Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War
Page 116
28. Annual Register, 1762, quoted from Marston’s The Seven Years War, 53 (Daniel Marston, The Seven Years’ War: Essential Histories [London: Osprey Publishing, 2001]).
29. Maslovski, II, 185–200.
30. This is the figure reported in Teilke, II, 184–185. Of this number, 939 were “generals and officers.” In light of more recent research, “this figure has been amended to 19,000” (Simon Millar, Zorndorf 1758: Frederick Faces Holy Mother Russia [Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003], 88); Jomini, Traité, II, 167–171.
31. Among the lost ordnance were 17 of Shuvalov’s so-called “secret howitzers” (Tielke, II, 40).
32. Die Kriege, Part 3, VIII, 145–169; Waddington, II, 273–274.
Chapter 25
1. Duffy, Military Life, 171. For a biography of General Gablenz, see König, II, 1–2.
2. Maslovski, II, 207–210; Dobson, 66.
3. Die Kriege, Part 3, VIII, 185–210; Reihe von Vorlesungen, II, 259–262; Held, 17–102.
4. Jany, II, 505; Schaefer, II, 132–133; Seyfart, II, 438–442.
5. There is a biography of this commander in Held, 346–352. Also in König, II, 156–160.
6. Bangert, 89–102. For Gustav Albrecht von Schaberndorf, see König, III, 371–372.
7. Die Kriege, Part 3, VIII, 177–180.
8. Entick, III, 370–372; Dobson, 48, 59.
9. Schaefer, II, 102–103; Huschberg, 567–576; Helden Geschichte, V, 283–325.
10. Arneth, V, 396–397.
11. Jany, II, 506.
12. Tempelhof, II, 287–288; Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, I, 295–296.
13. Sulicki, 125–127; Complete History of the Present War, 318.
14. Sulicki, 144–149.
15. Tempelhof, II, 293; Dobson, 64; Jomini, Traité, II, 264–267.
16. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 124. For Möhring, see König, III, 50–51.
17. R. D. Pengel, G. R. Hurt, Swedish Army in Pomerania 1757–1763 (Birmingham, England: 1983), 4.
18. Kennett, 3–5; Dobson, 55.
19. Schaefer, II, 155–156; Waddington, II, 77–156.
20. Kennett, 10–11.
21. Savory says 7,000 (96–97).
22. Die Kriege, Part 3, VII, 168–180.
23. Kennett, 17. Contades was also soon appointed a Marshal of France.
24. Die Kriege, Part 3, VIII, 380–389.
25. Savory, 102.
26. Die Kriege, Part 3, VIII, 396–408. A most crisp account.
27. Savory, 115.
28. Brabant, Liberation of Saxony, 199.
29. Arneth, V, 415; Brabant, Das Heilige, 1758, 240–258.
30. Thadden, 358–360.
31. Heinz, 92–93.
Chapter 26
1. Entick, III, 342–345; Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, I, 270–276; Seyfart, II, 464–466; Tempelhof, II, 255–285; Huschberg, 452–465; Reihe von Vorlesungen, II, 269–305; Helden Geschichte, V, 191–204; Waddington, II, 283–325.
2. For the simple reason that he figured Laudon was in a vulnerable position, away from the main Austrian army.
3. Janko, 65–69; Krsowitz, I, 126–136; Malleson, 73–79.
4. Fraser, 398.
5. Brabant, Liberation of Saxony, 203; Thiebault, I, 191–225, mind/character of Prince Henry.
6. Bangert, 116–122.
7. Varnhagen von Ense, Jakob Keith, 236–238.
8. Lloyd, III, 102.
9. St. Paul, Olmütz, 79–80.
10. Brabant, 1758 Liberation of Saxony, 225; Brabant, Das Heilige, 1758, 240–267.
11. Easum, 85.
12. Arneth, V, 442–443.
13. Lloyd, III, 103.
14. Brabant, Liberation of Saxony, 228.
15. Showalter, 222–223.
16. Varnhagen von Ense, Jakob Keith, 239–240.
17. Archenholtz, I, 181. For Marwitz, see König, III. 24.
18. Four companies of grenadiers, plus big guns moving into position.
19. Schaefer, II, 112–114. For General Bornstedt, see König, I, 187; for Braun, see König, I, 216.
Chapter 27
1. Jomini, Treatise, I, 403–416; Huschberg, 467–477; Retzow, I, 362–389; Bernhardi, I, 272–301; Cogniazzo, III, 38–58; Reihe von Vorlesungen, II, 305–328; Tempelhof, II, 318–336; Seyfart, II, 460–474; Decker, 177–187; Waddington, II, 324–332; Dobson, 65–66; Jomini, Traité, II, 171–229.
