Drone Warfare
Page 17
It was due to a chance meeting with OR Books publisher John Oakes that I had the opportunity to write this book, and I thank him and the wonderful crew at OR for their encouragement.
Finally, I owe a debt of gratitude to my partner Tighe Barry for always being so thoughtful and supportive, and to my children Arlen and Maya for motivating me to leave a better world for them.
Further Resources
BOOKS/REPORTS
Philip Alston, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions,” United Nations General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Fourteenth Session, May 23, 2010.
Chris Cole, Convenient Killing: Armed Drones and the ‘Playstation’ Mentality. Oxford: The Fellowship of Reconciliation, 2010.
Matt J. Martin and Charles W. Sasser, Predator: The Remote-control Air War over Iraq and Afghanistan: A Pilot’s Story. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith, 2010.
Mary Ellen O’Connell, “Lawful Use of Combat Drones—Hearing: Rise of the Drones II: Examining the Legality of Unmanned Targeting,” Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, US Congress, Apr 28, 2010.
Chris Rogers, “CIVIC: Campaign for Innocent Victims in Conflict—REPORT: Pakistan 2010.” CIVIC: Campaign for Innocent Victims in Conflict.
P. W. Singer, Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the Twenty-first Century. New York: Penguin, 2009.
Congressional Budget Office, “Policy Options for Unmanned Aircraft Systems,” Publication 4083, Washington DC, June 2011.
United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, “The UK Approach to Unmanned Aircraft Systems,” Joint Doctrine, 2011.
“Does Unmanned Make Unacceptable? Exploring the Debate on using Drones and Robots in Warfare,” IKV Pax Christi, May 2011.
ORGANIZATIONS
American Civil Liberties Union: www.aclu.org
Amnesty International: www.amnesty.org
Bureau of Investigative Journalism: www.thebureauinvestigates.com
Campaign for Innocent Victims in Conflict (CIVIC): www.civicworldwide.org
CODEPINK: www.codepink.org
Catholic Worker Movement: www.catholicworker.org
Center for Constitutional Rights: ccrjustice.org
Drone Campaign Network: www.dronecampaignnetwork.org.uk
Drone Wars UK: dronewarsuk.wordpress.com
Fellowship of Reconciliation, England: www.for.org.uk
Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space: www.space4peace.org
Human Rights Watch: www.hrw.org
International Committee for Robot Arms Control: www.icrac.co/uk
Nevada County Peace Center: www.ncpeace.org
Nuclear Resister: www.nuclearresister.org
Reprieve: www.reprieve.org.uk
The Nevada Desert Experience: www.nevadadesertexperience.org
United Against the Drones: Unitedagainstthedrones.wordpress.com
Upstate NY Coalition to End the Drones: upstatedroneaction.org
Voices for Creative Nonviolence: vcnv.org
Women in Black: www.womeninblack.org
World Can’t Wait: www.worldcantwait.net
Know Drones: www.knowdrones.org
WEBSITES
Antiwar.com
wired.com/dangerroom, especially Noah Shachtman and Spencer Ackerman
Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI), www.auvsi.org
Lobbying Spending Database, OpenSecrets.org
Smithsonian Air and Space Museum drone exhibit: www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal104/uav.cfm
Congressional Unmanned Systems Caucus: unmanned systemscaucus.mckeon.house.gov
TomDispatch, especially Nick Turse and Tom Engelhardt
FILMS/VIDEOS
Remote Control War, available on DVD and Netflix: www.amazon.com/Remote-Control-Narrated-Anne-Marie-MacDonald/dp/B004RV70JW
“America’s use for domestic drones” Al Jazeera English, Dec 7, 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTLtNgSRXyc
“The Real Casualties of the Drone War,” RT TV, December 14, 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0aw4ym6l6c
Robot Wars, Faultlines, Al Jazeera, www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyJoJUs14bc
CODEPINK at the AUVSI press conference, www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOcF6g2YlcQ
Stop the Arms Fair 2011—UK Anti Drones Action: www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8NaCgAl27o
With song: www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQF0XOMqcDc
Endnotes
1 Carl Conetta, “Operation Enduring Freedom: Why a Higher Rate of Civilian Bombing Casualties,” Project on Defense Alternatives. Commonwealth Institute of Cambridge, MA USA. N.p., n.d.
2 P. W. Singer, Wired for War: Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century, Penguin Press, 2009, p. 61.
3 Christopher Rogers, “Civilians in Armed Conflict: Civilian Harm and Conflict in Northwest Pakistan,” CIVIC, 2010, p. 20.
4 Scott Shane, “U.S. Said to Target Rescuers at Drone Strike Sites,” The New York Times, February 5, 2012.
5 Khawar Rizvi, Personal Interview by author, Washington, D.C., May 3, 2010.
6 “Politics is Funny,” A Tiny Revolution, May 2, 2010.
