit: Gesammelte Aufsatze (1994)1 i3r-47-

  CHAPTER 20. FOURTH-CENTURY ATHENIANS

  1. Jacob Burckhardt, The Greeks and Greek Civilization, abridged and trans­lated by Sheila Stern (1998), 289-90.

  2.Ps.-Demosthenes, 50.26.

  3. G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972), 371-6.

  4.S. Lewis, News and Society in the Greek Polls (1996), 102-15.

  5.D. M. Lewis, Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History (1997), 212-29.

  6.J. K. Davies, in journal of Hellenic Studies (1967), 33-40.

  7.W. K. Pritchett, The Greek State at War, part V (1991), 473-85, is essential here.

  8.I disagree with D. M. MacDowell, in Classical Quarterly (1986), 438-49 (an important paper), and incline more (but not wholly) to A. H. M. Jones, Athenian Democracy (1957), 28-9.

  9.W. G. Arnott, in Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies (1959), 78-9.

  10. Theophrastus, Characters 4.11, 21.5, and R. J. Lane Fox, in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society (1996), 147, and notes 210-13.

  11. Theophrastus, Characters 23.2, with Lane Fox, op. cit. (note 10), 147 and note 208.

  12. K. Hallof and C. Habicht, in Mitteilungen der deutschen Archaologischen Institut (Athenische Abteilung), 110 (1995), 273-303; Supplementum Epi-graphicum Graecum, volume XLV (1995), 300-306.

  13. Xenophon, Ways and Means 1.1.

  14. Demosthenes, 10.36-45.

  CHAPTER 21. ALEXANDER THE GREAT

  1. Herodotus, 6.69.2-3; Plutarch, Life of Lysander 26.1; Plutarch, Moralia 338B. Aristander (Alexander's own mantis) is named in Origen, Against Celsus 7.8, a neglected and important citation.

  2. Arrian, Anabasis 6.19.4.

  3. Nearchus, Indica 40.8.

  4.P.J. Rhodes and R. G. Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions 404-323 bc (2000), 433.

  5. Duris, in Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 4.155C.

  6.Arrian, Anabasis 7.2.6.1.

  CHAPTER 22. ALEXANDER'S EARLY SUCCESSORS

  1. Abraham J. Sachs and Hermann Hunger, Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia, volume I (1988), 207.

  2.Plutarch, Moralia 180D; I owe an 'empire of the best' to Guy Rogers of Wellesley College.

  3. Arrian, Anabasis 7.12.4.

  4.Diodorus, 18.4.4.

  5.Plutarch, Life of Demosthenes 31.5.

  6.W. W. Tarn, Antigonus Gonatas (1913), 18.

  7.Libanius, Oration 49.12; earlier, Herodian, 4.8.9.

  8.E. J. Bickermann, in E. Yarshater (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran, volume III (1) (1983), 7, a brilliant overview.

  9.H. W. Parke, The Oracles of Apollo in Asia Minor (1985), 44-55, and L. Robert, in Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique (1984), 167-72.

  10. Theocritus, Idyll 14.61.

  CHAPTER 23. LIFE IN THE BIG CITIES

  1. W. W. Tarn, Antigonus Gonatas (1913), 185 and note 60, for all the evidence.

  2.P. Leriche, in Bulletin d'Etudes Orientales (2000), 99-125.

  3. Diodorus, 18.70.1.

  4.E. E. Rice, The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus (1983) for the details; D. J. Thompson, in Leon Mooren (ed.), Politics, Administration and Society . . . Studia Hellenistica, 36 (2000), 365-88, particularly on the dating problem.

  5.D. B. Thompson, Troy: The Terracotta Figurines of the Hellenistic Period (1963), 46.

  6.J. D. Lerner, in Zeitschrift fiir Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 142 (2003), 45, for the papyrus and the full bibliography.

  7.Dorothy Burr Thompson, Ptolemaic Oinochoai and Portraits in Faience (1973), 78, a superb study.

  8.A controversial view, for which I can now cite the full study of P. F. Mittag, in Historia (2003), 162-208.

