1917
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First Machine Gun Regiment’s march on Tauride, 226–27, 229
First Petrograd Women’s Battalion, 279–80
food shortages, 42, 116, 118
German advances toward, 269
German peace note reaches, 37, 38
imperial palace at Tsarskoye Selo, 105
International Women’s Day protest, 116
labor strikes in, 38
League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class and Lenin, 78
Lenin building a following in, 209–10
Lenin in, 77, 79, 206–7
Lenin speaking on proletarian revolution, 315–16
Marxist Social Democrats (Mezhraiontsy faction) in, 118
migration of workers to, 39
Nevsky Prospekt, 119
Nicholas leaves, 117
1905 Revolution and, 91
Okhrana headquarters in, 122
Order No. 1 and, 201–2
Peter and Paul Fortress, 122, 159, 280–81
Russian troops join insurrection in, 120, 121–22, 133
Smolny Institute, 282, 293–94, 357
Tauride Palace, 131, 161, 229, 230, 318
winter of 1917, cold of, 116
Winter Palace, 38, 44, 122, 273, 274, 279–81, 293
zeppelin attacks, 213
Znamenskaya Square massacre, 121
Petrograd Soviet Ispolkom, 131–32, 202
“An Appeal to the Peoples of the World,” 201
Chkheidze and, 131, 132
control of the Army and, 268–69
coup by, 229, 230
formation of, 131
Kerensky and, 131, 132, 138, 203, 259
Lenin and, 209, 280
October Revolution and, 272–74
power shift to, 131, 203, 227, 269
Second Congress of Soviets and, 268
size of, 203
Trotsky and, 269
Phillimore, Walter, 384
Pinchot, Amos, 245
Pipes, Richard, 135, 227, 297, 358
Pitt, William, 67
Platten, Fritz, 146, 157, 357
Plekhanov, Georgi, 75, 76, 77, 90, 92
Plumer, Herbert, 216, 285
Poincaré, Raymond, 277, 364
Pokrovsky, Mikhail, 64
Pokrovsky, Nikolai, xi, 45
Poland, 32, 42, 56, 300, 313, 321, 343, 356
creation of independent state, 367
Danzig and, 367
Germany promises to, 22–23
Paris Peace Conference and, 367, 374
Silesia, 367
Treaty of Versailles and, 376
Poole, Frederick C., 345
Prager, Robert, 248–51
Pravda, 88, 157, 210, 273, 281, 296, 319
“All Power to the Soviets” (Lenin), 229
Kerensky shuts, 232
Lenin writing for, 207, 209
Stalin and Kamenev as editors, 158
“The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution” (Lenin), 161
“Theses on the Constituent Assembly” (Lenin), 317–18
Trotsky and, 226, 267
Present at the Creation (Acheson), 424–25
Princeton University, 5, 67, 69, 82–84
Progressivism/American Progressivism, 58, 64, 85
corporatism and, 198
education and, 82
failure of, 419
leading figures, 239, 242, 305
League of Nations and, 392
power of the federal government and, 194, 236
proponents of, 85
purge of dissent and, 251
racial policies and, 102
Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism” and, 198
“self-determination” and, 207
self-righteousness of, 251
as well-meaning and misguided, 304
Wilson and, 56, 64, 68, 82, 85–86, 194, 198, 236, 244, 304, 419
Wilson’s Fourteen Points and, 305–6
Wilson’s Progressive dream, 198
Protopopov, Alexander, 138
Prussian Invasion Plot, 129
Pskov, Russia, 293
Putianin, Prince, 137
Putin, Vladimir, 429
Rachmaninoff, Sergei, 412
Radek, Karl (Karol Sobelsohn), xi, 155, 156, 157
Radziwill, Princess, 121
Rankin, Jeannette, 153
Rapallo, Italy, Allied summit, 275
Rasputin, Grigori, xi, 44–45, 107, 108–9
Ravich, Olga, 156
Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 337, 380
Red Army, 320, 345, 356, 360, 361, 381, 382
Red Terror, 316, 320, 336, 359, 380, 381
Reed, John, 245, 267, 280–81, 283
Ten Days That Shook the World, 278
Republican Party, 15, 48, 419, 425
