Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War
Page 117
34. Scott Stephenson, “Old Fritz Stumbles: Frederick the Great at Kunersdorf, 1759,” Studies in Battle Command (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College: Government Printing Office, 1995), 17–18.
35. Jany, II, 535–537; Waddington, III, 180–195.
Chapter 33
1. Reihe von Vorlesungen, III, 358–365.
2. Sulicki, 234.
3. Duffy, Army of Frederick the Great: Second Edition, 195.
4. Roger Charles Anderson, Naval Wars in the Baltic, 1522–1850 (London: F. Edward Publishers, 1910), 227.
5. Sulicki, 235–239.
6. Schaefer, II, 341–344; Duffy, Instrument of War, 370.
7. Duffy, Army of Frederick the Great: Second Edition, 194–195
8. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI: 249–253.
9. Which turned out to be neutral vessels anyway.
10. Duffy, Army of Frederick the Great: Second Edition, 196; Anderson, 227–229.
11. Pengel, 4.
12. Sulicki, 238–239. This on the hands of a clock.
13. Tempelhof, III, 382–383; Dobson, 100.
14. Bangert, 250–251; Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 32–34.
15. Arneth, VI, 37–39.
16. Laubert gives bluecoat losses as 6,056 dead, 11,082 wounded, 1,352 missing; Russian loss, as 2,614 killed, 10,863 wounded, with Austrian losses of 2,334 (Laubert, 93–96).
17. Die Kriege, Part 3, X, 320–332.
18. Pauli, VI, 198–226. Pages 224 to 226 celebrates the life of Kleist through the graceful lines of poetry.
19. Duffy, A Military Life, 186.
20. It is worth noting that a number of the Austrian command recognized Russia’s contribution to the allied cause in the form of two very bloody, hard-fought battles against the king and his formidable legions (Duffy, A Military Life, 184–185).
21. Bangert, 245–251.
Chapter 34
1. Arneth, VI, 43.
2. Pengel, 4–8; Sulicki, 239.
3. Sulicki, 237–241.
4. Pengel, 4–7.
5. Complete History of the Present War, 451–452.
6. Die Kriege, Part 3, X, 96–97. Dobson states that General Horn was to be tried by court-martial for prematurely surrendering his post (99).
7. Easum, 111–114.
8. Heinz, 99–117.
9. Horace St. Paul, 1759, 23.
10. Tempelhof, III, 244; Dobson, 100–101.
11. Johannes Kunisch, Das Mirakel Hauses Brandenburg: Studien zum Verhaltnis von Kabinetts-politik und Kriegführung im Zietalter des Siebenjährigen Krieges (Vienna: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1978), 71–74.
Chapter 35
1. Helden Geschichte, V, 643–659; Retzow, II, 122–161.
2. Horace St. Paul, 1759, 18.
3. Blumenthal, II, 453–455. For a biography of Salemnon, see König, III, 348–351.
4. Easum, 110; Tempelhof, III, 279–282. For a biography of the elder Stutterheim, see König, IV, 58–60.
5. Complete History of the Present War, 455.
6. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 112–117.
7. Thadden, 401–402.
8. Horace St. Paul, 1759, 19.
9. Fraser, 420–421; Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 38–40.
10. Tempelhof, III, 295–299. For a biography of General Rebentisch, see König, III, 269–271.
11. Complete History of the Present War, 453–454; Waddington, III, 197–205; Dobson, 104–105.
12. Jany, II, 543.
13. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 122–134.
14. Artur Brabant, Das Heilige Römische Reich teutscher Nation im Kampfe mit Friedrich dem Groβen/3 Die Kampf um Kursachen 1759 (Berlin: Paetel Verlag, 1931), 360.
15. Horace St. Paul, 1759, 23.
16. Thadden, 404.
17. Schaefer, II, 335.
18. De Ligne, Mélanges, XV, 44–46.
19. Arneth, VI, 53; Waddington, III, 209–214.
20. Easum, 114–115.
21. Tempelhof, III, 267–276; Waddington, III, 212–220.
22. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 149.
23. Tempelhof, III, 313–318.
24. Easum, 112–113.
25. Vehla was quick to ascribe the disaster to the conduct of Colonel Conrad Emmanuel Graf Brunyan, of the Croat Slavonisch Regiment (800 men), who fled at the first inkling of trouble rather than staying to help fight the bluecoats. Interestingly, a later board of inquiry blamed Vehla’s carelessness and slow reaction for the fight.