2. Duffy gives credit for the plan of attack to Lacy, Daun’s chief of staff (Duffy, Military Life, 174; Showalter, 223).
3. Better known as the Czernabog.
4. Arneth, V, 420.
5. Varnhagen von Ense, Jakob Keith, 241–244.
6. Archenholtz, I, 184.
7. Die Kriege, Part 3, VIII, 276–283.
8. Schaefer, II, 112–113.
9. Archenholtz, I, 181.
10. Barsewich, 69–70.
11. Lawley, 75–77.
12. Dorn and Engelmann, Die Schlachten, 108–110.
13. Tempelhof, II, 324–325.
14. Complete History of the Present War, 319–320.
15. Cogniazzo, III, 41.
16. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 46. For a biography of General Friedrich Albrecht of Brandenburg-Schwedt, see König, I, 210–211; for Troschke, see König, IV, 102.
17. Norbert Robitschek, Hochkirch: Eine Studie (Vienna: 1905), 61.
18. Duffy, A Military Life, 176.
19. Thadden, 361–369.
20. Duffy, A Military Life, 175.
21. Coull, 199.
22. Duffy, A Military Life, 175.
23. Dorn and Engelmann, Die Schlachten, 113.
24. Varnhagen von Ense, Jakob Keith, 256–257.
25. Lloyd, III, 106.
26. The reinforcements the Prussians there were receiving when Keith launched his counterattack against Daun to temporarily stabilize the situation.
27. Barsewich, 75–76. For a biography of Friedrich Franz of Brunswick, see König, I, 232–234; Pauli, III, 1–42.
28. Archenholtz, I, 189–190.
29. Die Kriege, Part 3, VIII, 283–302.
30. Archenholtz, I, 193.
31. Küster, 12–13.
32. Johannes Kunisch, Friedrich der Grosse: Der König und seine Zeit (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2004), 394.
33. Asprey, 505–506.
34. Frederick II, Seven Years War, I, 283.
35. Robitschek, 75–76.
36. Schaefer, II, 121.
37. Campbell, Frederick’s Court and Times, II, 204–205.
38. Ibid., 204–205.
39. Duffy, Instrument of War, 94–96.
40. Guddat has different figures. He puts Prussian losses at 9,097 and Daun’s at 7,587 (Martin Guddat, Grenadiere, Musketiere, Füsiliere: Die Friedrichs des Groβen [Hamburg: E. S. Mittler & Sohn, 1986], 115).
Chapter 28
1. Jomini, II, 422.
2. Kunisch, 394. Kunisch puts the blame squarely on the King’s arrogant attitude, especially towards Marshal Daun.
3. For instance, Prince Henry could not have been surprised by a letter he received from his royal brother that, even after Hochkirch, Frederick still very much wanted to strike at Daun (Asprey, 506).
4. Thadden, 360.
5. Arneth, V, 424–425.
6. Jomini, Treatise, I, 424.
7. Die Kriege, Part 3, VIII, 303–323.
8. Cogniazzo, III, 54.
9. Fraser, 404.
10. St. Paul, Olmütz, 120.
11. Helden Geschichte, V, 268–270.
12. Retzow, I, 372.
13. Schaefer, II, 125–127.
14. Die Kriege, Part 3, VIII, 325–341.
15. Schaefer, II, 126–127.
16. Brabant, Liberation of Saxony, 273.
17. St. Paul, Olmütz, 124–125.
18. Complete History of the Present War, 323–324.
19. Brabant, Liberation of Saxony, 260.
20. Duffy, A Military Life, 178–179.
21. Duffy, Army of Frederick the Great, Second Edit
ion, 285.
22. Brabant, Liberation of Saxony, 264.
23. Showalter, 227–228.
24. St. Paul, Olmütz, 125.
25. Helden Geschichte, V, 298–303.
26. Brabant, Liberation of Saxony, 267.
27. Conditions within Dresden could not have been pleasant (Heinz, 94–95), and added additional complaints about Schmettau’s measures. Even though they helped keep Dresden under Prussian control in 1758.
28. Brabant, Liberation of Saxony, 268.
29. Arneth, V, 432–435; Tempelhof, II, 337–370.
30. Heinz, 96–98.
31. Thadden, 359–361.
32. Fraser, 404–405.
33. Schaefer, II, 125–130.
PART V
Chapter 29
1. Furneaux, 100.
2. Die Kriege, Part 3, IX: Bergen, 35–38, details the makeup.
3. Showalter, 231; Helden Geschichte, V, 529–530; Bernhardi, I, 313–317; Arneth, VI, 1–18; Johnson, 167–183; Jomini, Treatise, II, 49–56; Retzow, II, 54–70; Asprey, 509–511; Richard Waddington, La Guerre de Sept Ans: Tome III: Minden-Kunersdorf-Québec (Paris: Librairie de Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1904).