7 Rod Powers, “Military Word/Phrase Origins,” United States Military Information.
8 Jeremiah Gertler, “U.S. Unmanned Aerial Systems,” p. 1, Congressional Research Service.
9 Peter Finn, “Rise of the Drone: From Calif. Garage to Multibillion-dollar Defense industry,” The Washington Post, December 24, 2011.
10 Chris Cole, “Convenient Killing: Armed Drones and the ‘Playstation’ Mentality,” The Fellowship of Reconciliation, England, 2010.
11 Elizabeth Bone, “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Background and Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, April 25, 2003.
12 Nic Robertson, “How Robot Drones Revolutionized the Face of Warfare,” CNN, July 23, 2009.
13 Jeremiah Gertler, “U.S. Unmanned Aerial Systems,” Summary, Congressional Research Service, January 3, 2012.
14 “Program Acquisition Costs by Weapon System,” Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, February 2011 p. 1-1.
15 “General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper,” Wikipedia.
16 Jeremiah Gertler, “U.S. Unmanned Aerial Systems,” Congressional Research Service, January 3, 2012 p. 22.
17 David S. Cloud, “Contractors’ Role Grows in Drone Missions, Worrying Some in the Military,” McClatchy News, December 29, 2011.
18 Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom Shanker, “Microdrones, Some as Small as Bugs, Are Poised to Alter War,” The New York Times, June 20, 2011.
19 ibid.
20 Cloud, loc. cit.
21 “Policy Options for Unmanned Aircraft Systems,” Publication 4083, Congressional Budget Office, Washington DC, June 2011 p. 31.
22 ibid.
23 Christopher Drew, “Drones Are U.S. Weapons of Choice in Fighting Qaeda,” The New York Times, March 16, 2009.
24 Associated Press, “U.S. Deploys Drones Against Somali Pirates,” CBS News, October 24, 2009.
25 David Zucchino, “Military Drone Aircraft: Losses in Afghanistan, Iraq,” Los Angeles Times, July 6, 2010.
26 “Oops! Keystroke Goof Sets Navy Drone to Self-Destruct,” FOX News, July 19, 2011.
27 Joshua Stewart, “Fire Scout report outlines tech glitches,” Navy Times, July 2011.
28 Noah Shachtman, “Insurgents Intercept Drone Video in King-Size Security Breach,” Wired.com, December 17, 2009.
29 Noah Shachtman, “Exclusive: Computer Virus Hits U.S. Drone Fleet,” Wired.com, October 7, 2011.
30 Nic Robertson, “How Robot Drones Revolutionized the Face of Warfare,” CNN.com International, July 23, 2009.
31 Chris Woods and Christina Lamb, “Obama terror drones: CIA tactics in Pakistan include targeting rescuers and funerals,” Bureau of Investigative Journalism, February 4, 2012.
32 Jane Mayer, “The risks of the C.I.A.’s Predator drones,” The New Yorker, October 26, 2009.
33 “UK Faults Self and US for Plane Shootdown,” Space W
ar, May 14, 2004.
34 David Zucchino and David S. Cloud, “U.S. deaths in drone strike due to miscommunication, report says,” The Los Angeles Times, October 14, 2011.
35 Medea Benjamin, “Did You Hear the Joke About the Predator Drone That Bombed?” CommonDreams, May 5, 2010.
36 Saeed Shah and Peter Beaumont, “US drone strikes in Pakistan claiming many civilian victims, says campaigner,” The Guardian, July 17, 2011.
37 Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom Shanker, “Microdrones, Some as Small as Bugs, Are Poised to Alter War,” The New York Times, June 20, 2011.
38 “2010 Top 100 Contractors - General Atomics,” Washington Technology, Eagle Eye Publisher.
39 W.J. Hennigan, “General Atomics: Drones Create a Buzz in Southern California Aerospace Industry,” The Los Angeles Times, September 11, 2010.
40 Zach Rosenburg, “US Air Force orders General Atomics Avenger,” Aviation and Aerospace News, Flightglobal.com, December 12, 2011.
41 Jen Dimascio, “New Drones net rosy skies for makers,” Politico.com, November 23, 2009.
42 Steve Henn and Robert Brodsky, “‘Top Gun’ of travel,” iWatch News, June 5, 2006.
43 Gopal Ratnam, “General Atomics Wins Approval to Sell First Predator Drones in Middle East,” Bloomberg, July 20, 2010.
44 “Lobbying Spending Database - General Atomics,” OpenSecrets, 2011.
45 Scott Shane, “Coming Soon - The Drone Arms Race,” The New York Times, October 9, 2011.
46 “AeroVironment Receives $16 Million Order for Raven Unmanned Aircraft Systems Contractor Logistics Support,” Business Wire, September 8, 2011.