Fourteen Points and, 310, 354
midterm wins, 347, 352
opposition to the League of Nations and peace treaty, 385–87, 391–96, 398–99, 400–402, 404–410
Progressivism and, 86
presidential win with Harding, 410
pro-war, 192
Teddy Roosevelt and, 48, 126, 192, 354, 392
Wilson and, 87, 126, 192, 251, 352, 353, 354, 385–86, 387, 393, 409
See also Lodge, Henry Cabot
Rickenbacker, Eddie, 254, 327
“Road Away from Revolution, The” (Wilson), 417–18
Robertson, Sir William, 215
Robins, Raymond, 333–34
Rockefeller, John D., 188
Rocky Mountain News, 237
Rodzianko, Mikhail, xi, 9–10, 118, 122, 132, 133, 134, 135
Rolland, Romain, 154
Romania, 56, 276, 309
Germany defeats, 21–22, 28
joins the Allies, 21
Kun defeated by, 360
oil fields of, 28
Romanov dynasty, 43, 45, 116, 123, 130, 136, 137, 141, 321
Romberg, Baron Gisbert von, ix, 144–45, 146, 155
Rommel, Erwin, 276, 326
Roosevelt, Archibald, 392
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, xii, 425
“Arsenal of Democracy,” 195
SC-boats (sub-chasers) and, 179
World War II and, 421
Roosevelt, Quentin, 192
Roosevelt, Theodore, xii, 82, 85, 179, 399, 430
America and the World War, 48
armistice, statement following, 392
balance of power and, 397
Bull Moose Party and, 48, 88
death of, 392
Franz Josef and, 290
German-Americans, Germanophobia, and, 250, 251
last words denouncing the Fourteen Points, 354
Lodge and, 124, 126, 152, 253, 305
“New Nationalism,” 198
offer to bury the hatchet with Wilson, 190–92
opposes German armistice, 343
opposes Wilson’s league of nations idea, 392, 428–29
pro-war/pro-Allies position of, 4, 47–48, 103, 126, 150, 428
Russo-Japanese War and, 112
sons in World War I, 192
on Wilson, 58, 104, 110
as Wilson’s enemy, 192, 305
Root, Elihu, 405
Rothschild, Lord, 313, 314
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 15
Royal Navy. See British Navy
Russia (later Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), 416
Allied intervention against the Red Army, 330–37, 345, 356
American aid (1917), 210
American food relief for (1921), 413
anarchists in, 72, 78
armistice with Germany, 303
autocracy of, 71–72, 73
Bolshevik bureaucracy created, 295
Bolshevik control of, 315–16
Bolshevik Reds, 325, 379, 380
Bolshevik regime, brutally and, 296, 310, 317, 412
Bolshevik Revolution, 11–12, 259–74, 303–5, 308
casualties of Lenin’s Communist
legacy, 424
Cheka, OGPU, and KGB in, 261, 297, 316–17, 380, 381, 382, 412
class war and, 381
Communist Party as government, 297
as constitutional democracy, 138–39, 161, 268, 319
coup of 1992, 424
Czarist Whites, 325, 336, 356, 359, 361, 378–79
Czar Nicholas II abdication, 130, 133–36, 342
Decembrist Revolt, 72
Duma (see Russian Duma)
economic and agrarian reforms, Stolypin and, 93–94
elections of 1917 and, 297–98
Empire of, 22, 39, 45, 148, 208, 235, 293, 300, 321
as Entente country, 105–9
escapes U.S. debt, 200
extermination of the bourgeoisie, 381
as “failed state,” 14, 146–47
famine, 379, 380, 413
February Revolution, 118–23, 203
as Great Power, 12
gulag of, 336, 381
industrial growth after 1900, 39, 40, 80
industrialization and urban working class, 39, 76
Jews in, 238, 313
July Days, 224, 226–31
Lenin’s dismantling of Empire, 300
Lenin’s legacy and, 427
Lenin’s reality in, 18
loss of landmass, 412
name change, 320
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 414, 425
1905 Revolution, 10, 40, 43, 91
October Revolution, 266–74
oil industry, 315
as parliamentary democracy, 130
peasant land ownership, 94
peasant uprisings, 379