4. Reiners, 200–201.
5. Complete History of the Present War, 334.
6. Reiners, 198.
7. Fraser, 405.
8. Thaddeus, 337.
9. Duffy, A Military Life, 179.
10. Schaefer, II, 252; Reiners, 200.
11. Die Kriege, Part 3, IX, 46–47; Reihe von Vorlesungen, III, 1–70.
12. Sulicki, 197–199; Seyfart, II, 506–515; Preussisch-Swedischen Krieges, 1757–1762, 47–56; Helden Geschichte, V, 530–546; Die Kriege, Part 3, VIII, 347–352. Demmin’s garrison was approximately 1275 men, along with 24 guns; Anklam had a 1421-man garrison with 36 guns (Dobson, 77–78).
13. Cogniazzo, III, 58–66.
14. Savory, 118; Dundas, 214–217.
15. Ibid., 122.
16. Die Kriege, Part 3, IX, 154–184. Excellent account of the Battle of Bergen, although most of the ninth volume of General Staff History was devoted to other events; Waddington, III, 1–23; Jomini, Traité, III, 1–55; Dobson, 85.
17. Decker, 188–193.
18. Möller, 57–63.
19. Tempelhof, III, 54–65; Jomini, Treatise, II, 92–95; Reihe von Vorlesungen, III, 323–357.
20. Savory, 122.
21. Son of the famous field marshal.
22. Easum, 93. For a brief biography of Lindstedt, see König, II, 418–419.
23. Tempelhof, III, 54–65.
24. Lloyd, III, 158–160; Dobson, 85–86; Jomini, Traité, III, 66–77. For a brief biography of General Aschersleben, see König, I, 87.
25. Tempelhof, III, 59–60.
26. Jany, II, 517–518.
27. Easum, 95–96.
28. Whom we last saw help set up the Austrian General Staff.
29. Jomini, Treatise, II, 93–96; Dobson, 88.
30. Tempelhof, III, 88–89. A detailed biography of Wolfersdorfe is in König, IV, 253–260.
31. Gottlob Naumann, III, 377–402; Schmitt, I, 78–86; König, I, 116–119.
32. Die Kriege, Part 3, VIII, 352.
33. Seyfart, II, 510–511.
34. Sulicki, 214–215; Schaefer, II, 291–292. Another source, April 10–11, General Manteuffel took Peenemünde; about 200 Swedes and 28 guns were taken (Dobson, 84).
35. Bangert, 156–157.
36. Die Kriege, Part 3, IX, 56–58; Held, 102–113.
37. Lloyd puts the total at 78,280 men, with 232 pieces of artillery (Llyod, III, 126).
38. Maslovski, II, 254–258.
39. Sulicki, 202–204.
40. Maslovski, II, 292–298.
41. Bangert, 141–149.
42. Arneth, VI, 5–11.
43. Bangert, 141–145. No word on whether Tillier had calmed down after his unpleasant sojourn with the Imperialists.
44. Duffy, Russia’s Military Way, 104. The suggestion was made of Fermor’s frequent use of the bottle, even when circumstances required a clear thinking faculty. As for the Scotsman’s non–Russian nationality, there had been other individuals of foreign nationality in command of Russian armies in the past. Field Marshal Burchard Christoph von Münnich, for instance (Duffy, Russia’s Military Way, 42–54).
45. Maslovski, II, 285–289.
46. Bangert, 185–187; Tempelhof, III, 90–100.
47. Lloyd, III, 126–127.
48. Nosworthy, 283.
49. Jany, II, 520–521; Seyfart, II, 516–518; Dobson, 81; Jomini, Traité, III, 109–112.
50. The Polish commander spent the rest of the war a prisoner in Glogau; his men were impressed into the Prussian service to serve garrison duty.
51. Jany, II, 522.
52. Lloyd, III, 128; Jomini, Treatise, II, 99–101.
53. Who had been sent to the Northern Front near Stralsund after Wedel had departed.
54. Lloyd, III, 129–130.
55. Sulicki, 221.
56. Fraser, 410. Apparently, Frederick tried to send a bribe to Fermor through a spy, but before anything came of this, Fermor was already out of the top command.
57. Bangert, 175–185.
58. ibid., 190–192.
