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state theory, 33–35, 34, 35, 71, 117–18, 338
state weakness, 39–40, 72–75. See also state
Stevens, Siaka, 188, 251, 253–55
Straus, Scott, 371
structural adjustment programs (SAPs), 24–25, 46, 62, 74–75, 162–63, 177–79, 352, 355. See also economics; foreign aid; liberal market (neoliberal) model
sub-Saharan Africa: colonial legacy in, 11–12, 337; constitutionalism and, 65; debt crisis and, 25; democratization and, 26; development and, 335; federalism and, 104; independence and, 13; international system and, 136; Islamism and, 247–48; legal status in context of decolonization and, 106; liberal market model and, 65; management capacity of state and, 104; nationalism and, 308; pan-Africanism and, 297; pathways to independence and, 99; racial identity and, 298–99; security imperative and, 349; social class and, 133; sovereignty and, 95–96; state decline and, 5; state weakness and, 72; territoriality and, 91; world regions comparisons and, 344, 345. See also Françafrique; and specific ethnic groups, leaders and states
Sudan: Africanism and, 275; Al Qaeda and, 247, 272; Arab identity and, 240–41, 270, 275, 327–28; autocratic rule and, 28, 194; black identity and, 241, 275; colonial legacy in, 11; decolonization and, 3, 11, 241; democratic norms and, 195–96; democratization and, 145, 151; development ranking for, 358, 359, 360–61, 361; ethnicity in context of military rule and, 149, 270; federalism and, 241–42; foreign aid and, 161, 237; genocidal violence and, 248, 275; hegemony imperative and, 153; institutional frames and, 116–17, 400n87; integral state and, 20–21; internal wars and, 19, 30, 31, 149–50, 248, 268–76, 381n90; Islamism and, 247, 269–71, 419n67; liberation struggles postindependence and, 123–24; military intervention and rule in, 18, 142, 145, 149, 151, 270; Muslim Brotherhood and, 142, 247, 270; patrimonialism and, 28; power transfer comparisons and, 97; regime structure and, 77; security imperative and, 190; shari’a and, 41; South Sudan state and, 274, 299, 336, 376n12; sovereignty and, 95; sovereignty in context of human rights abuses and, 39; terrorism and, 272. See also Darfur; southern Sudan; and specific ethnic groups
Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M), 269–73, 279, 306
Suez Canal, 58, 63, 97, 105, 141, 147–48, 150
sultanism, 79, 188, 362, 432n56
Swaziland: autocratic rule and, 28, 194; colonial state and, 105; development ranking for, 360–61, 361–62; ethnicity and, 125, 310, 325, 331; ethnonationalism and, 309, 331; monarchy’s disappearance and, 124, 125–26; patrimonialism and, 28, 70; political parties and, 70; regime structure and, 77
Tafjel, Henri, 316
Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika): armed liberation struggles for decolonization and, 108; Arusha Declaration in 1967 and, 22, 56, 160; Chama Cha Mapinduzi and, 15, 106; citizenship and, 422n13; cultural pluralism and, 219, 346; democratization and, 336, 381n88; development and, 335; development ranking for, 360–61; education system and, 325; hegemony imperative and, 347; indigenization and, 22; institutional frames and, 115; integral state and, 56, 160; leadership and, 364; legal status in context of decolonization and, 106; patrimonialism and, 69, 71; political parties and, 15; security imperative and, 129; single party system and, 16–17, 70, 138, 209; socialism and, 22, 56; territorial integrity and, 302; territoriality and, 393n11; universal suffrage and, 93; women’s leadership in, 373
Tareke, Gebru, 244
Taylor, Charles, 192–93, 249–50, 258–59
Taylor, Scott, 211
technology/ies. See new technologies
Tempels, Placide, 112
term limits, 200, 203, 209, 365–66
territorial integrity, 36, 90, 92, 121, 245, 300–302
territoriality, 36–37, 87–92, 127, 246, 293–98, 383nn12–13, 393nn8–12, 422nn11–12
territorial nationalism: overview of, 291–92; children and, 326–27; colonial state partition and, 302–3; education system and, 310–11; ethnicity and, 310, 312, 424n40; external sovereignty and, 302–3; iconography and, 311; limits of, 313–14; memory and, 311–12; single party system and, 312; state in social imaginary and, 305–6; state persistence and, 299–305, 306, 423n16, 423n30; state’s attributes and, 305–7. See also identity; nationalism; territoriality
