AI Superpowers
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Chinese startups and, 58
as dominant AI player, 83, 91, 93
Google compared to, 37, 38, 109
Microsoft Research Asia and, 89
Ng, Andrew, and, 44
self-driving cars and, 131, 135
success of, 40, 66
Bain and Company, 164–65
banking industry, 110, 113, 116
BAT (Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent), 58
battery approach, 95
beetle-like robots, 129–30
Beijing, China, 2–4, 28, 29, 51–52, 77–78, 99, 144–45
Bengio, Yoshua, 86
Bezos, Jeff, 33
Bhutan, 229
bicycle sharing, 77–78, 79
Bitmain, 97
blue-collar workers, 128–29, 165–66, 167, 168
Bostrom, Nick, 141, 142, 143
Brazil, 137, 138
Brin, Sergei, 33
Brooks, Rodney, 143
Brynjolfsson, Eric, 148–49, 150, 151
Buddhism, 187–90
business AI, 105–6, 110–17, 136
BuzzFeed, 40, 108, 109
ByteDance. See Toutiao (news platform)
C
Cambricon Technologies, 97
Cambridge Analytica, 107–8, 125
Canada
AI superpowers and, 169
birth of AI and, 11, 13–14
business AI and, 111
new world order and, 20
volunteerism in, 229
cancer
AI and diagnosis of, 167
Lee’s diagnosis with, 176–77, 181–83, 225
lymphoma, 176, 183, 190–92, 194
Care.com, 213
Careem, 137
care work and social investment stipend, 221, 222
Chan, Connie, 70
chess, 4–5
China
AI, perspective on, and jobs, 202–3
AI deployment by, 18–19, 82–84, 132–33, 154–55
AI fever in, x, 1–6
conformity and deference to authority, cultural propensity for, 66
copycat era in. See copycat era and entrepreneurship
data abundance in, 15, 16, 17, 50, 55–56, 79
elder care in, 229
entrepreneurs of. See Chinese entrepreneurs
global economic inequality and, 168–70
government support in See Chinese government
imitation, cultural propensity for, 27, 28, 29–30
inequality in, 170–72, 200
internet ecosystem of, 24–28, 40, 43–44, 46, 49–50. See also China’s alternate internet universe
jobs at risk of automation in, 159–60
low-cost exports and, 146
medical diagnosis in, 114
privacy protection in, 124, 125
reemergence of, 180–81
scarcity mentality, 27–28
self-driving cars in, 133
Silicon Valley’s technology environment compared to, 15–16, 43–45, 49, 55, 57, 65, 71–73
Sputnik Moment for, 3, 11
traffic accidents in, 101
U.S. competition with. See China and U.S., competition between
China and U.S., competition between, 81–103
automation and jobs at risk, 165–67, 168
autonomous AI and, 130–31, 134–36
business AI and, 111–12, 116, 136
China’s advantages in, 14–17, 18
China’s vs. America’s AI plans, 97–98
Chinese entrepreneurs vs. Silicon Valley’s, 34, 49, 55
computer chips and, 96–97
corporate research and proprietary technology, 91–92
dominant AI players in, 83–84
four waves of AI and, 106, 136
global AI story and, 227–29
global markets and, 137–39
going light vs. going heavy, 71–73, 76–77
Google vs. dominant players, 92–94
government roles in, 98–100
grid approach vs. battery approach, 94–95
increasing contributions from Chinese researchers, 88–90
intelligence sharing, 86–88
internet AI and, 109–10, 136
moral and cultural dilemmas, 101–3
O2O explosion and, 79–80
outdated assumptions and misunderstandings about, 11–12, 25–26
perception AI and, 124, 126, 128, 136
political culture differences, 84
quantity of engineers vs. quality of researchers, 83, 85–86
venture funding and, 4
China’s alternate internet universe, 51–80
Avenue of the Entrepreneurs, 53, 54, 61–62, 64, 68
bicycle sharing, 77–78
data and, 55–56, 73
Guo Hong and, 51–52, 56, 61–62, 63, 64, 68
mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation initiative, 62–68
mobile payments, 16, 54–55, 60–61, 73–77
online and offline worlds, blurring of, 78–80
