The Classical World

by Robin Lane Fox

  7. Plutarch, Life of Pompey 38.2-3.

  8.Dio, 42.14.3-4.

  9. Anthologia Palatina 9.402; Cicero, Ad Atticum n.6.7.

  10. For context, E. E. Rice, Cleopatra (1999), 46-71, a very clear survey.

  11. Cicero, Ad Atticum 10.10.5.

  12. Dio, 43.23.3; S. Weinstock, Divus Julius (1971), 76-9.

  13. Dio, 43.23.6 and Suetonius, Life of Caesar 39.2; Weinstock, Divus Julius, 88-90.

  14. Cicero, Ad Familiares 9.16.3.

  15. Macrobius, Saturnalia 2.7.4; Cicero, Ad Familiares 12.18.2.

  16. Ibid. 4.5.

  17. Dio, 43.44.1, with Weinstock, Divus Julius, 133-45.

  18. Cicero, Ad Atticum 12.43.3 ar>d 13.28.3, with S. Weinstock, in Harvard Theological Review (1957), 212.

  19. Cicero, Ad Atticum 13.40.1; Nepos, Atticus 18.3.

  20.Cicero, Ad Familiares 7.26.2.

  21. Ibid. 13.52, a classic letter.

  22.Dio, 44.10.1-3; I disagree with Weinstock, Divus Julius, 330, that it was a pre-planned 'advent' as a king.

  23.Suetonius, Life of Caesar 77.1.

  24.Ibid. 81.2:1 cannot, sadly, accept 'ubertimque flere'.

  25.Suetonius, Life of Caesar 79.3; Cicero, De Divinatione 2.110; Dio, 44.15.3; Appian, Civil War 2.no.

  CHAPTER 38. LIBERATION BETRAYED

  1. Appian, Civil War 2.118-19; Suetonius, Life of Caesar 82.3-4; Appian, Civil War 2.134.

  2. Cicero, Ad Familiares 11.1.1: the dating is famously disputed, some delay­ing this letter until 20 March.

  3. Cicero, Ad Atticum 14.13.6.

  4.Against Suetonius, 84.2,1 set Cicero, Ad Atticum 14.10, 14.11, 14.22 and Philippic 2.91, pointing to more. Surely Appian, Civil War 2.144-7, is usable evidence of what did go on.

  5. Appian, Civil War 3.2.

  6.Cicero, Ad Atticum 14.3.

  7. R. Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (1986), 39, with Suetonius, Life of Augus­tus 2.3.

  8.Cicero, Ad Atticum 14.n.2 ('mihi totus deditus': in Shackleton-Bailey's view, Loeb Library, volume IV, 164 note 2, 'Atticus would know better than to take this at face value'. I wonder). Compare 14.12.2 ('perhonorifice').

  9.Cicero, Ad Atticum 15.4.2.

  10. Suetonius, Life of Caesar 88 and Pliny, Natural History 2.94 with S. Weinstock, Divus Julius (1971), 370-71.

  11. Cicero, Ad Familiares 11.3, a very fine letter.

  12. Cicero, De Officiis 3.83; compare 2.23-9 and especially 2.84.

  13. Cicero, Ad Familiares 10.20.2.

  14. Cicero, Ad Atticum 16.15.3; compare 16.14.1, but also 16.11.6, a classic.

  15. Cicero, Philippic 5.50, another classic.

  16. Cicero, Ad Familiares 10.28.3; Philippic 5.50.

  17. Cicero, Ad Familiares 11.14 and 12.30.2.

  18. R. Syme, The Roman Revolution (1939), 190, note 6.

  19. Kathryn Welch, in Anton Powell and Kathryn Welch (eds.), Sextus Pom-peius (2002), 1-30.

  20.Cicero, Ad Familiares it.20.1.

  21. Plutarch, Life of Cicero 47-8 for his last hours; on Fulvia, Dio, 47.8.4-5.

  CHAPTER 39. ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA

  1. Nicholas Horsfall, in Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies (1983), 85-98; E. K. Wifstrand, The So-called Laudatio Turiae (1976).

  2.R. G. M. Nisbet, in his Collected Papers on Latin Literature (1995), 390-413, a brilliant study of 'the Survivors'.