post-war condition of, 412–13
purge of 1938, 381n
Red Terror in, 316, 320, 336, 359, 380, 381
reforms of Alexander II, 70
revolutionary movements in, early, 38–39, 46, 72–73, 74, 76
revolution threat (1917), 105, 107–8, 109
as rogue nation, 355, 425
show trials, 412
size of, 39
Soviet Empire, 424
state tyranny and executions in, 412, 413
as superpower, 426–27
terrorism and, 317, 424
as totalitarian state, 294, 316
universal suffrage in, 268
urban-rural split in, 108
Westernizing liberalism and, 71–72
“White” Russian exiles and émigrés, 412
See also Bolsheviks; Lenin; Russian Central Executive Committee; Russian Civil War; various iterations of government
Russia, World War I and
Allies and, 9, 16, 105–9, 138, 204, 206, 210, 222, 223, 275, 277, 278, 287, 288, 289, 319, 321, 323, 324
Allied intervention with Bolsheviks, 330–37, 345, 356, 378–79
Austrian occupation of western provinces, 41
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations, 299–300, 307, 310, 313, 320–23
Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 324–25, 331, 345
on brink of collapse, 38
Brusilov Offensive, 20–21, 22, 42
casualties, 21, 41
conscription, 42
Czar Nicolas as commander, 43–44, 46
deserters in 1916, 6
Eastern Front and, 20, 21, 22–23, 32, 41, 200
German advance into Poland, 32
German advance into the Baltic, 22
German advances in Riga and, 224, 232, 263, 268
German offensive (1918), 320, 323, 331
German peace offer (1916), 22, 23, 37, 38, 45–46
German victory at Tannenberg, 41
government incompetence and, 41–42
Kerensky criticism of, 46
lack of modernity and, 41
Mensheviks and Allies, 200–201
Petrograd formula for peace, 205, 214, 218, 220, 282, 321
Poland lost, 42
prisoners taken, 21
Rasputin and, 45, 46
secret treaties of the Allies and, 301
a separate peace with Germany and, 277, 282–83, 289, 299–300
standing army of, 41
starvation and, 9, 42
war’s strain on government and resources, 9
weapons and equipment shortages, 41
Wilson’s message to the Russian people (May 22, 1917) and, 205–6, 210
Wilson severs German relations and, 107
Russian Army
allegiance to Bolsheviks, Trotsky, and Lenin, 269, 270–71, 272–74
headquarters in Belarus, 44
Kerensky and rebuilding, 210, 223, 232
Kerensky Offensive, 223–24, 255, 263
Kerensky’s plea to soldiers, 206
Kornilov and, 260, 261, 264, 293
Order No. 1 as disastrous to, 202
seizures by and rural uprisings, 42
size of, 41
Third Cossack Corps, 293
troop revolt and, 170
See also Red Army
Russian Central Executive Committee, 294, 295, 296, 316, 318, 319, 323, 359
Organizational Bureau, or Orgburo, 359
People’s Commissariat for Food, 379
Political Bureau, or Politburo, 359
repudiation of Russia’s foreign debt, 323–24
Russian Civil War, 260, 315, 317, 319, 325, 345, 355–56, 359, 361, 378–80, 413
casualties, 380
Lenin and, 317, 325, 345, 359, 380, 398
Russian Communist Party
dual state (one-party state) and, 297
as old Bolshevik Party, 297
opponents eliminated, 382, 412
Stalin as general secretary, 415
Russian Constituent Assembly, 261, 262, 264, 267, 268
Bolshevik destruction of, 317–19
Constitutional Democrats (Kadets) and, 298
elections of 1917 and, 297–98
Lenin’s outlawing opponents, 298–99
Russian Council of People’s Commissars, 293, 296, 300
Russian Duma, 43–44, 45–46, 91, 92, 132
Chkheidze and, 132
Constitutional Democrats (Kadets) and, 108, 121, 137, 317
February Revolution (March 1917) and, 122–23, 132
Kerensky in, 116–17, 132, 133
Mensheviks in, 93, 119, 200–201
as national government, 136