  9.W. Clarysse, in L. Mooren (ed.), op. cit. (n. 4), 29-43 ror these visits.

  10.Maryline Parca, in L. Mooren (ed.), Le Role et le statut de la femme . . . ,

  Studia Hellenistica 37 (2002), 283-96, for similar aggressive cases concerning

  women.

  CHAPTER 24. TAXES AND TECHNOLOGIES

  1. M. I. Finley, in Economic History Review (1965), 35.

  2. Plutarch, Life of Marcellns 17.5-8.

  3. Seneca, Letters 90.25.

  4.Pliny, Natural History 15.57.

  5.P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, Volume I (1972), 150.

  6.Antipater, in Greek (Palatine) Anthology 9.418.

  7. G. Raepsaet, in Annales, 50 (1995), 911-42.

  CHAPTER 25. THE NEW WORLD

  1. J. B. Connelly, in T. Fahd (ed.), VArable preislamique et son environne-ment historique et culturel (1989), 145-58, especially 149-51.

  2.Theophrastus, 'History' of Plants 8.4.5.

  3. Pytheas, F7A lines 16-20 (H. J. Mette).

  4.Hippolochus' Letter, in Athenaeus 4.128C-130D, a marvellous text which Athenaeus already quotes as a rarely known one.

  5.Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. 5.8.1-3, on 'Italy' and the 'land of the Latins', not fully considered by P. M. Fraser, in S. Hornblower (ed.), Greek Histori­ography (1994), 182-5; for Ita'y>note 2.8.1,4.5.6 (Italia pasa); 3.17.8 (Lipari isles) and so on.

  6.Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. 7.11.4.

  7.P. M. Fraser, in Afghan Studies, 3-4 (1982) 53, where 'Alexandreusin en astois' (obviously acceptable wording for a verse-dedication, not a civic decree) should, pace Fraser, be restored.

  8.Diodorus, 1.74; P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, volume I (1972), 502: 'that is the voice of the anti-democratic Greek as it may be heard at any time in the fifth and fourth centuries bc.'

  9.I suspect the'Callaneus' in the Milesian 'parapegma' (Diels-Rehm no. 456A) really is our 'Calanos': text in Liba Taub, Ancient Meteorology (2003), 248.

  10. Aristobulus, in Strabo, 15.1.62, amplified by Onesicritus, in Strabo, 15.1.30 and then Diodorus, 19.33; I differ from A. B. Bosworth, Legacy of Alexander (2002), 181-4.

  11. Edict 13, in Beni Mahab Barun, Inscriptions of Asoka (1990, 2nd edn.).

  12. Heraclides Ponticus, 840F23 (Jacoby) with Fraser, op. cit. (note 5), 186-7.

  CHAPTER 2.6. ROME REACHES OUT

  1. A. Erskine, Troy between Greece and Rome (2001), 131-56, with 149 note 81.

  2.J. G. Pedley, Paestum (1990), 120-25; E- Dench, From Barbarians to New Men (1995), 64-6; M. W. Frederiksen, Dialoghidiarcheologia (1968), 3-23.

  3. Aristotle, in Plutarch, Life of Camillus 22.3; T. J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome (1995), 315-18, for variants; N. Horsfall, in Classical journal (1981), 298-311.

  4.Diodorus, 14.93.4.

  5.Pliny, Natural History 34.26, with Dench, From Barbarians, 62, notes 142-3.

  6.Polybius, 3.22; Diodorus, 16.69.1 ar>d Livy, 7.27.2; Livy, 9.43.12; I accept all three and put Polybius' second treaty in the 340s; for the debate, Cornell, Beginnings of Rome, 210-14.

  7.Duris, 76 (Jacoby) F 56.

  8.David Potter, in Harriet I. Flower (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic (2004), 66-88 is a very important rethink of these issues.

  9.M. H. Crawford, Roman Statutes, volume II (1996), 579-703.