terrorism: Al Qaeda and, 203, 247, 263–65, 267, 272, 281, 288; democratization and, 203; internal wars and, 263, 265, 267, 272, 288; Islamism and, 247, 263–65; security imperative and, 29; state failure and, 76
Therborn, Goran, 355
“third wave” metaphor, 26, 194. See also democratization
three-cycle periodization, 8–10, 10, 19, 26, 28, 122, 157, 224. See also decolonization settlement breakdown; democratization; independence for states; state crisis
Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), 244–45
Tilly, Charles, 34, 198, 290
timetables, for decolonization, 96, 115
Togo: development ranking for, 360–61; ethnicity and, 149, 322–23, 426n73; international sanctions and, 298; legal status in context of decolonization and, 106; military intervention and rule in, 18, 143, 150, 402n25; monarchy’s disappearance and, 127–28; multiple party system and, 207; national conference mechanism blocked and, 199; patrimonialism and, 28, 176; single party system and, 128, 137; term limits and, 365; territorial integrity and, 302; territoriality and, 90–91, 393n8
Tordoff, William, 210–11
Touré, Sékou, 12, 99, 123, 138, 312
Transitional Federal Government (TFG), 263–65, 267
Transparency International, 8, 136, 202, 357, 358, 360–61, 368, 371
Trefon, Theodore, 304, 372
Trimberger, Ellen Kay, 150
triple helix of identity, 31, 291–93, 332–33, 428n98. See also identity
Tripp, Aili Mari, 71, 327, 373, 411n21
Tsvangirai, Morgan, 211–12
Tuareg, 248, 281, 288–89
Tunisia: anticolonial nationalism and, 4–5; Arab identity and, 328, 399n76; armed liberation struggles for decolonization and, 107, 108; civil society coup in, 223–24, 414n69; colonial legacy in, 337; decolonization and, 3, 4–5, 10; development ranking for, 358, 359, 360–61, 362, 363, 432n60; integral state and, 58; internal wars and, 150; Islamism and, 247; legal status in context of decolonization and, 105; liberation struggles during decolonization and, 229–30; management capacity of state and, 104; monarchy’s disappearance and, 124; pan-Africanism and, 297; representative institutions and, 394n15; ruler’s imperative and, 79; security imperative and, 348; security services and, 176, 223–24; single party system and, 139; sovereignty and, 95; term limits and, 365
Tutsi, 92, 205–6, 220, 292, 316, 320, 393n11
Uganda: autonomy imperative and, 352; child soldiers and, 245; development ranking for, 359, 360–61; diaspora and, 280; ethnicity and, 149, 323, 325, 424n40; hegemony imperative and, 153, 347; indigeneity and, 331; indigenization and, 22; institutional frames and, 116, 117; integral state and, 160; internal wars and, 124, 244–45, 278–80, 381n90; legal status in context of decolonization and, 106; liberation struggles postindependence and, 243–44; military rule and, 151; monarchy’s disappearance and, 127–28; nationalism and, 110–11; natural resources and, 277; patrimonialism and, 69, 389n100, 389nn102–3; personal rule and, 80–81; revenue imperative and, 356; SAPs and, 352; security imperative and, 129; single party system and, 129, 130, 131; state capacity and, 407n49; state crisis and, 23; state decline and, 83; state failure and, 75; state in social imaginary and, 314; term limits and, 365; triple helix of identity and, 428n98; universal suffrage and, 131, 424n40; women’s leadership in, 373. See also specific ethnic groups and leaders
Umma party, 116, 142, 270
UNDP Human Development Index, 358, 360–61, 361, 363, 364
Uniâo para a indepência total de Angola (UNITA), 234–36, 246–47, 280, 288–89, 349
Union démocratique et sociale Gabonaise (UDSG), 144
Union des populations camerounaises (UPC), 12, 111, 231
Union pour le progrès national africain (UPRONA), 205
Union progressiste Sénégalaise (UPS), 130
United Democratic Front (UDF), 109, 177
United Liberation Movement of Liberia (ULIMO), 253, 258
United Nations (UN): code of decolonization and, 89, 92, 101–2, 120–21; decolonization and, 18, 88–89; hegemony imperative and, 153; institutional frames and, 117; internal wars and, 236, 263–64, 281; legal status in context of decolonization and, 106; liberation struggles during decolonization and, 231; pan-Africanism and, 298; power transfer comparisons and, 97–98, 395n28; sovereignty in context of human rights abuses and, 39; state failure and, 76, 236