47 “AeroVironment Receives $7.3 Million Order for Puma Unmanned Aircraft System Support Services,” Business Wire, October 20, 2011.
48 David Wichner, “Distributed Common Ground System,” Raytheon Company.
49 David Wichner, “Raytheon’s new Griffin fit for drone,” Arizona Daily Star, August 22, 2010.
50 David Wichner, “Raytheon developing drone-fired weapon,” StarNet, April 25, 2011.
51 Spencer Ackerman, “Mini-Missile Promises to Shrink the Drone War,” Wired.com, December 1, 2011.
52 Rikki Mitchell, “Drones that stay airborne forever,” StarNet, February 27, 2011.
53 W.J. Hennigan, “Phantom Ray Test Flight: Boeing’s Robotic Jet Phantom Ray Takes Maiden Test Flight,” The Los Angeles Times, May 4, 2011.
54 Brian Wingfield, “Drone Wars,” Forbes.com, June 1, 2009.
55 1st Lt. Jason Sweeney, “Armed and Dangerous: The Gray Eagle goes lethal,” General Atomics, April 9, 2011.
56 “Factsheets: RQ-4 Global Hawk,” Official Site of the US Air Force.
57 Christopher Drew, “Costly Drone Is Poised to Replace U-2 Spy Plane,” The New York Times, Aug 3, 2011.
58 Steve Zaloga and David Rockwell, “UAV Market Set for 10 Years of Growth,” EIJ - Earth Imaging Journal.
59 Christopher Drew, “Costly Drone Is Poised to Replace U-2 Spy Plane,” The New York Times, August 3, 2011.
60 W.J. Hennigan, “U.S. may rely on aging U-2 spy planes longer than expected,” The Los Angeles Times, January 28, 2012.
61 “Lobbying Spending Database -General Atomics, 2011,” OpenSecrets.org.
62 “Lockheed Martin Announces Fourth Quarter 2010 Results,” LockheedMartin.com.
63 “Lobbying Spending Database,” OpenSecrets.org.
64 “Lockheed Martin,” Wikipedia.
65 “HELLFIRE II Missile,” LockheedMartin.com.
66 “US to deploy deadlier ‘Hellfire Romeo’ precision-strike missiles in war against terrorism,” Yahoo! India News, October 16, 2011.
67 Amir Khan, “Lockheed Martin Tests Tiny Samarai UAV,” Popular Mechanics, August 18, 2011.
68 Stephen Trimble, “REPORT: RQ-170 spied over Osama bin Laden’s bed last night,” The DEW Line, May 2011.
69 Interview with Mark Gubrud, February 3, 2012.
70 “U.S. military drones that are so small they even look like insects,” Daily Mail Reporter, July 12, 2011.
71 “AFRL’s new lab focused on micro air vehicles,” AviationDayton, May 27, 2010.
72 “U.S. military drones that are so small they even look like insects,” Daily Mail Reporter, July 12, 2011.
73 “Our Work,” Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
74 Tina Casey, “DARPA Looks To The Crowd To Build Miniature Drones,” TPM Idea Lab, October 2011.
75 Eric Hagerman, “Coming Soon: An Unblinking ‘Gorgon Stare’ For Air Force Drones,” Popular Science, August 2009.
76 David Axe and Noah Shachtman, “Air Force’s ‘All-Seeing Eye’ Flops Vision Test,” Wired.com, January 2011.
77 Steve Zaloga and David Rockwell, “UAV Market Set for 10 Years of Growth,” EIJ - Earth Imaging Journal, 2011.
78 Charles Levinson, “Israeli Robots Remake Battlefield,” The Wall Street Journal, January 13, 2010.
79 “Israel and the rise of drone warfare,” Neged Neshek , n.d.
80 BBC World News, “Russia ‘will buy Israeli drones’,” BBC News, April 10, 2009.
81 Reuters, “Russia in talks to buy Israeli-made spy drones for $100m,” Haaretz Israeli News, July 12, 2009.
82 “IAI delivers 12 UAVs to Russia in key deal,” SpaceDaily.com, January 17, 2011.
83 AFP and Dawn.com, “Israel is leader in drone exports,” CN Publications, July 2, 2010.
84 Rajat Pandit, “India lines up Israeli drones in race with Pak,” The Times Of India, March 26, 2010.
85 “Say hello to Pakistan’s first domestically produced armed drone: The Burraq UCAV,” TechLahore, December 4, 2011.
86 Jeremy Page, “China’s Drones Raise Eyebrows at Air Show,” The Wall Street Journal, November 18, 2010.
87 Nathan Hodge, “U.S. Military Confirms It Shot Down Iranian Drone,” Wired.com, March 16, 2009.
88 P.W. Singer, “Will Foreign Drones One Day Attack the U.S.?,” The Daily Beast, February 25 2010.
89 W.J. Hennigan, David S. Cloud, and Ken Dilanian, “Drone that crashed in Iran may give away U.S. secrets,” The Los Angeles Times, December 6, 2011.