  3. R. Syme, in Historia (1958), 172-88.

  4.Joyce Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome (1982), 438, with numbers 6, 10 and 12.

  5.Plutarch, Life of Antony 23.2-3.

  6.Ibid. 26, and Socrates of Rhodes, FGH 192 Fi (Jacoby).

  7.Martial, Epigrams 11.20; the pearl story, Pliny, Natural History 9.120-21 and Macrobius, Saturnalia 3.17.15.

  8.P. M. Fraser, in Journal of Roman Studies (1957), 71-4.

  9.Plutarch, Life of Antony 23.5-8 with C. B. R. Pelling, Commentary (1988), 205.

  10.K. Scott, in Classical Philology (1929), 133-41, on 'On Drunkenness'; Suetonius, Life of Augustus 69.2, on sex; on Sarmentus, Plutarch, Life of Antony 59.4 with Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality (1999), 275.

  11. T. P. Wiseman, in Classical Quarterly (1982), 475-6, and his Roman Studies (1987), 172.

  12. A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in the East (1984), 307-21.

  13. Plutarch, Life of Antony 36.3-5 and Dio, 49.32, with Pelling, Commen­tary, 217-20.

  14.J. Linderski, in Journal of Roman Studies (1984), 74-80.

  15. Plutarch, Life of Antony 71.4; on Timon, Strabo, 17.794 a°d Plutarch, Life of Antony 69.6-7 and 70.

  16.Ibid. 76.5-78.4.

  17. Macrobius, Saturnalia 2.4.28-9, brought to notice by F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (1977), 135.

  18.On the poets' earlier attitudes, note Virgil, Eclogue 9, with M. Winter-bottom, in Greece and Rome (1976), 55-8; Horace, Epodes 6 and 16 with the remarkable study by Nisbet, Collected Papers, 161-81, and Propertius 1.21 with Gordon Williams, Tradition and Originality in Roman Poetry (1968), 172-81.

  19.Jasper Griffin, in Journal of Roman Studies (1977), 17-26.

  CHAPTER 40. THE MAKING OF THE EMPEROR

  1. Velleius, 2.88; Livy, Periochae CCXIII; Dio, 54.15.4.

  2.I differ on this from P. A. Brunt, in Journal of Roman Studies (1983), 61-2.

  3. Joyce Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome (1982), 104, number 13.

  4.J. Rich and J. Williams, Numismatic Chronicle (1999), 169-214.

  5.Livy, 4.20.7 with R. M. Ogilvie, Commentary on Livy Books 1-5 (1965), ad loc.

  6.S. Weinstock, Divus Julius (1971), 228-43, a Sne study.

  7.B. M. Levick, in Greece and Rome (1975), 156-63, especially the impor­tant note 10.

  8.I opt for a trial in 22 bc, because it seems to occur when Marcellus is dead and therefore not called to give evidence; on Castricius the informer, D. Stockton, in Historia (1965), 27.

  9.Virgil, Aeneid 6.851-3.

  CHAPTER 41. MORALS AND SOCIETY

  1. Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian 11.6-7.

  2. Nepos, Atticus 20.3.

  3. Horace, Odes 3.24.25-30.

  4.The suggestion of E. Badian, in Philologus (1985), 82-98.

  5. Horace, Epodes 4; Dio, 48.34.5 and 48.43.3.

  6.R. Syme, The Roman Revolution (1939), 361; Florus, 2.6.6 on 'munici-palia prodigia', of which there are many.

  7. Augustus, Res Gestae 8.5.

  8.Pliny, Letters 1.8.11.

  9.Epitome de Caesaribus, 14.8.

  10.P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower (1971), with Gaius, Institutes 2.286.

  11.Horace, Odes 4.5.22.

  12.Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality (1999), 275, note 115; S. Treggiari, Roman Freedmen During the Late Republic (1969), 271-2.

  13.Cicero, De Legibus 3.30-2.

  14.S. Treggiari, in Ancient History Bulletin (1994), 86-98, for this con­nection.

