1917
Page 52
Germany
advance into the Baltic, 22
advance into Italy, 276
advance into Poland, 32
advance on Caporetto, Italy, 276
advance on Moscow, 323
advance on Paris, 328–29
advance on Petrograd, 269–70
advance on Riga, 224, 232, 263, 268
Allied blockade of, 23–24
allies of, 21
armistice signed, 343–45
armistice sought from Wilson, Oct. 4, 1918, 339
armistice with Russia, 303
Bethmann-Hollweg negotiated peace offer (Dec. 12, 1917), 19, 22, 25–26, 28–30, 38, 52–53, 59
Bolshevik takeover in Russia and, 278
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations, 299–300, 307, 310, 313, 320–23
Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 324–25, 331, 343, 345
British naval blockade of, 23–24, 51, 346, 367, 376
casualties, 20, 167, 341
Central Powers alliance crumbles, 21
codes used by, 1–7
as constitutional democracy, 360
decision for unrestricted submarine warfare as pivotal, 100
eastern domination and, 322
economic crisis in, 23
Erzberger as war critic, 218
espionage and, 247
Fatherland Party, 221–22
fighting on two fronts, 20, 21, 23
first German Communist Party, 360
food and supplies shortages, 24, 217, 218, 346
future of, 174
Hitler’s one-party state, 297
Japanese alliance sought, 111–12
labor strikes in, 217–18, 323, 342
League of Nations and, 389
Lebensraum, 322
Lenin abetted and funded by, 144–47, 159, 228–32, 278
Lenin as Trojan horse for, 154, 299–300
Lenin’s request for troops from, 337
Mexico alliance and, 111–12
mobilization of men in, 156
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 414, 425
negotiated peace offers by, 19, 22, 25–26, 28–30, 38, 52–53, 59, 219–20
Paris Peace Conference and, 375–77
Petrograd formula for ending the war and, 218
Polish independent state strategy, 22–23
post-war revolt, 342, 346
public morale and, 217
size of military, 20
Social Democrats in, 95, 325, 339, 343, 360, 375
strategy for quick strike on France, 19
Treaty of Versailles and, 375–77, 425
war’s economic strain on, 6
Wilson and armistice terms, 339–42
Wilson informed of submarine warfare decision, 101
Wilson’s peace note (December 18, 1916) and, 59, 60
workforce and, 220–21
Zimmerman telegram, 3–7, 105, 110–11, 112, 123–30, 226, 421n
Zionist movement and, 312–13
See also Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald; Central Powers; Hindenburg, Paul von; Ludendorff, Erich; Wilhelm II, Kaiser; specific battles; specific military branches
Geyer, Hermann, The Attack in Position Warfare, 326
Gibson, Dana, 239
Gil, Stepan, 357
Glass, Carter, 186, 194
Goethals, George, 252
Golitsyn, Nikolai, 122
Gompers, Samuel, 243
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 424
Gordon, John Steele, 196
Gough, Hubert, 234
Gourko, Joseph, 107
Govorukhin, Orest, 74
Grayson, Cary, 391, 400, 404, 406, 407
Gregory, Thomas, xii, 242, 243, 245, 250, 251
Groener, Wilhelm, 342, 377
Guchkov, Alexander, 203
Gvozdev, K. A., 131
Habsburg Empire, 12, 21, 56, 289, 291, 292, 309, 329, 330, 334–35
Haig, Douglas, ix, 32, 184, 212, 214, 328
on American troops, 338
Ludendorff’s Offensive and, 327, 328
Somme and, 212
Ypres Offensive and, 214–16, 234, 243, 285
Hale, William Bayard, 129
Halgouët, Madame du, 120
Hall, William “Blinker,” ix, 2, 7, 105, 111
Hankey, Maurice, 30
Harding, Warren G., 410, 413, 419
Haywood, Bill, 242–43, 244
Hearst, William Randolph, 126
Heckscher, August, 402
Hegel, Georg W. F., 14, 84–85, 96, 398, 422
Helphand-Parvus, Alexander, 144, 145
Hemingway, Ernest, A Farewell to Arms, 276