  10. A. W. Lintott, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt, volume I.ii (1972), 226-67.

  11. Livy, 3.26.8.

  12. N. M. Horsfall, in J. N. Bremmer and N. M. Horsfall, Roman Myth and Mythology (1987), 68.

  13. M. W. Frederiksen, Campania (1984), 183-9.

  14. Appian, Samnitica 3.7.2; Cassius Dio, 9.F39.5-10.

  15. Appian, Samnitica 3.7.1 where I side with M. Cary, in Journal of Phil­ology (1920), 165-70 against P. Wuilleumier, Tarente (1939), 87, 95, 102 in an excellent treatment.

  CHAPTER 27. THE PEACE OF THE GODS

  1
. J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Romans and Aliens (1979), 30-58, at 33, in a fine treatment.

  2.Cicero, Pro Flacco 9.14; Pro Sestio 141.

  3. Polybius, 6.53, with Harriet I. Flower, Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture (1996).

  4.Virgil, Georgics 4.276.

  5.M. W. Frederiksen, Campania (1984), 200 note 53 for the problem; Livy,

  8.9-11; H. W. Versnel, in Le Sacrifice dans I'antiquite, Entretiens de la Fondation Hardt, volume XXVII (1981), 135-94.

  6.Polybius, 12.41.1; Plutarch, Roman Questions 97; Festus 190 L;W. Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals (1899), 241-50.

  7. Ovid, Fasti 5.331; Valerius Maximus, 2.10.8, for young Cato's reaction; Warde Fowler, Roman Festivals, 91-5.

  8.Servius, on Virgil, Aeneid 9.52.

  CHAPTER 28. LIBERATION IN THE SOUTH

  1. Plutarch, Life of Pyrrhus 19.6-7, with P. Leveque, Pyrrhos (1957), 355 note 7 and in general 345-56.

  2. Florus, 1.13.9, with H. H. Scullard, The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World (1973), 110, on the story's credentials.

  3.Plutarch, Life of Pyrrhus 21.14.

  4.Ibid. 23.8.

  5. Diodorus, 23.1.4.

  6.Hanno the Carthaginian, Periplus, with introduction and notes by Al. Oikonomides and M. C. J. Miller (1995, 3rd edn.).

  7. Lawrence E. Stager, in H. G. Niemeyer, Phbnizier im Westen (1982), 155-65: W. Huss, Geschichte der Karthager (1985), 532-42; Diodorus, 20.14.4-7; Plutarch, Moralia 171D.

  8.C. Sempronius Tuditanus, F5 (Peter), for the legend; Diodorus, 24.12, for the torturing.

  9.Polybius, 3.11, with F. W. Walbank, Commentary, volume I (1957).

  10. Livy, 21.18.13-14.

  CHAPTER 29. HANNIBAL AND ROME

  1. V. D. Hanson, 'Cannae', in R. Cowley (ed.), The Experience of War (1992), with Gregory Daly, Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War (2002), t 56-201.

  2. Polybius, 3.78.1.

  3.Ibid. 3.88.1.

  4.Pliny, Natural History 3.103, with Justin, Epitome 32.4.11.

  5. Livy, 22.51.

  6.Livy, 21.62.3 22.1.8-15.

  7. Michael Koortbojian, in Journal of Roman Studies (2002), 33-48.

  8.Livy, 27.37, and M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price, Religions of Rome, volume I (1998), 82.

  9. M. W. Frederiksen, Campania (1984), 243-50.

  10. Tim Cornell, in Tim Cornell, Boris Rankov and Philip Sabin (eds.), The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal (1996), 97-117.

  11. Seneca, Epistle 86.4-6.

  12. Suetonius, Life of Domitian 10.

  CHAPTER 30. DIPLOMACY AND DOMINANCE

  1. Polybius, 5.104.

  2. Appian, Illyrica 7, P. S. Derow, in Phoenix (1973), 118-34, ror >ts value.

  3. R. K. Sherk, Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus (1988), number 2, the text; Polybius, 9.39.1-5 for reactions to it.

  4.Plutarch, Life of Plamininus 10.6 ff.

  5. E. T. Salmon, Roman Colonization under the Republic (1969), 95-112.

  6.A. Erskine, in Mediterraneo antico: economic, societa, culture, 3.1 (2000), 165-82, an excellent study.