  15.Tacitus, Annals 2.85, with Pliny, Natural History 7.39, and R. Syme, Roman Papers, volume II (1979), 805-24, esp. 811 and R. Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (1986), 74.

  16. Dio, 77.16.4 with F. Millar, A Study of Cassius Dio (1964), 204-7.

  17.S. Riccobono, Pontes Iuris Romani. . ., volume III, numbers 2 and 4.

  18.K. Sara Myers, in Journal of Roman Studies (1996), 1-20.

  19.Macrobius, Saturnalia 2.5.9.

  CHAPTER 42. SPECTATOR SPORTS

  1. L. Robert, Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (1970), 6-11.

  2. Pliny, Natural History 8.170; on the heated pool, Dio, 55.7.6.

  3. Pliny, Natural History 36.121.

  4.Ibid. 9.168 on Sergius Orata; Martial, Epigrams 7.34.

  5. Tacitus, Annals 14.21.

  6.H. Dessau (ed), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 5287, with David S. Potter, in D. S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly (eds.), Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire (1998), 296, on Diocles.

  7. In 252 bc; Pliny, Natural History 8.6.17.

  8.Augustus, Res Gestae 22 and 23.

  9.L. Robert, Les Gladiateurs dans I'orient grec (194
0), 248: 'ce n'est pas le seul trait original de la fiere et virile republique de Rhodes.'

  10. Livy, 39.22.2; 41.27.6; 44.18.8.

  11. Plutarch, Moralia 1099B; Martyrdom of Perpetua 17.2-3, with G. Ville, La Gladiature dans I'accident des origines a la mort de Domitian (19 81), 3 63.

  12. Martyrdom of Perpetua 20.2.

  13. Martial, On Spectacles 6, in Loeb Library edition of Martial, Epigrams 1 (I993)> notes and translation by D. R. Shackleton Bailey.

  14. Celadus, in Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 5142A and B, with Robert, Les Gladiateurs, 302 on his name; 5i42C,on 'puparum nocturnarum'.

  15. M. Cebeillac-Gervasoni and F. Zevi, in Melanges de I'Ecole Frangaise a Rome (1976), 612.

  16.Dio, 67.8.4.

  17. S. Riccobono.

  CHAPTER 43. THE ROMAN ARMY

  1. Suetonius, Life of Augustus 49.

  2.Hyginus, in Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum, ed. C. Thulin, volume I (1913), 165-6; O. A. W. Dilke, The Roman Land Surveyors (1971), 113-14.

  3. Strabo, 3.4.20.

  4.M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price (eds.), Religions of Rome, volume I (1998), 324-8, and volume II (1998), 71-6.

  5.Suetonius, Life of Nero 44.1; I disagree with P. A. Brunt, in Scripta Classica Israelica (1974), 80; a 'levy' (dilectus) is either of auxiliaries or of volunteers (Tacitus, Histories 3.58, is a good example).

  6.Tacitus, Annals 4.4.2, and Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 30, where M. W. Frederiksen pointed out to me the force of 'etiam' ('even').

  7.Statius, Silvae 5.r.94-5.

  8.H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 2558, with the fine study of M. P. Speidel, in Ancient Society (1991), 277-82, and his Riding for Caesar (1994), 46.

  9.Tacitus, Annals 1.17, and J. F. Gilliam, in Bonner Jahrhucher (1967), 233-43, especially 238.

  10. Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 16.

  11. R. W. Davies, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt, volume II.i (1974), 301-34, an excellent survey.

  12. Tacitus, Agricola 5.1-2, with Brian Campbell, in Journal of Roman Studies (1975), 18-19.

  13. Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian 10.4-5.

  14. H. C. Youtie, in J. Bingen, G. Cambier and G. Nachtergael (eds.), Le Monde grec .. .: Hommages a Claire Preaux (1975), 723, a brilliant study.

  CHAPTER 44. THE NEW AGE

  1. Horace, Carmen Saeculare 50-51, with 56; M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price, Religions of Rome, volume I (1998), 201-6, and volume II (1998), 140-44.

  2.Ibid. 140.

  3. R. K. Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (1988), number

  15. line 10.

  4.Ibid., number 36, page 66, lines 15 ff.