Henderson, Arthur, 33, 175, 204
Henderson, R. G. H., 180
Herwig, Holger, 221
Hindenburg, Paul von, ix, 25, 218–19, 341, 342, 420
Hindenburg Line, 26, 165
Hindenburg Program, 220
Hitchcock, Gilbert, xii, 114, 406, 407–8
Hitler, Adolf, 216, 322, 420, 421n, 425, 426
Ho Chi Minh, 423
Hollywood and movie making
“Four-Minute Men,” 240
war propaganda films, 239–40
Holtzendorff, Henning von, 99, 100
Hoover, Herbert
American Relief Administration, 413
Commission for Relief in Belgium head, 197
Federal Food Administration head, 197, 241
food for Russia and, 413
Housatonic (ship), 109
House, Colonel Edward, xii, 102, 143, 352, 391
on Allied signing of the armistice, 346–47
control of American troops and, 288
coordinating troop mobilization, 289
counsels Wilson to intervene in Russia, 255–56, 304
drafting of Fourteen Points and, 306
League of Nations and breach with Wilson, 387–88, 402
mediation offers by, 50–51
Paris Peace Conference and, 353
pro-war position of, 51
a separate peace with Austria and, 292
urges a negotiated peace, 256–57
Wilson as war leader and, 151
Wilson’s Congressional address, April 2, 1971, and, 144
Wilson’s peace offer and, 52
Zimmermann telegram and, 113
Hovelacque, Émil, 189
Hughes, Charles Evans, 392
Hughes, William, 369
Hungary, 360
Illinois (ship), 130, 142, 151
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (Lenin), 61–62, 95
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or Wobblies), xii, 242–43, 244, 248, 251, 418
Inter-Allied Supply Council, 199
International Review, 67–68
Ireland
Easter Rebellion, 56, 208, 238, 301
German U-boats and, 114
separatist nationalism and, 301
ISIS, 424
Iskra, 89, 90, 92
Ispolkom. See Petrograd Soviet Ispolkom
Italy, 215, 371
Allies and, 21, 56
Caporetto, defeat at, 275–76, 289, 372
casualties, 276
Central Powers and, 21
collapse of, 276
deserters, 276
Fiume and, 371–72, 374
German advances into, 276
Mussolini’s one-party state, 297
nationalism in, 372
Paris Peace Conference and, 364–68, 371–72
soldiers taken prisoner, 276
Treaty of London and, 189, 301, 368, 370, 371
Trieste and annexation of the Tirol, 370, 371
Wilson’s reception in, 362
Ivanov, N. I., 123, 130, 132, 133
Ivan the Terrible, 148
Izvestia, 131
secret Allied documents published in, 302–3
Japan, 107
Allies and Siberian expedition, 331–33, 335, 345, 372
Fourteen Points and, 373
German alliance with, 111, 112, 126
Lodge’s suspicions of, 404–5
navy of, 112, 372
Paris Peace Conference and, 363, 372–73
racial equality and League of Nations, 373, 374, 385
roots of future war, 374
Russia refuses help from Japanese troops, 324
Shandong Peninsula and, 372–73, 403
Wilson and, 67
Zimmermann telegram and, 3, 111, 112
Jellicoe, John, 178
Jews and Judaism
American Jews, anti-Russian, pro-German sentiment, 238
in Austria-Hungary, 289
Balfour Declaration, 313–14
influence on American politics, 313
Kun’s arrest of, in Budapest, 360
Lenin’s maternal grandfather, 70
in Ottoman Empire, 311
“self-determination” and, 61
support for Wilson, 313
Trotsky’s heritage, 70, 224–25
Zionism and Jewish national homeland, 312–14
Joffre, Joseph, x, 32, 35, 37, 163, 174
attack strategy of, 35, 163, 212, 286
impression of Wilson, 189
visit to the U.S. and meeting with Wilson (April 1917), 188–89
Johns Hopkins University, 68, 84
Johnson, Hiram, 403, 405
Johnson, Hugh, 188
Joyce, James, 154
J. P. Morgan and Company, 55, 199
July Days, 224, 226–31, 232
Jünger, Ernst, 326
Jusserand, Jean Jules, 189
Kaganovich, Lazar, 415