26. Horace St. Paul, 1759, 23.
27. Easum, 112–113.
28. Cogniazzo, III, 68–90.
Chapter 36
1. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 99–106; Helden Geschichte, V, 755–818.
2. Jany, II, 540–541.
3. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 105–106; Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 37–38.
4. Schaefer, II, 323–325.
5. Brabant, Die Heilige römische, III, 322–331.
6. This return, was in fact, somewhat delayed to make sure the trouble was done.
7. Brabant, Die Heilige römische, III, 328–330.
8. Easum, 111.
9. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 104–111.
10. Complete History of the Present War, 452.
11. Easum, 111–112.
12. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 119–121.
13. Jany, II, 541–542.
14. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 126–129.
15. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 94.
16. Complete History of the Present War, 453; Waddington, III, 221–226.
17. Duffy, A Military Life, 192; Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 37–38.
18. Jany, II, 541.
19. Duffy, Instrument of War, 325.
20. Bangert, 267–268.
21. Duffy, A Military Life, 192–193.
22. Kunisch, Das Mirakel, 91–94.
23. Asprey, 525; Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 43.
24. The king wanted to complain, it would appear, to any and all who would listen. (Duffy, A Military Life, 192–193).
25. Asprey, 524.
26. Arneth, VI, 50–52.
27. Maslovski, III, 159–161. The allies really enjoyed a superiority in numbers, position, and morale against the hard-pressed Prussian legions that was, in retrospect, squandered.
28. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 135–138.
29. Maslovski, III, 161.
30. Kunisch, Friedrich der Grosse, 414.
Chapter 37
1. Retzow, II, 161–183; Helden Geschichte, V, 731–755; 819–841; Bernhardi, I, 454–468; Cogniazzo, III, 113–122; Waddington, III, 226–233; Jomini, Traité, III, 175–193; Dobson, 108.
2. Arneth, VI, 49–50.
3. Easum, 117–118.
4. Fraser, 423.
5. To distinguish him from Major Ewald Christian von Kleist, valiant officer and a skilled poet. The latter was mortally wounded at Kunersdorf (Duffy, A Military Life, 186).
6. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 170–176.
7. Horace St. Paul, 1759, 29.
8. Dupuy, 135.
9. Horace St. Paul, 1759, 33.
10. Duffy, A Military Life, 193–194.
11. Archenholtz, II, 3.
12. Duffy, A Military Life, 194.
13. Complete History of the Present War, 461–462.
14. Duffy, Instrument of War, 134.
15. In contrast, the Prussians were having a difficult time in securing supplies.
16. Arneth, VI, 54–55.
17. Horace St. Paul, 1759, 34.
18. Thadden, 406.
19. ibid, 406.
20. A pity this stunning revelation had not occurred earlier in relation to linking up with Soltikov’s Russians.
21. Lloyd, III, 180–181.
22. Horace St. Paul, 1759, 39–40.
23. Showalter, 250–252.
24. Lloyd, III, 166. Even if Frederick did not oppose this with his army.
25. Johann Tielke, Das Treffen bey Maxen, nebst einer Abha
ndlung von dem Angriff und Bertheidigung unverschant zer Anhöhen und Berg, mit Plans Vol. I (Vienna: 1785), 37–49.
26. Horace St. Paul, 1759, 34.
27. Lloyd, III, 180.
28. Schaefer, I, 338.
29. Thadden, 405–407.
30. Showalter, 252.; Waddington, III, 233–244
31. Horace St. Paul, 1759, 33–35.
32. De Ligne, Mélanges, XV, 88.
33. Jany, II, 546.
34. Dorn and Engelmann, Die Schlachten, 132.
35. Brabant, Die Heilige römische, III, 426–440.
36. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 182–184.
37. Lloyd, III, 181.
38. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 144.
39. Ibid., 114.
40. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 222–227; Thadden, 411.
41. Archenholtz, II, 11–13; Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 49–50.
42. By the way, the latter had failed as of yet in breaking through the enemy cordon and probably, with his resources, never would have.
43. Helden Geschichte, II, 576.
44. Tempelhof, III, 346–370.
45. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 210.
46. Duffy, A Military Life, 195.
47. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 211–212; Easum, 120–121, 124.
48. Schaefer, II, 339.
49. ibid., 339–340.
50. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 222–224.