  7. P. J. Rhodes and D. M. Lewis, The Decrees of the Greek States (1997), 531-49 is now fundamental on the changes in inscribed decrees.

  8.Polybius, 3.4.12, with F. W. Walbank, Polybius (1972), 174-81, arguing however that the 'troubled times' began c. 152 bc.

  9.Polybius, 30.15; for a subsequent (and differently based) 'change for the worse', Polybius, 6.57.5 and 31.25.6.

  10. John Briscoe, in Journal of Roman Studies (1964), 66-77.

  CHAPTER 31. LUXURY AND LICENCE

  1. A good overview by Matthew Leigh, in Oliver Taplin (ed.), Literature in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A New Perspective (2000), 288-310.

  2.O. Skutsch, The Annals of Quintus Ennius (1985), the basic study.

  3. Polybius, 30.22.

  4.G. Clemente, in A. Giardina and A. Schiavone (eds.), Societa romana epro-duzione schiavistica, volume I (1981), 1-14, a very good survey; M. Coundry, in Chroniques italiennes, 54 (1997), 9-20, for history up to Tiberius.

  5.Cato, in Festus 350 L.

  6.Plutarch, Life of Cato 51; also, 2.1-3; 20.2-4.

  7.Ibid. 21.8.

  8.Cato, in Cicero, De Officiis 2.89; Cato, preface to On Agriculture.

  9.Cato, in Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 6.3.7:1 owe the emphasis on 'ill-gotten gains' to discussion with T. J. Cornell.

  10. Cato, in Pliny, Natural History 29.14.

  11.Plutarch, Life of Cato 27.

  12. Polybius, 30.18.

  13. Ibid. 29.4 and 30.5.

  14. 2 Maccabees, 5.11-6.2, with the important reconsideration by F. Millar, in Journal of Jewish Studies (1978), 1-21.

  15. 2 Maccabees, 7.9 ff.

  16. Polybius, 3.4.12.

  17. Polybius, 12.25 E> with F. W. Walbank, Commentary and his Polybius (1992), 66-96.

  18. A. Erskine, in Mediterraneo antico: economie, societd, culture, 3.1 (2000), 165-82, an excellent study of this too.

  19. Polybius, 10.15.4-6.

  20.Polybius, 31, 25.3-8; on Romans and money, A. Erskine, in F. Cairns (ed.), Papers of Leeds 'International' Latin Seminar (1996), 1.

  21. F. W. Walbank, Polybius (1972), 130-56 and his Polybius, Rome and the Hellenistic World (2002), 277-92 for further thoughts.

  CHAPTER 32. TURBULENCE AT HOME AND ABROAD

  1. Sallust, Catiline 10.

  2. M. Pobjoy, in E. Herring and Kathryn Lomas (eds.), The Emergence of State Identity in Italy in the First Millennium (2000), 187-247.

  3. Plutarch, Life of Tiberius Gracchus 14.1, 19.2; Florus, 2.14.7; C. Gracchus, Fragment 62 (Malcovati).

  4.Diodorus, 37.9.

  5. A. N. Sherwin-White, in Journal of Roman Studies (1982), 28, part of a very important study.

  6.Plutarch, Life of Sulla 38.3; Appian, Civil War 1.106.

  CHAPTER 33. POMPEY'S TRIUMPHS

  1. Stressed by F. G. B. Millar, The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (1998), 204-26, and his The Roman Republic in Political Thought (2002), 19-

  2. A. W. Lintott, in Journal of Roman Studies (1998), 1-16, moving between the two concepts.

  3. Sallust, The Histories, ed. P. McGushin, volume II (1994), 27-31.

  4.Macrobius, Sat. 3.13.10; Varro, De Re Rustica 3.6.6.

  5. Plutarch, Life of Lucullus 39.2-41; Pliny, Natural History 15.102; P. Grimal, Les Jardins romains (1984 edn.), 128-30.

  6.Plutarch, Life of Pompey 2.6.

  7. Helvius Mancia, in Valerius Maximus, 6.2.8.

  8.Cicero, De Imperio 41-2.

  9.A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in the East (1984), 186-234, for the detailed results.

