1917
Page 49
32. Arthur Herman, Gandhi and Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age (New York: Bantam, 2008).
33. Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader, 188.
34. Ibid., 91.
35. Arthur Herman, Freedom’s Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II (New York: Random House, 2012).
CHAPTER 8. MR. WILSON’S WAR
1. Seymour, The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 2: 316–17.
2. Arthur Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era (New York: Harper Torch, 1963), 269n43.
3. Arthur Herman, Douglas MacArthur: American Warrior (New York: Random House, 2016), 89.
4. Ibid., 92.
5. A. J. Balfour and Blanche Dugdale, Chapters of Autobiography (London: Cassel and Co., 1930), 239.
6. Heckscher, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography, 445–46.
7. Balfour and Dugdale, Chapters of Autobiography, 201.
8. Joseph Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson As I Know Him (Los Angeles: HardPress, 2012), 286–88.
9. Striner, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 110.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., 108.
12. Robert Zieger, America’s Great War (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), 66–67.
13. Paul Koistinen, Mobilizing for Modern War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1865–1919 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 148.
14. See Arthur Herman, Freedom’s Forge (New York: Random House, 2012), 81–84.
15. Robert Ferrell, Woodrow Wilson and World War I (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), 25.
16. Zieger, America’s Great War, 57.
17. Ibid., 72.
18. Ibid., 73.
19. See Arthur Schlesinger, The Crisis of the Old Order (New York: Mariner Books, 2003), 22.
20. Zieger, America’s Great War, 75–76.
21. Tooze, The Deluge, 206–7.
22. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 43: 390–91, 424–25.
23. Ibid., 41.
24. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 329.
25. Ibid., 305.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., 307.
28. Ibid., 304.
29. Kerensky, Crucifixion of Liberty, 285.
30. Alexander Kerensky, The Catastrophe (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1927), 264–69.
31. Kerensky, Crucifixion of Liberty, 284.
32. Tooze, The Deluge, 76.
33. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 43: 465–70, 487–89.
34. Ibid., 42, 365–67.
35. Tooze, The Deluge, 78.
36. “Kerensky’s Address, April 26, 1927,” Foreign Language Press Survey, http://flps.newberry.org/article/5423967_3_0872/.
37. Lenin, Collected Works, 24:21–26.
38. Tooze, The Deluge, 80.
39. Service, Lenin: A Biography, 267.
40. Ibid., 271.
41. Tooze, The Deluge, 80.
CHAPTER 9. SUMMER OF DISCONTENT
1. Gordon Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock: Britain and the Great War (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2012), 373.
2. Taylor, Lloyd George: Rise and Fall, 120–21.
3. Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader, 247.
4. Taylor, Lloyd George: Rise and Fall, 120.
5. Keegan, The First World War; Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader, 166–67.
6. Taylor, Lloyd George: Rise and Fall, 121.
7. Holger Herwig, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918 (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2009), 284, 295.
8. Ibid., 376.
9. Jarausch, Out of Ashes, 371; Klaus Epstein, Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German Democracy (Munich: Ullstein, 1977).
10. Mayer, Wilson vs. Lenin, 130.
11. Herwig, The First World War, 374.
12. Tooze, The Deluge, 75.
13. Jarausch, Out of Ashes, 374.
14. Herwig, The First World War, 375.
15. Ibid., 263–64.
16. “The Auxiliary Service Law of December 5, 1916,” German History in Documents and Images, http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=953.
17. Herwig, The First World War, 263–64.
18. Ibid.
19. Kerensky, Crucifixion of Liberty, 312, 296.
20. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 413.
21. E. H. Wilcox, Russia’s Ruin (London: Chappell and Hall, 1919), 197.
22. Kerensky, Crucifixion of Liberty, 320–27.
23. Keegan, The First World War, 338.
24. Service, Lenin: A Biography, 159.
25. James Cannon, “Trotsky in America,” International Socialist Review 21, no. 4 (1960): 99–105.
26. Robert Service, Trotsky: A Biography (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2011), 164.
27. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 421.
28. Service, Trotsky: A Biography, 172.
29. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 407.
30. Stefan Possony, Lenin: The Compulsive Revolutionary (Washington, DC: Regnery, 1964); Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 412.
31. Lenin, Collected Works, 25:153–54.
32. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 427.
33. Service, Trotsky: A Biography, 174.
34. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 431.
35. Ibid., 432.
36. Leon Trotsky, “Lenin Before October (1924),” From the Arsenal of Marxism 13, no. 1 (1952): 11–16.
37. Service, Lenin: A Biography, 287–88.
38. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 436.
39. Tooze, The Deluge, 78.
40. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock: Britain and the Great War, 353.
41. Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery (London: Royal Artillery Institute, 1986), 203.
42. Paschall, The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918, 70.
43. Keegan, The First World War, 365.
CHAPTER 10. AMERICAN LEVIATHAN
1. Johnson, Modern Times, 14.
2. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 38: 577.