Progressive Bloc, 46, 108, 118, 132
Provisional Committee, 132
Russian Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), 272–74, 294–95
as Bolshevik bureaucratic apparatus, 295
creation of, 272
dissolving of Provisional Government, 279, 280
Emergency Committee, 296
enforcing of political correctness by, 295
Food Committee, 296
as “the iron fist of the proletariat,” 295, 381
Military Investigation Commission, 296
as predecessor of the Cheka and the KGB, 295, 297
war on “enemies of the people,” 295–97
Russian Navy, 232
Kronstadt Mutiny, 411–12
Russian Orthodox faith, 70
Russian Provisional Government
abolition of czarist bureaucracy and Department of Police, 202
British and French representatives to, 204
creation of, 130
exiles return to Russia and, 142–43, 146
fatal blunders, 201
as “freest democratic republic in Europe,” 222
German advances toward Petrograd and, 269–70
Ispolkom and, 131
Kerensky and, 15, 136, 137, 222, 231, 302
Lenin dissolves, 280
Lenin evading arrest by, 227, 229
Lenin’s attempted overthrow of (July Days), 224, 226–31, 232, 256
Lenin’s opposition to, 158, 159, 160, 161
negotiated peace and, 204
October Revolution and, 272–74
ordering arrests of Lenin and colleagues, 231
/> Order No. 1, 201–2
Petrograd formula for peace, 205, 214, 218, 220, 282, 299, 321
as powerless, 203
public announcement of Bolshevik takeover, 279
Second Congress of Soviets and, 267, 271, 279
in Tauride Palace, Petrograd, 161
transition of power from Czar Nicholas and, 203
U.S. Treasury’s loan to, 210
Wilson and, 142, 200, 205–6, 210
World War I and, 204
Russian Revolution. See Bolshevik Revolution; February Revolution
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, 7–8, 90, 93, 94
Congress (1903), 89
Congress (1907), 92
Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party, 93, 118, 131, 207, 228, 230, 262, 266
Bolshevik coup and, 268, 282
defeat of, 381
elections of 1917 and, 298
Lenin’s purges and, 295, 319, 412
Russo-Japanese War, 43, 112, 178
Ruzskii, Nikolai, 133, 134, 135
Ryan, John D., 242
Rykov, Alexei, 283, 295, 296
Ryleyev, Kondraty, 72
Safarov, Grigory, 156
Saint-Mihiel, Battle of, 35, 338
Scott, Hugh, 187
Serbia, 47, 56, 290, 309
Service, Robert, 144, 209, 416
Shevyrev, Pyotr, 74
Shliapnikov, Alexander, 271, 284
Siberia, 78
Allied expedition to, 331–33, 335, 345, 372
Bolshevik control in, 331
Czech Legion and, 329–31, 334
as incubator of revolution, 78
Krupskaya exiled to, 78–79
Krupskaya’s mother in, 79
Lenin exiled to, 78
opposition to Lenin in, 356
Shushenskoye (town for exiles), 78
Simbirsk, Russia, 69–70, 75
Sims, William, xii, 178–79
convoy system and, 179–81, 182, 185
Sisson, Edgar, 307
Slovaks, 61, 291, 329, 334, 342
Smith, Ellison, 125
Smuts, Jan Christian, 212, 377
socialism/socialists, 73, 76
Britain and, 89–90
evolutionary, 79–80, 90, 132
Lenin and, 10, 90
Socialist Revolutionaries, 207
See also Lenin; Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party
Socialist Party of America, xii, 225, 226, 235, 237
suppression of, 244–45
Soldat, 273
Somme, First Battle of the, 20, 21, 25, 30, 35, 36, 212
Somme, Second Battle of the (Ludendorff Offensive), 325–29, 331
artillery and, 325
German quick-infiltration tactics, 326
German “Stormtroopers,” 326, 327
South Africa, 61, 368, 369
Spanish-American War, 62
Spanish influenza, 345
Spears, Edward, 169
Stalin, Joseph, 81, 159, 300, 382
brutality of, 316
cronies of, 415
Czech Legion and, 330
as general secretary of the Communist Party, 415
Great Purge, 316