O2O Revolution, 68–71
revolution in culture, 66–68
smartphones and, 57–59
super-app model, 70, 71. See also WeChat
transformation into, 53–55
China’s State Council, 63–64, 98
Chinese entrepreneurs
cutthroat environment for, 15–16, 40
group buying and, 46
lean startup methodology and, 44–45
mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation initiative and, 64, 67–68
Silicon Valley’s failures in China and, 39–40
transition from discovery to implementation and, 15
See also copycat era and entrepreneurship; Wang Xing; Zhou Hongyi
Chinese government
AI leadership plan, 3–4, 84
Book City development, 61–62
local government AI support, 98–100
mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation initiative, 62–67, 99
rapid deployment of technologies and, 82–83, 99–100, 102–3, 132–34
support for AI development, 17–19, 52
technology companies and, 229
Chinese language characters, 183–84
Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, 97
City Brain (by Alibaba), 93–94, 117, 124, 228
city brains, 84, 93–94, 103
clock diplomacy, 29–30
cloud-based platforms, 94–95
cognitive labor and risk of replacement, 155, 156, 168
Cold War, comparison to, 227–28
Communist Party, 63
compassionate caregivers, 212–13
computer chips, 96–97
computer vision, 9, 87, 89, 108, 134, 135, 161. See also facial recognition; image recognition; object recognition
computing power, 9, 14, 56, 92
control problem, 142
copycat era and entrepreneurship, 22–50
AI in China and, 12, 15–16, 49–50, 52, 61
contrasting cultures and, 26–28, 43–44
copycat clockmaking, 29–30
early copycat internet companies, 30–33
gladiator metaphor, 24–26, 43
Kaixin001 vs. Renren, 42–43
lean startup methodology, 44–45
Ma, Jack, and, 34–37
search habit divergence and, 37–38
Silicon Valley and, 22–25, 28, 30–34, 39–40, 49
Wang Xing and, 22–24, 26, 31, 32–33, 42, 46–49
War of a Thousand Groupons, 45–49
Zhou Hongyi and, 40–42
corporate oligarchy, 171
corporate research and proprietary technology, 91–92
corporate social responsibility, 216–17
craftsmanship, 229
credit industry, 10–11, 110, 112–13, 116
crime disruption, 75
Cultural Revolution in China, 33
Cybersecurity Law in China, 125
D
data
age of, 14, 18
AI algorithms and, 14, 17, 56, 138
AI-rich countries and, 168–69
businesses and, 110–11
China’s abundance of, 15, 16, 17, 50, 55–56, 73, 79
collection of, and privacy, 124–25
deep learning and, 14, 17, 19–20, 56
internet companies and, 107–8
medical diagnosis and, 114
from mobile payments, 77
neural networks and, 9
pattern-finding in, 10
private, 124–25
self-driving cars and, 131–32, 133
structured, 111–12
Deep Blue, 4, 5
deep learning
AI revolution and, 5, 12–13, 25, 92, 94, 143
business AI and, 111
data and, 14, 17, 19–20, 56
Google and, 92
history of, 6–10
implementation of, 12–14, 86
machine perceptual abilities and, 166
next, 91–92, 94
pattern-finding and, 10–11, 13, 166–67
rapid progress of, 161
DeepMind
AI in United Kingdom and, 169
AlphaGo and, 2, 11
AlphaGo Zero and, 90
Google and, 2, 11, 92
iFlyTek compared to, 105
publishing by, 91
reinforcement learning and, 143
Deng Xiaoping, 28
desktop computers, 96
Dianping (Yelp copycat), 48, 49, 71–72
Didi
four waves of AI and, 106
going heavy, 72–73
self-driving cars and, 131
services using model of, 213–14
Uber and, 40, 68–69, 79, 137
Didi Chuxing, 68–69, 70
discovery to implementation, transition from, 13, 15
Disneyland replica in China, 31
Disruptor (Zhou), 42
DJI, 130–31
domestic workers, 130
drones, autonomous, 130–31, 136, 167–68
dual-teacher model, 122
dystopians vs. utopians, 140–44
E
EachNet, 35