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 66
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), 25, 63, 297
United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL), 257–58
United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM), 263
United States: cold war and, 246, 251; constitutionalism and, 33, 307; foreign aid and, 246, 251; global environment post–cold war and, 247; hegemony imperative and, 153; integral state and, 23; internal wars and, 246, 251, 263; international peacekeeping and, 263, 277; international system and, 135; liberal market model and, 29, 53–54; “official mind” and, 384n30; security imperative and, 46, 349
universal suffrage, 11, 27–28, 93–94, 130–31, 424n40
Vamain, Carlos, 158
van de Walle, Nicolas, 61–62, 68–69, 175, 198, 215, 352
Vansina, Jan, 131, 391n132, 395n33
Wafd party, 97, 141
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 17, 136
warlords: human rights abuses and, 193, 253–54, 259–60; internal wars and, 30, 166–67, 237–38, 244, 251, 253–54, 259, 261, 265–68, 272, 286; militias and, 75–76, 265–68, 303–4; shadow state and, 303–5; state failure and, 75–76, 165–67
Washington Consensus, 26, 62–63, 65–66, 352, 388n82. See also liberal market (neoliberal) model
Waterbury, John, 59, 125
Waters, Mary, 329
Weber, Eugen, 310
Weber, Max: hegemony imperative and, 44; on individual versus group behavior, 328; patrimonialism and, 24, 175, 389n95; state theory and, 34, 71, 117–18, 338; sultanism and, 79, 188
Weiss, Herbert, 306
welfare mission, 34, 52–53, 61
West African Military Advisory Group (ECOMOG), 253–54, 253–58
Western Sahara, 101–2, 232, 302, 328, 396n43
white minority, 27–28, 97, 107, 112, 210, 337, 375n1
Willame, Jean-Claude, 24, 379n52
women: daily chores for and, 132; education system for and, 363; ethnicity and, 326–27; human rights abuses and, 260, 272–73; leadership and, 259, 327, 373, 418n47; property right laws for, 326–27, 389n103, 407n49; shari’a and, 419n67; suffrage for and, 93
World Bank: Berg Report in 1981 and, 24, 61; debt crisis and, 25; development and, 162; integral state failure and, 62; liberalization and, 64; liberal market model and, 26; remittances data and, 265; SAPs and, 177–79; state failure and, 170; state reconstruction and, 83
world regions comparisons: overview of, 339–46; accumulation imperative and, 156–57, 157; colonial legacy and, 344, 430n25; decolonization and, 10–11, 15, 89; development and, 8, 335; economics and, 344, 430n27
Wriggins, W. Howard, 80
Wrigley, Christopher, 315
Yar’Adua, Umaru, 150, 216–17
Yoruba, 114, 130, 315, 320–21
Youlou, Fulbert, 129, 143, 322
Young, Tom, 170
youth and children. See children and youth
Zaire. See Congo-Kinshasa (formerly Belgian Congo)
Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia): armed liberation struggles for decolonization and, 108, 201; democratization and, 200–201, 381n88; development ranking for, 360–61; ethnonationalism and, 322, 346; foreign aid and, 161; institutional frames and, 115, 116, 117; integral state and, 160; monarchy’s disappearance and, 127; Mulungushi charter and, 160; nationalizations and, 21; single party system and, 70, 129, 138, 209; term limits and, 365
Zartman, William, 298
Zenawi, Meles, 244, 331
Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia): armed liberation struggles for decolonization and, 107, 108–9, 210–11; democratization failure and opportunities in, 210–12; development ranking for, 358, 360–61; electoral conflict management and, 221; ethnicity and, 246; governance and, 335; integral state and, 23, 210, 412n39; internal wars and, 246; liberal market model and, 210; liberation struggles during decolonization and, 230; management capacity of state and, 103; MarxistLeninism and, 403n34; natural resources and, 277; patrimonialism and, 77; power transfer comparisons and, 97; reconciliation and, 210, 412n38; security services and, 171, 212; single party system and, 129; social promotion and, 134; state failure and, 212; white minority rule and, 97
Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), 210–12
Zolberg, Aristide, 17, 67
Zulu, 125, 325, 331
* * *
Africa and the Diaspora: History, Politics, Culture
THOMAS SPEAR, DAVID HENIGE, AND MICHAEL SCHATZBERG
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