51. Jany, II, 548; Dobson, 111–112.
52. Complete History of the Present War, 462.
53. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 224.
54. Quoted in Brabant, Die Heilige römische, III, 342–356.
55. Savory, 190–191.
56. Duffy, A Military Life, 196.
57. Barsewich, 96–97.
58. Prengel, 4–6; Waddington, III, 248–251; Jomini, Traité, III, 195–196.
59. Jany, II, 548–549.
60. Sulicki, 241–245; Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 55–57.
61. Schaefer, II, 345.
62. Savory, 114–115.
63. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 1–15.
64. Die Kriege, Part 3, IX, 154–156.
65. Savory, 128–138.
66. Schaefer, II, 281–282.
67. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 22–29; Furneaux, 156–164.
68. Easum, 100–101.
69. Lee Knowles, Minden and the Seven Years’ War (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1914), 13–28.
70. Schaefer, II, 363–372; Dobson, 94–95.
71. Savory, 160–181. Excellent account, does not pull punches with Lord Sackville’s unaccountable actions.
72. Kennett, 17–18.
73. Tempelhof, III, 371–377.
PART VI
Chapter 38
1. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 70–71, wrote about the replacements, “neither veterans nor [green] troops [were] fit for service: they were but for shew [sic].”
2. Nosworthy, 281–288; Jomini, Traitè, III, 244–256; Richard Waddington, La Guerre de Sept Ans: Histoire Diplomatique et militaire: Tome IV: Torgau—Pacte de Famille (Paris: Firmin Didot, 1916), 1–18.
3. Horace St. Paul, 1760: Armageddon, translated by Neil Cogswell (Guisborough: Gralene Books, 2010), 1.
4. Ritter, 120; Bernhardi, II, 19–28; Jomini, Treatise, II, 185–186; 199–201; Showalter, 260–263; Retzow, II, 183–191; Tempelhof, IV, 1–15; Stühr, II, 319–353; Reihe von Vorlesungen, IV, 1–43; Mitchell, Memoirs, II, 125–136; Kunisch, Aufklärung und Kriegserfahrung, 292–361.
5. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 72.
6. Furneaux, 174.
7. The material on Austrian army finances, mentioned in Duffy’s Instrument of War, is an excellent overview of the subject (98–104).
8. Kennett, 94.
9. Palmer, 164–165.
10. Jany, II, 550–552; Seyfart, II, 613–615; Preussisch-Swedischen Kriege, 1757–1762, 95–99; Reihe von Vorlesungen, IV, 241–278; Helden Geschichte, VI, 3–16; Dobson, 120.
11. Tempelhof, IV, 5–6.
12. Pengel, 4, 28–29.
13. Sulicki, 265–272.
14. Langtinghausen apparently—and wisely—waited until the Prussians affected the repairs to the structure.
15. It was said that Mantueffel owed his life to a former comrade in the Swedish service who recognized his voice in the darkness and forthwith prevented a drastic end to affairs (Sulicki, 271–272).
16. Entick, IV, 373–374.
17. Sulicki, 272–277; Waddington, IV, 109–111.
18. Die Kriege, Part 3, XI, 260–268.
19. Sulicki, 267–277.
20. Arneth, VI, 97.
21. Duffy, Military Experience in the Age of Reason, 152–153; R. Nisbit Bain, 286–294.
22. Die Kriege, Part 3, XII: Landeshut und Liegnitz, 59.
23. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 1.
24. Easum, 125.
25. Cogniazzo, III, 123–126.
26. Asprey, 529.
27. Easum, 125–126; Schmitt, II, 6–7; Fraser, 427–429.
28. Schaefer, II, 567–570.
29. Arneth, VI, 62–66; Waddington, IV, 20–36.
30. Time was of the essence.
31. Arneth, VI, 101–103.
32. Stühr, II, 354–364.
33. Duffy, Russia’s Military Way, 113.
34. Arneth, VI, 102–105.
35. Easum, 128; Helden Geschichte, VI, 93–100.
36. Which could help at least partially to explain Prince Henry’s “gout.”
37. Easum, 131.
38. Entick, IV, 378–379.
39. Tempelhof IV, 7–8; Dobson, 122. For a biography of General Czettritz, see König, I, 333–335.
40. Another good example of the scattered Prussian posts over the winter interlude.
41. Entick, IV, 377–378; Dupuy, 136.
42. Asprey, 530–531.
43. The same man whom we last saw with the King at Kolin when he tried to storm the Austrian battery (Dobson, 124).
44. Entick said a total of six attacks were launched (Entick, IV, 379–380).
45. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 72–73.