3. George Creel, Wilson and the Issues (New York: Century Co., 1916).
4. Thomas Fleming, The Illusion of Victory: America in World War I (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 93.
5. Paul Berger, “How World War I Shaped Jewish Politics and Identity,” Jewish Forward, June 25, 2014, http://forward.com/news/200509/how-world-war-i-shaped-jewish-politics-and-identit/.
6. George Creel, The War, the World, and Wilson (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1920).
7. Zieger, America’s Great War, 80.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 74.
10. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 77–79.
11. Arnold Stead, Always on Strike: Frank Little and the Western Wobblies (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014).
12. Fleming, The Illusion of Victory, 139.
13. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 44: 101–2; Striner, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 118–19.
14. Franklin Folsom, America Before Welfare (New York: NYU Press, 1996).
15. Zieger, America’s Great War, 118.
16. Joseph A. McCartin, Labor’s Great War: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations, 1912–1921 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998).
17. Johnson, Modern Times, 17.
18. For different political perspectives on this, see Jim Powell, Wilson’s War: How Woodrow Wilson’s Great Blunder Led to Hitler, Lenin, Stalin, and World War II (New York: Crown Forum, 2003); and Michael Kazin, War Against War: The American Fight for Peace, 1914–1918 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2017).
19. Striner, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 117–18.
20. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 44: 33–36.
21. Ronald Schaffer, America in the Great War: The Rise of the War Welfare State (Bethesda, MD: Oxford University Press, 1994), 20.
22. Fleming, The Illusion of Victory, 73–74.
23. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 498–504.
24. Fleming, The Illusion of Victory, 136.
25. Ibid., 405.
26. “The Robert Prager Lynching: Media Reaction,” Vancouver Island University, https://web.viu.ca/davies/h324war/prager.lynching.1918.htm.
27. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 49: 207–9.
28. See Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Vintage Books, 2007), 501.
29. Wayne Wiegand, “An Active Instrument for Propaganda”: The American Public Library During World War I (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1989), 88.
30. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 6: 633.
31. Fleming, The Illusion of Victory, 173.
32. Ibid., 127.
33. “HCL to TR, August 14, 1917,” in Roosevelt and Lodge, Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 527–28.
34. Ibid., “HCL to TR, December 18, 1917,” 530.
35. Herman, Freedom’s Forge.
36. Tooze, The Deluge, 202.
37. Fleming, The Illusion of Victory, 173.
38. Zieger, America’s Great War, 71.
39. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 45: 195.
40. Ibid., 43: 522–23.
CHAPTER 11. RUSSIA ON THE BRINK
1. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 440.
2. Lenin, Collected Works, 25:225.
3. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 431.
4. Lenin, Collected Works, 25:414.
5. Ibid., 25:463.
6. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 448–49.
7. Kerensky, Crucifixion of Liberty, 351.
8. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 448.
9. Ibid., 459.
10. Ibid., 460.
11. Service, Lenin: A Biography, 299–300.
12. Lenin, Collected Works, 25:309.
13. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 465–66.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 474.
16. Lenin, Collected Works, 26: 186.
17. Service, Trotsky: A Biography, 182–84.
18. Lenin, Collected Works, 26: 186.
19. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 478.
20. Ibid., 479.
21. Service, Lenin: A Biography, 303–4.
22. Panne, The Black Book of Communism, 48.
23. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 482.
24. Ibid., 488.
25. Trotsky, “Lenin Before October (1924),” 94.
26. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 45: 39.
27. N. Gordon Levin Jr., Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America’s Response to War and Revolution (Bethesda, MD: Oxford University Press, 1970), 58.
28. Wilson, The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 45: 120.
29. Paschall, The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918, 94.
30. Keegan, The First World War, 348.
31. Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader, 298.
32. Ibid., 299.
33. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 459–60.
34. Trotsky, “Lenin Before October (1924),” 77.
35. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 494.
36. John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World (Overland Park, KS: Digireads.com, 2007), 95.
37. Ibid., 97.
38. Ibid., 108–9.
39. Ibid., 109; Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 495.
40. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 498.
41. Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World, 133–34.
CHAPTER 12. HINGE OF FATES
1. Taylor, The First World War, 124.
2. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock: Britain and the Great War, 354–55.
3. Keegan, The First World War, 402–3.
4. Taylor, The First World War, 124.
5. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock: Britain and the Great War, 151–55.
6. Paschall, The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918, 124–25.
7. Ibid., 120.
8. Tooze, The Deluge, 201; D. R. Woodward, Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations 1917–1918 (Lawrence: University Press of Kentucky, 1987).
9. Paschall, The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918, 120.
10. Seymour, The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:202.
11. Ibid., 257–59.
12. Herwig, The First World War, 12.
13. A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 9.
14. Ibid., 274.
15. Cf. chapter 2.
16. Seymour, The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:278.
17. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 303.