  5.M. T. Griffin, in Journal of Roman Studies (1997), 252, lines 115-20.

  6.Tacitus, Annals 14.43.

  7.G. W. Bowersock, in Kurt A. Raaflaub and Mark Toher (eds.), Between Republic and Empire (1990), 380-94.

  8.Fergus Millar, in Greece and Rome (1988), 48-51; W. Eck, in F. Millar and E. Segal (eds.), Caesar Augustus (1984), 129-67.

  9.Suetonius, Life of Augustus 31.5.

  10. P. A. Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic (1988), 350.

  11. R. K. Sherk, Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus (1984), number 133.

  12. Tacitus, Annals 1.75.1-2; D. C. Feeney, in Anton Powell (ed.), Roman Poetry and Propaganda in the Age of Augustus (1992), 1.

  CHAPTER 45. THE J U LI O-CLAU D I AN S

  1. H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 5026; I owe this to C. E. Stevens. It was not adduced by R. Syme; J. Scheid, Les Freres Arvales (1975), 87, does cite it, and R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), 415, then dismisses it, quite unconvincingly.

  2.Velleius, 2.124.2; Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 30.

  3. Tacitus, Annals 1.7.

  4.Suetonius, Life of Claudius 3.2.

  5.Pliny, Natural History 3.119.

  6.M. T. Griffin, in journal of Roman Studies (1997), 252, lines 115 ff.

  7.Tacitus, Annals n.1.1.

  8.Suetonius, Life of Nero 6.2 and Dio, 61.2.3.

  9.Tacitus, Histories 1.72.

  10.N. Purcell, in journal of Roman Studies (1985), 14.

  11. Tacitus, Annals 3.53.5 and 2.33.1 (silks).

  12. Tacitus, Annals 16.18.

  13. Ibid. 11.3.

  CHAPTER 46. RULING THE PROVINCES

  1. C. Nicolet, Space, Geography and Politics in the Early Roman Empire (1991).

  2. Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 2131; Papyrus Yale 61; Naphtali Lewis, Life in Egypt under Roman Rule (1983), 190.

  3. B. M. Levick, in Greece and Rome (1979), 120.

  4.E. Schuerer, A History of the Jewish People, volume I (1973, rev. edn. by F. G. B. Millar and G. Vermes), 399-427; R. J. Lane Fox, The Unauthorized Version (1991), 27-34.

  5.L. Robert, Laodicee du Lycos, volume I (1969), 274, a fine study.

  6.G. C. Boon, Antiquaries Journal (1958), 237-40; Richard Gordon, in Mary Beard and John North (eds.), Pagan Priests (1990), 217.

  7.J. L. Lightfoot (ed.), Lucian: On the Syrian Goddess (2003), 200-207.

  CHAPTER 47. EFFECTS OF EMPIRE

  1. Tacitus, Agricola 21.1.

  2. Ibid. 21.2.

  3. Susan Walker (ed.), Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt (2000, rev. edn.).

  4.Tacitus, Annals 14.31.

  5. A. T. Fear, Rome and Baetica (1996), 131-69.

  6.I incline to M. Stern, in M. Avi-Yonah and Z. Baras (eds.), Society and Religion in the Second Temple Period (1977), 263-301; note also M. Smith, in Harvard Theological Review (1971), 1-19; 'Zealots' occur first in Josephus, The Jewish War 4.161; for other views, Martin Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judaea (1987), 93-6, 219-21.

  7. The city 'Agrippina' is in E. Schuerer, A History of the Jewish People, volume I (1973, rev. edn. by F. G. B. Millar and G. Vermes), 461, note 20; Acts of the Apostles 24.25.

  CHAPTER 48. CHRISTIANITY AND ROMAN RULE

  1. E. Schuerer, A History of the Jewish People, volume I (1973, rev. edn. by F. G. B. Millar and G. Vermes), 399-427; R. J. Lane Fox, The Unauthorized Version (1991), 27-34.

  2. N. Kokkinos, in J. Vardman and E. M. Yamauchi (eds.), Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Studies in Honor of Jack Finegan (1989), 133, is still the important study.