Kaiser, The: The Beast of Berlin and Wolves of Kultur (film), 239
Kamenev, Lev, xi, 158, 159, 161, 227, 230, 259, 261, 266, 267, 272, 281, 283, 295
Kammerer, Titus, 8–9, 154
Kaplan, Fanya (Fannie), 358, 381, 414
Kashkadamova, Vera, 75
Kato Kanji, 332
Kazan, Russia, 70, 75, 77, 93
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 37
Kerensky, Alexander, x, 15–16, 38, 43, 46, 75, 116–17, 200, 207, 315, 412, 424
argument against a new czar, 137–38
attitude of pas d’ennemis à gauche, 259
author meets, 18
blindspot of, 138–39
Bolshevik coup and, 259–60
calls for removal of the Czar, 117, 133
character and personality, 138
critics’ view of, 15
Czech Legion and, 329–30
death of, 419
discrediting of, 264–66
Duma and, 116–17, 132, 133
escape from Petrograd, 274
in exile, 15, 381, 419
as hunted man, 293, 294
Ispolkom and, 131, 132, 138, 203, 269–70
Kornilov and, 262–64, 265, 273
as lawyer and radical, 132–33
Lenin as opponent, 139, 161
Lenin’s German connection exposed by, 230
Lenin’s overthrow of, 15, 273–74, 278
Lenin underestimated by, 16, 266, 419
as minister of war, 222–23
Nicholas II and, 204
Petrograd formula for ending the war and, 282
plea to Russia’s soldiers, 206
prediction about fall of communism, 18
Provisional Government and, 203, 222–23, 231, 232, 269, 302
public support, 223
relationship with Allies, 204
rise of, 118, 138
Russian revolution and, 116
Russia’s new government and staying in the war, 201
Social Democrats and, 93
Socialist Revolutionary Party and, 93, 118, 131, 207, 228
worried about counterrevolution, 259–60
Kerensky, Fyodor, 75
Keynes, John Maynard, 60–61, 66
Economic Consequences of the Peace, 366
Khabalov, Sergey, 117, 121
Khrushchev, Nikita, 415
Kiggell, Launcelot, 285
Kim Il Sung, 382, 423
Kirov, Sergey, 415
Kissinger, Henry, 430
Kitchener, Earl, 31
Knox, Philander, 387
Kolchak, Alexander, xi-xii, 355–56, 361, 411
Kornilov, Lavr, xi, 260, 261, 262–64, 265, 273, 293, 315
Kozlovskii, M. Iu., 228
Kropotkin, Prince, 72
Krupskaya, Nadezhda “Nadya,” xi
assassination attempt on Lenin and, 357
departure from Zurich and journey to Russia, 153–59
exiled to Siberia, 78–79
in Finland, 93
Lenin’s mistresses and, 156
Lenin’s proletarian revolution and, 160
Lenin’s testament and, 416
in London, 89–91
in Petrograd, 206–7, 210, 293–94
Stalin and, 415
in Zurich, 8–9, 139
Kubrick, Stanley, 172
Ku Klux Klan, 243, 419
Kun, Béla, 360–61
Laconia (ship), 114
La Follette, Robert, 115, 126, 127, 198
Lansing, Robert, xii, 52
Bolshevik Russia and, 310–11
Czech Legion and, 334
Japan and, 332
League of Nations and, 393–94, 402
Lloyd George and, 182
Paris Peace Conference and, 353, 373, 393–94
as Secretary of State, 101, 102, 142–43, 150, 200
Wilson’s ideas for peace and, 363
Latsis, Martin I., 381, 381n
Latvia, 224, 232, 263, 268, 300, 325, 361
Lawrence, T.E. (Lawrence of Arabia), 312
Lazimir, Pavel, 295
League of Nations, 16, 51, 53, 57, 58, 148, 325, 365, 368
America and failure of, 425, 429
Article 10, 387, 395–96, 402, 403, 407
British memo on, 384
Covenant, 371, 374, 384–85, 388–89, 405
Executive Council, 385
Fourteen Points and, 309, 374, 385
French view and, 384
Germany denied membership, 389
Lodge’s opposition, 192, 385–87, 391–96, 398–402
as matter of faith, 66
national self-determination and, 404
Paris Peace Conference and, 351, 368
Progressives and, 385
racial equality and, 373, 374, 385, 394
structure of, 384–85
U.S. Congress and, 83, 385–87, 392–96, 398–99, 401–9
U.S. Congress rejects, 408–9, 410