46. Entick, IV, 380–381.
47. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 50.
48. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 73.
49. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 50. The debâcle at Maxen comes to mind here.
50. Arneth, VI, 103–104.
51. Duffy, Russia’s Military Way, 112–113.
52. And might help keep them from becoming discouraged by the long war.
53. Duffy, Russia’s Military Way, 113; Helden Geschichte, VI, 101–112.
54. Arneth, VI, 132.
55. Duffy, Instrument of War, 160; Helden Geschichte, VI, 250–284.
56. Tempelhof, IV, 26–32.
57. Kügler, 435.
58. Schaefer, II, 19; Dobson, 128.
59. Carlyle, VII, 221.
Chapter 39
1. Tempelhof, IV, 26–41; Retzow, II, 191–208; Bernhardi, II, 28–49; Jomini, Treatise, II, 199–211; Archenholtz, II, 42–45; Decker, 235–241; Seyfart, II, 639–648; Janko, 154–174; Waddington, IV, 12–13; Dobson, 128–129.
2. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 18.
3. Tempelhof, IV, 33–41.
4. Die Kriege, Part 3, XII, 69–82; Jomini, Traité, III, 257–270.
5. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 82. For a biography of Baron von Rosen, see König, III, 317.
6. Groehler, 148–150; Krsowitz, I, 237–245.
7. Christopher Duffy, By Force of Arms: The Austrian Army in the Seven Years’ War, Volume II (Chicago: The Emperor’s Press, 2008), 232–233.
8. Cogniazzo, III, 146.
9. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 74–76.
10. Jany wrote 17 battalions (Jany, II, 557).
11. Duffy, Army of Frederick the Great: Second Edition, 295.
12. Die Kriege, Part 3, XII, 110–121.
13. Arnold Schaefer, Geschichte des Siebenjährigen Kriegs, Zweiter Band. Die drei Lessten Kri
egsjahre und die Friedenschlüsse (Berlin: 1874), 27.
14. Complete History of the Present War, 512–513.
15. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 90.
16. Die Kriege, Part 3, XII, 112–121.
17. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 238–239.
18. Frasier, 431.
19. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 32.
20. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 98.
21. Jany, II, 559.
22. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 23.
23. Duffy, A Military Life, 198.
24. Kunisch, Frederick the Great, 407.
25. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 76.
26. Nosworthy, 189–192; Malleson, 112–118. For a biography of Bülow, see König, I, 288–289.
27. Tempelhof, IV, 42–80.
28. Dupuy, 136–137.
29. Maslovski, III, 208–211.
30. Duffy, A Military Life, 197.
31. Showalter, 270–271.
32. Die Kriege, Part 3, XII, 150–157.
33. Thadden, 416.
34. Arneth, VI, 127–129.
35. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 81.
36. Retzow, II, 215.
37. Duffy, A Military Life, 199.
38. De Ligne, XV, Mélanges militaires, 149.
39. Archenholtz, II, 45–47.
40. Die Kriege, Part 3, XII, 137.
41. Thadden, 416–417.
42. Blumenthal, II, 480–482; Waddington, IV, 12–14.
43. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 82–83.
44. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 221–223.
45. Tempelhof, IV, 65.
Chapter 40
1. Heinz, 146–164; Seyfart, II, 654–663; Helden Geschichte, VI, 201–249; Mitchell, Memoirs, II, 173–181; Waddington, IV, 35–42; Dobson, 131–132.
2. Die Kriege, Part 3, XII, 140–146.
3. Tempelhof, IV, 42–80.
4. Arneth, VI, 125–127.
5. Tempelhof, IV, 63–68.
6. Showalter, 270–271.
7. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 47.
8. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 85.
9. Jany, II, 559–561.
10. Which, indeed, it was. A biography of this Kleist, one among many, can be found at König, II, 287–289.
11. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 225. A biography of Courbière is in König, I, 327–328.
12. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 58.
13. Thadden, 416–419.
14. Apparently, the Austrians had had the temerity to fire some small cannon which were kept in the tower to be used for special occasions only, none of which were for military purposes. This deed, aimed at the bluecoats, produced the expected retaliation (Horace St. Paul, 1760, 50).