  3. John 18.31, and the cardinal study by E. J. Bickerman, in his Studies in Jewish and Christian History, volume III (1986), 82 with Lane Fox, Unauthorized Version (1991), 283-310.

  4.Josephus, The Jewish War 6.300-309; E. Rivkin, What Crucified Jesus? (1986).

  5. Luke 13.1-5.

  6.Acts of the Apostles 11.26 with the still-penetrating study of Elias J. Bickerman, in Harvard Theological Review (1949), 109-24.

  7. Acts of the Apostles 18.17; on Paul and Pisidian Antioch, W. Ramsay, in Journal of Roman Studies (1926), 201.

  8.Romans 13.1-5.

  9.1 Corinthians 7.2.1; Ephesians 6.5.

  10. Matthew 19.12.

  CHAPTER 49. SURVIVING FOUR EMPERORS

  1. M. I. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, volume I (1957, rev. edn. by P. M. Fraser), 86.

  2.T. E. J. Wiedemann, in Alan K. Bowman et al, (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History, volume X (1996), 256-7; Pliny, Natural History 20.100.

  3. Rhiannon Ash, in Omnibus, 45 (2003), 11-13.

  4.A. Henrichs, in Zeitschrift fiir Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 3 (1968), 51-80, and Barbara Levick, Vespasian (1999), 227, note 9.

  5.Translated in Robert K. Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (1988), 82-3, with the important study of P. A. Brunt, in Journal of Roman Studies (1977), 95-116, with which I disagree.

  CHAPTER 50. THE NEW DYNASTY

  1. Suetonius, Life of Vespasian 22.

  2.R. Darwall-Smith, Emperors and Architecture: A Study of Flavian Rome (1996), 55-68, an excellent discussion.

  3. Barbara Levick, Vespasian (1999), 194; Quintilian, Institutes 4.1.19.

  4.Suetonius, Life of Titus 10.2.

  5.Quintilian, Institutes 1.1.12.

  6.Pliny,
Panegyric 82.1-3.

  7.Dio, 67.9.1-5.

  8.Statius, Silvae 4.2.30-1.

  9.Pliny, Letters 4.22.5-6.

  CHAPTER 51. THE LAST DAYS OF POMPEII

  1. Kenneth S. Painter, The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii, volume IV: The Silver Treasure (2001).

  2. Liisa Savunen, in Richard Hawley and Barbara Levick (eds.), Women in Antiquity: New Assessments (1995), 194-206, for the evidence, at least.

  3. H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 5145.

  4. R. C. Carrington, in Journal of Roman Studies (1931), 110-30, an excel­lent study: 'Pompeii and its vicinity was no garden city or suburb, but the scene of an intense industrial activity' (130).

  5.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, IV.2993L

  6.I differ from Paul Zanker, Pompeii: Public and Private Life (1998, English transl.), 23-4.

  7.J. R. Clarke, in D. Fredrick (ed.), The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power and the Body (2002), 149-81, suggests the scenes were comic; J. R. Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art (1998), 212-40.

  8.Lorenzo Fergola and Mario Pagano, Oplontis (1998), 19 and 85, for the 'Poppaea' possibility (I incline to it); P. Castren, Ordo Populusque Pompeianus (1963, 2nd edn.), 209 for the evidence for the family in Pompeii.

  9.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, IV.7698B, from the 'House of the Moralist', III.iv.2-3.

  CHAPTER 52. A NEW MAN IN ACTION

  1.R. Syme, Roman Papers, volume VII (1991), 621, and index, 695, for the phrase.

  2. M. Winterbottom, in Journal of Roman Studies (1970), 90-97.

  3. Pliny, Letters 4.25.1-2.

  4.Pliny, Panegyric 76.6; 65.1; 80.

  5.Pliny, Letters 3.20.12.

  6.Pliny, Panegyric 74.2 with 73.4 and 2.8.

  7. Pliny, Letters 10.18.

  CHAPTER 53. A PAGAN AND CHRISTIANS

  1. Pliny, Letters, 10.96.

  2. R. J. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (1986), 433 and 751 note 37.

  3. Pliny, Letters 1.12 and 1.22.8-10; M. T. Griffin, in Greece and Rome (1986), 64-77 and 192-202.