Wilson addresses U.S. Senate on (July 10, 1919), 389–91
Wilson and, 369, 374, 384–96
Wilson’s cross-country promotional speaking tour (Sept. 1919), 399–404
Wilson’s vision and, 384–85, 398, 428–29
League of Nations, The: The Way to the World’s Peace (Erzberger), 343
League to Enforce Peace, 58
Leete, Alfred, 240
Left Communists, 325
Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 325, 381
Leinster (ship), 341
Lembourg, 47
Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov), xi, 289
on America entering the war, 61
American help requested by (1921), 413
appearance, 70, 318, 415
approach to political power, 428–29
arrest and exile to Siberia, 78
assassination attempts on, 356–58
background and family, 64, 69–81
Bogdanov as rival, 92, 93
Bolshevik Party and, 81, 90, 92–95, 140, 159–61, 208, 209
Bolshevik Revolution and, 11–12, 278–79, 292
bourgeois capitalism and, 7–8, 62–63, 79, 89, 159, 209, 261, 262, 266, 301, 413
branded a traitor, 231, 232
brother’s execution and, 74, 75, 78
brutality of, 78, 81, 412, 423
challenges to regime (1919),
355–56, 361
character and personality, 17, 64, 74, 156, 210
Cheka and, 316–17
communism and, 261, 262, 266, 324, 356, 358, 413, 424
The Communist Manifesto and, 76, 77
contemporary assessment of, 64–65
control of Russia, 315, 356
Czech Legion and, 329–31
death of, 417
deification or cult of personality and, 358, 382, 417
departure from Zurich and journey to Russia, 153–59
destruction of the Russian Empire by, 300
dictatorship of the proletariat, 261–62, 359
dogmatism of, 14
Eleventh Party Congress and, 415
ends justified the means and, 423
enemies and rivals, 75, 77, 90–91, 118, 381, 410–11 (see also Kerensky, Fyodor)
evading arrest, 227, 229, 231–32
in exile, 7–9, 47, 61–63, 89–91, 93, 96, 139–41, 232, 260–61, 267
expulsion from university, 77
failure of Russian liberalism and, 71–72
famous dictum, 17
February Revolution and, 118–19, 123, 139–41, 207
Fourth Congress of the Comintern and appearance, 415
German alliance with, 337
German cooperation with (1922), 413–14
German funding/German connections of, 227, 228–29, 230–31, 232
German-Russian peace treaty and, 324
as German’s Trojan horse, 154, 299–300
Germany abets his return to Russia from exile, 144–47, 159
global legacy of permanent violent revolutions and terror, 423–24
global revolution and, 207, 208, 300, 304, 314, 316, 359, 360–61
health decline, arterial sclerosis, 414
health of, 294
height of power, 411
ideological battles, 88–92, 132
influences on and development of political ideas, 73–77, 79–80, 96, 96n, 422
on Ireland’s Easter Rebellion, 208
Jewish grandfather of, 70
July Days and, 224, 227, 229–30
Kerensky and, 262, 293, 294
Kerensky underestimating, 16, 266, 419
last will and political testament, 415–16
League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class (first political organization), 78
legacy of, 17, 421, 422–30
marriage and mistresses, 79, 156
Marxism of, 7–8, 75, 76, 80–81, 262
Marx translations by, 69, 77
murder of the czar and his family, 336
New Economic Policy (NEP), 413, 414
new Russian government and, 283–84
new world order and, 13, 61, 397, 418, 423
1905 Revolution and, 92
October Revolution and, 266–74
Paris Peace Conference and, 355
Provisional Government opposed and overthrown, 159, 160, 224, 227, 229–30
“peace without victory” and, 63
in Petrograd, 206–7, 209–10, 293–94
Petrograd followers, 209–10
Politburo and, 359
political terror used by, 296, 336, 424