59. Sulicki, 231; Waddington, III, 124–132.
60. Die Kriege, Part 3, X: Kunersdorf, 96–124.
61. Bangert, 190–191.
62. Sulicki, 227–229; Dobson, 91.
63. Tempelhof, III, 144–150.
64. Die Kriege, Part 3, X, 96–105.
65. Tempelhof, III, 166–177.
66. Reihe von Vorlesungen, III, 75–83.
Chapter 30
1. Decker, 194–197; Seyfart, II, 516–524; Retzow, II, 80–102; Helden Geschichte, V, 623–626; Bernhardi, I, 351–362; Reihe von Vorlesungen, III, 59–68; Waddington, III, 133–139; Dobson, 91; Jomini, Traité, III, 112–119.
2. Schaefer, II, 294.
3. Die Kriege, Part 3, X, 149–167.
4. Showalter, 240–241.
5. Duffy, A Military Life, 181–182.
6. Complete History of the Present War, 369–370.
7. Maslovski, III, 25–26.
8. Dorn and Engelmann, Die Schlachten, 114.
9. Bangert, 211–214.
10. Tempelhof, III, 151–155.
11. In fact, Wobersnow was of the opinion that it would have been difficult if not impossible to get more than a few guns into action at all.
12. Dorn and Engelmann, Die Schlachten, 114–117.
13. Duffy, Russia’s Military Way, 105–108.
14. Ibid., 106. For a biography on Franz Moritz of Anhalt-Bernburg/Schaumburg, see König, I, 11–15.
15. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 18.
16. Lloyd, III, 132–135.
17. ibid., 134.
18. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 64.
19. Jany, II, 524–526; Schaefer, II, 295.
20. Prussians, 1,400 men, 65 officers killed; 2,257 m/w; Russians, 4,833 m/w; 813 dead (Waddington, III, 139–141).
21. Mitchell, Memoirs, II, 80–82.
22. Krsowitz, I, 183–188; Janko, 82–88; Dobson, 90.
23. Seyfart, II, 550–557; Waddington, III, 145–150.
24. A view which would subsequently be altered for good soon after.
25. Die Kriege, Part 3, X, 93–98. A brief biography of Hauss can be found in König, II, 121–122.
26. Jany, II, 540.
27. Schaefer, II, 297–299; Waddington, III, 150–157; Dobson, 96.
28. Mallwo, 91–96; Janko, 88–105.
29. Arneth, VI, 31–35.
Chapter 31
1. Bangert, 215–219.
2. Die Kriege, Part 3, X, 204–209. A brief biography of Arnhim is in König, I, 85.
3. Lawley, 79–97; Varnhagen von Ense, Seydlitz, 96–105.
4. Schaefer, II, 302–304.
5. Duffy, A Military Life, 184.
6. ibid., 184–185.
Chapter 32
1. Tempelhof, III,
206–230; Seyfart, II, 525–533; Manfred Laubert, Die Schlacht bei Kunersdorf am 12. August 1759 (Berlin: 1900), 69–91; Decker, 211–234; Retzow, II, 102–115; Helden Geschichte, V, 630–643; Bernhardi, I, 387–399; Reihe von Vorlesungen, III, 84–129; Waddington, III, 156–180; Dobson, 97–98; Jomini, Traité, III, 119–141.
2. Duffy, Russia’s Military Way, 108–112.
3. Maslovski, III, 85–117.
4. Included among this grouping were a number of Austrian 12-pounders, which had been purloined from their former owners.
5. Dorn and Engelmann, Die Schlachten, 121–126.
6. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 22.
7. Fraser, 416.
8. Bangert, 236–293.
9. Horace St. Paul, 1759: Kunersdorf and Maxen: January 27th, to November 25th, 1759, edited by Neil Cogswell (Guisborough, England: Gralene Books, 2007), 5.
10. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 74.
11. Ibid., 90.
12. Certainly, the terrain was a large factor in the Prussian defeat.
13. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 48.
14. Ibid., 58.
15. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 102.
16. Which proved to be a killing ground for so many of Prussia’s finest units.
17. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 22.
18. Ibid., 26.
19. Arneth, VI, 37–47.
20. Groehler, 135.
21. Brackenbury, 212.
22. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 110. For a biography on General Grabow, see König, II, 63–65.
23. Angus Konstam, Russian Army of the Seven Years’ War: 1 (London: Osprey, 1990), 43.
24. Varnhagen von Ense, Seydlitz, 106–114.
25. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 34. For a biography, see König, I, 208–209.
26. Ibid., 62.
27. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 90.
28. Retzow, II, 113.
29. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 86.
30. The latter suffered 600 losses in killed, wounded, and captured during the action. (Horace St. Paul, 1759, 5).
31. Asprey, 517–518.
32. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 16.
33. Ibid., 78.