90 Brad Knickerbocker, “US considered missions to destroy RQ-170 Sentinel drone lost in Iran,” The Christian Science Monitor, December 7, 2011.
91 Patrick McGroarty, “Two South African Defense Firms Take Aim at Niche Aircraft Market,” The Wall Street Journal, September 27, 2011.
92 William Booth, “More Predator Drones Fly U.S.-Mexico Border,” Washington Post, December 21, 2011.
93 “Iraqi Drones Not For WMD,” CBS News, February 11, 2009.
94 Tom Vanden Brook, “Drones Reshaping Iraq’s Battlefields,” USA Today, July 6, 2006.
95 Associated Press, “Use of Unmanned Drones Soars in Iraq,” MSNBC, January 1, 2008.
96 Christopher Drew, “Drones Are Playing a Growing Role in Afghanistan,” The New York Times, February 19, 2010.
97 Gordon Lubold, “As Drones Multiply in Iraq and Afghanistan, So Do Their Uses,” The Christian Science Monitor, March 2, 2010.
98 ibid.
99 Tom Vanden Brook, “Drone Attacks Hit High in Iraq,” USA Today, April 29, 2008.
100 Eric Schmitt and Michale S. Schmidt, “Iraq is Angered by U.S. Drones Patrolling Its Skies,” The New York Times, January 29, 2012.
101 Nick Turse, “America’s Secret Empire of Drone Bases,” The Nation, October 17, 2011.
102 Greg Miller, “Under Obama, an Emerging Global Apparatus for Drone Killing,” The Washington Post, December 27, 2011.
103 Lolita C. Baldor, “Panetta Spills a Little on Secret CIA Drones,” Yahoo! News, October 7, 2011.
104 Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror. Random House, 2002.
105 Jane Mayer, “The Predator War,” The New Yorker, October 26, 2009.
106 Marc Ambinder, “The Secret Team That Killed bin Laden,” National Journal, May 3, 2011.
107 Gretchen Gavett, “What is the Secretive U.S. “Kill/Capture” Campaign?,” PBS:
Public Broadcasting Service.
108 Ibid.
109 James Risen and Mark Mazzetti, “C.I.A. Said to Use Outsiders to Put Bombs on Drones,” The New York Times, August 20, 2009.
110 Karen DeYoung, “US increases Yemen drone strikes,” The Washington Post, September 17, 2011.
111 “Air raid kills Yemeni mediator,” Al Jazeera English, May 25, 2010.
112 Bill Roggio, “Yemeni airstrike kills deputy governor, Al Qaeda operative,” The Long War Journal, May 25, 2010.
113 CBS/AP, “Al Qaeda’s Anwar al-Awlaki killed in Yemen,” CBS News, September 30, 2011.
114 Peter Finn and Greg Miller, “Anwar al-Awlaki’s family speaks out against his son’s death in airstrike,” The Washington Post, October 17, 2011.
115 “Wikileaks cable corroborates evidence of US airstrikes in Yemen,” Amnesty International, December 1, 2010.
116 Spencer Ackerman, “CIA’s Drone Join Shadow War Over Yemen,” Wired.com, June 14, 2011.
117 Jim Lobe, “US: Expanding Network of Drone Bases To Hit Somalia, Yemen,” IPS Inter Press Service, September 21, 2011.
118 Department of Defense, “News Transcript: Deputy Secretary Wolfowitz Interview with Sam Tannenhaus, Vanity Fair,” The Official Home of the Department of Defense, May 9, 2003.
119 Nick Turse, “The Forty-Year Drone War,” TomDispatch, January 24, 2010.
120 “Al Dhafra Air Base,” GlobalSecurity.org, May 7, 2011.
121 Greg Miller and Craig Whitlock, “U.S. building secret drone bases in Africa, Arabian Peninsula, officials say,” The Washington Post, September 20, 2011.
122 “Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney,” The White House, October 28, 2011.
123 Jim Lobe, “US: Expanding Network of Drone Bases To Hit Somalia, Yemen,” IPS Inter Press Service, September 21, 2011.
124 “Seychelles: Ocean Look Tops Agenda During Presidential Meeting,” The Washington Post, n.d.
125 “U.S. Building Secret Drone Bases in Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Officials Say,” The Washington Post, September 20, 2011.
126 “Uganda and Burundi to get US Drones to Fight Islamists,” BBC News, June 28, 2011.
127 Spencer Ackerman, “Libya: The Real U.S. Drone War,” Wired.com, October 20, 2011.
128 Greg Jaffe, “Fleet of U.S. Drones now Based in Turkey,” The Washington Post, November 14, 2011.