  10. Plutarch, Life of Pompey 14.6; Pliny, Natural History 8.4.

  11. Cicero, Ad Atticum 2.1.8.

  12. S. Weinstock, Divus Julius (1971), 43, and Cicero, Pro Sestio 129.

  13. Valerius Maximus, 6.2.7 and Ammianus, 17.n.4.

  14. Julian, The Caesars, Loeb Library, volume II (1913), ed. W. C. Wright, 384 for the 'lion'; Caelius, in Cicero, Ad Familiares 8.1.3; compare Cicero, Ad Atticum 4.9, another classic.

  CHAPTER 34. THE WORLD OF CICERO

  1. J. P. V. D. Balsdon, in T. A. Dorey (ed), Cicero (1965), 171-214, at 205, in a brilliant appreciation of the man.

  2.S. Treggiari, in Transactions of the American Philological Association (1998), 11-23.

  3. Ibid. 1-7; E. Rawson, in M. I. Finley (ed.), Studies in Roman Property (1976), 85-101, a fine study on Cicero's properties; S. Treggiari, Roman Social History (2002), 74-108, on 'privacy'.

  4.Ibid. 49-73; Cicero, Ad Familiares 4.6.

  5.Commentariolum Petitionis, 1.2.

  6.Ibid. 5.18.

  7.Ibid. 11.1.

  8.Cicero, Ad Familiares 5.7; Scholia Bobiensia 167 (Strangl).

  9.Cicero, Ad Atticum 2.3.3-4, with the very useful debate and discussion by A. M. Ward, B. A. Marshall and many others in Liverpool Classical Monthly, 3.6 (1978), 147-75.

  10. Cicero, Ad Quintum Fratrem 3.2.4.


  11. Cicero, De Legibus 3.28 and 3.34-9, especially 39.

  12. E. Rawson, in Liverpool Classical Monthly, 7.8 (1982), 121-4, a very good study of this tantalizing subject.

  13. S. Treggiari, Selection and Translation of Cicero's Cilician Letters (1996, 2nd edn.).

  14. Cicero, Ad Atticum 8.16.2; compare 8.9.4.

  CHAPTER 35. THE RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR

  1. Aulus Gellius, 1.10.4.

  2. Suetonius, Life of Caesar 22.2-3.

  3.Plutarch, Life of Caesar 11.4.

  4.Asconius, In Toga Candida 71, on which I agree with E. Rawson, in Liverpool Classical Monthly, 7.8 (1982), 123.

  5.L. R. Taylor, in Historia (1950), 45-51, is still a basic study: Cicero, Ad Atticum 2.24.

  CHAPTER 36. THE SPECTRE OF CIVIL WAR

  1. Caesar, Gallic War 3.10.

  2. Pliny, Natural History 9.11; 36.114-15, for the theatre.

  3.B. M. Levick, in Kathryn Welch and Anton Powell (eds.), Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter (1998), 61-84.

  4.Pliny, Natural History 36.116, on Curio; 36.115 on Scaurus' villa.

  5. G. O. Hutchinson, in Classical Quarterly (2001), 150-62.

  6.Cicero, De Oratore 30-1; A. C. Dionisiotti, in Journal of Roman Studies (1988), 35-49, on Nepos and comparative history, especially 38-9, an excel­lent study.

  7. Sallust, Catiline 25, with R. Syme, Sallust (1964), 133-5.

  8.Valerius Maximus, 9.1.8.

  9.Cicero, Ad Familiares 8.14.

  10.Suetonius, Life of Caesar 29.2; Appian, Civil War 2.32; Plutarch, Life of Caesar 31.

  11. Ibid. 32.8.

  12. Suetonius, Life of Caesar 81.2.

  CHAPTER 37. THE FATAL DICTATOR

  1. Cicero, Ad Familiares 8.14.3.

  2. Cicero, Ad Atticum 7.11.1.

  3.Ibid. 9.18.1.

  4.Ibid. 9.10.7 and 9.18.2.

  5.Ibid. 9.18.3.

  6.Cicero, Ad Familiares 7.3.2.