Eat24, 72
eBay, 35–37, 39
economy and AI, 144–73
competition and, 106
deep-learning breakthroughs and, 4–5
general purpose technologies (GPTs), 148–55
global economic inequality, 146, 168–70, 172
intelligent vs. physical automation, 167–68
job loss, two kinds of, 162–63
job losses, bottom line, 164–65
job loss studies, 157–61
jobs and inequality crisis, 145–47
machine learning as driver, 25, 84, 91, 94–95
monopolies, 20, 96, 168–69, 170–71
psychological crisis, 5, 21, 147, 173–74
risk of replacement, 155–57
science-fiction visions and, 144–45
techno-optimists and the Luddite fallacy, 147–48
unemployment. See unemployment, mass
U.S.-China comparison, 165–67, 168
wealth inequality. See wealth and class inequality
See also business AI; human coexistence with AI
Edison, Thomas, 13, 86
education
employment and, 205
OMO-powered, 121–24
revamping, 228–29
social investment stipend and, 221–22
Einstein, Albert, 103
electrification, compared to AI, 13–15, 25, 50, 86, 149–50, 152, 154, 228
Element AI, 111
engineering bottlenecks, 158
enterprise software, 111–12
Estonia, 137
European Union, 124–25, 229
expertise to data, transition from, 14, 15, 56
expert systems, 7–8
F
F5 Future Store, 163
Face++, 90, 117
Facebook
Cambridge Analytica and, 107–8, 125
Chinese companies compared to, 28
Chinese researchers at, 90
cloning of, 22–23, 24, 31, 32–33
deep-learning experts and, 11
as dominant AI player, 83, 91
Face++ and, 90
global markets and, 137
iFlyTek compared to, 105
innovation mentality at, 33
monopoly of social networks, 170
resistance to product modifications, 34
split with Messenger, 70
Tencent compared to, 109
top researchers at, 93
U.S. digital world dominance and, 2
Facebook AI Research, 91
facial recognition
AI chips and, 96
Apple’s iPhone X and, 117
Chinese investment in, 99
device security and, 117
education, AI-powered, and, 122
Face++ and, 90, 117
mobile payments and, 118
privacy and, 124
public transportation and, 84
fake news detection, 109
Fanfou (Twitter clone), 23, 46
Fermi, Enrico, 85, 103
financial crisis (2008), 46, 100, 165, 205
financial sector, 111, 112–13, 116
Fink, Larry, 215–16
Fo Guang Shan monastery, 187, 218–20
“Folding Beijing” (Hao), 144–45, 172, 230
food delivery, 69, 72, 79
Forbidden City, 29
Ford, 135
Ford, Martin, 165
4th Paradigm, 111
four waves of AI, 104–39
autonomous AI, 105–6, 128–36
business AI, 105–6, 110–17
economic divides and, 145
global markets and, 136–38
internet AI, 105–6, 107–10
perception AI, 105–6, 117–28
France, 20, 169
freemium revenue model, 36
Frey, Carl Benedikt, 158
Friendster, 22
G
Gates, Bill, 33
general AI, 10, 13
General Data Protection Regulation, 124–25
general purpose technologies (GPTs), 148–55
gig economy, 164
global AI markets, 136–38
global AI story, 226–32
AI future without AI race, 227–28
global wisdom for AI age, 228–29
hearts and minds, 231–32
writing, 230
global economic inequality, 146, 168–70
globalization, 150
GMI (guaranteed minimum income), 206–7
Go (game), 1–2, 4, 5, 167
going light vs. going heavy, 71–73, 76–77, 209
Google
AI chips and, 96
AlphaGo and, 1, 2, 11
Baidu compared to, 37, 38, 109
China at time of founding of, 33
Chinese entrepreneurs compared to, 24–25
Chinese market and, 39
data captured by, 77
as dominant AI player, 83, 91, 93–94
elite expertise at, 138–39
Europe’s fining of, 229
Face++ and, 90
global markets and, 137
grid approach and, 95
iFlyTek compared to, 105
innovation mentality at, 33
internet AI and, 107, 109
mobile payments and, 75
monopoly of search engines, 170
vs. other technology companies, 92–94
resistance to product modifications, 34