18. Ibid., 493.
19. Service, Lenin: A Biography, 326.
20. Panne, The Black Book of Communism, 54–55.
21. Ibid.
22. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 520.
23. Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World, 238–39.
24. Panne, The Black Book of Communism, 56.
25. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 507.
26. Tooze, The Deluge, 85.
27. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 542.
28. Ibid., 544–45.
29. Lenin, Collected Works, 25:201.
30. Tooze, The Deluge, 112.
31. Leon Trotsky, “Statement on Publication of the Secret Treaties, 22 November 1917,” Collected Writings 3, no. 2, 64.
32. Mayer, Wilson vs. Lenin, 268, 278–79.
33. Seymour, The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:285–86.
34. E.g., Mayer, Wilson vs. Lenin, 385–86.
35. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 45: 134.
36. Ibid., 45: 147.
37. Ibid., 44: 120–21.
38. Ibid., 45: 551.
39. John Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, the Forgotten Peace, March 1918 (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1971), 117–20.
40. Tooze, The Deluge, 122.
41. Striner, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 136.
42. Betty Unterberger, The United States, Revolutionary Russia, and the Rise of Czechoslovakia (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000), 54.
43. Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics, 17.
44. Taylor, The First World War, 71–72.
45. Tooze, The Deluge, 194–95.
46. Ibid., 196.
47. Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader, 343–44.
CHAPTER 13. 1918: WAR AND PEACE AND WAR AGAIN
1. Panne, The Black Book of Communism, 60.
2. Ibid., 59.
3. Ibid., 50.
4. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 544.
5. Ibid., 545–46; SR deputy Mark Visniak, quoted in ibid., 550.
6. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, The First Days of the October (Moscow: Progress, 1977), 256.
7. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 554.
8. Tooze, The Deluge, 128.
9. Aryadna Tyrkova-Williams, From Liberty to Brest-Litovsk (London: Macmillan, 1919), 369.
10. Tooze, The Deluge, 115–16.
11. Ibid., 114–15.
12. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, the Forgotten Peace, 161–63.
13. Tooze, The Deluge, 126.
14. Taylor, The First World War, 137.
15. Tooze, The Deluge, 129.
16. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 594.
17. Tooze, The Deluge, 139.
18. Ernst Jünger, Storm of Steel, trans. Michael Hofmann (New York: Penguin Classics, 2004), 231.
19. Keegan, The First World War, 396.
20. Paschall, The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918, 128–29.
21. Taylor, The First World War, 402–3.
22. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock: Britain and the Great War, 373.
23. “Sir Douglas Haig’s ‘Backs to the Wall’ Order, 11 April 1918,” Primary Documents, firstworldwar.com, http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/backstothewall.htm.
24. Kevin McNamara, Dreams of a Great Small Nation (New York: PublicAffairs, 2016), 201.
25. John Bradley, Russian Revolution (Wilton, CT: Brompton Books, 1988), 68, 72.
26. Ibid., 32–33
.
27. Kennan, The Decision to Intervene, 91–92.
28. Bradley, Russian Revolution, 35.
29. Tooze, The Deluge, 152–53.
30. McNamara, Dreams of a Great Small Nation, 242–43; George Kennan, Russia Leaves the War: Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1920 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 360–62.
31. A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1948), 248–49.
32. Bradley, Russian Revolution, 106–7.
33. Tooze, The Deluge, 160.
34. Ilya Somin, Stillborn Crusade: The Tragic Failure of American Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20 (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996), 40.
35. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 776–78.
36. Tooze, The Deluge, 165–66.
37. Matthew Hughes and Matthew Seligmann, Leadership in Conflict, 1914–1918 (Barnsley, UK: Leo Cooper, 2000), 278.
38. Ibid., 163.
39. For background on the Argonne operation, see Robert Farrell, America’s Deadliest Battle: Meuse-Argonne, 1918 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2007); Herman, Douglas MacArthur, 132–35.
40. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography, 341.
41. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 51: 263–64, 264–65; Striner, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 157.
42. Herman, To Rule the Waves, 518.
43. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 51: 333–34.
44. Striner, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 162.
45. Richard Watt, The Kings Depart: The Tragedy of Germany: Versailles and the German Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968), 110–11.
46. Gordon Craig, Politics of the Prussian Army (Bethesda, MD: Oxford University Press, 1964), 346.
47. A. J. P. Taylor, Origins of the Second World War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 26.
48. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 53: 531–33.
49. Bradley, Russian Revolution, 214.
50. Taylor, Origins of the Second World War, 163.
51. Striner, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 169.
CHAPTER 14. 1919: GRAND ILLUSIONS
1. Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919 (London: Faber and Faber, 2013), 6–8.
2. Ibid., 36–37.
3. Striner, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 171.
4. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 48: 57.
5. Striner, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 153.
6. Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York: Random House, 2002), 5.
7. Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 53: 285–86.
8. Heckscher, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography, 496.
9. Striner, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 165.
10. Creel, The War, the World, and Wilson, 163.