1917
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gulag of, 381
Lenin and, 81, 94, 158, 415, 416
murders ordered by, 284
new Russian government and, 284
power struggle with Trotsky, 416–17
rise to power, 284, 415
taking over from Lenin, 414–15
terrorism and, 424
World War II and, 421
Yudenich attack on Petrograd and, 380
State, The (Wilson), 68, 69, 84
State and Revolution (Lenin), 232, 259, 261
Stolypin, P. A., 93
Stone, William J., 124–25
Stravinsky, Igor, 412
Stresemann, Gustav, 219, 325
Sukhanov, Nikolai, 158, 271
Sukhomlinov, Vladimir, 43
Sumenson, Eugenia, 228
Sussex (ship), 104
Sweden, 157
Switzerland, 29
See also Bern; Zurich
Syria, 374
Taft, William Howard, xii, 48, 58, 83, 88, 244, 392, 398
“Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution, The” (Lenin), 161
Taylor, A. J. P., 17, 18, 176, 181
Taylor, Zachery, 88
Ten Days That Shook the World (Reed), 278
Tereshchenko, Mikhail, 256
Théry, Edmond, 39, 40
Thomas, Albert, 204
Tibet, 424
Times of London, 310
Tirpitz, Alfred von, 221
“Deutschland Erwache!,” 222
Tkachev, P. N., 73
To Hell with the Kaiser! (film), 239
Tooze, Adam, 25, 199, 208, 419
totalitarian states, 16, 294, 297, 316, 381–82
Trading with the Enemy Act, 247
Transcaucasia, 300, 356
Trans-Siberian Railway, 330, 334
Treaty of London, 189, 301, 368, 370, 371
Treaty of Versailles, 366
Clemenceau and, 367
signing of, 377–78
terms of, 376
U.S. Congress fails to ratify, 408–9
Wilson and problems of, 366, 368
Wilson on harsh terms for Germany, 377
Trepov, Alexander, 107, 118
Trotsky, Leon, xi, 81, 90, 94, 95, 210
arrest of, 231, 261
assassination of, 420
background, 224–25
Bolshevik Party and, 226, 267, 270
Bolshevik Revolution and, 420
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations and, 310, 322–23
Brest-Litovsk Treaty and, 324
call for violence and bloodshed, 211, 227–28, 228n
creates the Revolutionary Committee of Defense, 270–71
Czech Legion and, 330
democratic centralism and, 225
destruction of democracy and, 320
in exile, 118, 225–26, 420
global revolution and, 300, 314
Ispolkom and, 269
July Days, 224, 226–31
Lenin and, 81, 94, 210, 225, 261, 415
living in Petrograd (1917), 294
memorial in Mexico City, 420
Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), 272–73, 279
murder ordered by Stalin, 284
new Russian government and, 283–84
newspapers edited by, 225
October Revolution and, 267–74
plea to the Allies to stop the German advance, 323
on “progressive violence,” 322–23
Red Army and, 320, 345, 356, 360, 382
released by Kerensky, 259
release from prison, 266–67
return to Russia (May 4, 1917), 226
Russian Civil War and, 315, 359, 379–80, 381, 420
secret Allied documents published by, 301–3, 312
Stalin opposed by, 416–17, 420
suppression of freedom by, 296
terrorism and, 316
vision of, 244
Wilson and, 306, 332–33
Wilson’s underestimating of, 304–5
Truman, Harry, 425
Tsereteli, Irakli, 200
Tuchman, Barbara, 129
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 361, 380, 411
Tumulty, Joseph, xii, 191, 399, 400, 404
Turkey (Ottoman Empire), 21, 29, 56, 235, 309, 311
British capture of Jerusalem and, 313–14
capture of Aqaba, 312
as Central Power, 311, 312
Gallipoli Campaign against, 31, 312
lands and peoples of, 311–12
rise of modern Turkey, 314
surrender of, 342
Sykes-Picot Agreement and, 189, 301–2, 312
Wilson’s war aims and, 309
Twain, Mark, 82
Ukraine, 300, 321–22, 343, 356
Ulyanov, Alexander Ilyich, 74–75, 78
Ulyanov, Anna, 74, 414
Ulyanov, Ilya, 69, 70, 71, 74
Ulyanov, Maria Illichna, 158, 207, 357
Underwood, Oscar W., 125
United Nations, 384, 429
United States
agricultural crisis (1921), 419
Allied alliance with, 102, 103, 112, 115, 151, 186, 188, 288, 344
Allies as natural ally of, 4, 48
Allies supported by, economically and materially, 25, 34, 51, 55, 60–61, 199, 247, 253, 288, 327
Anglo-American relations, 174–75, 182, 183, 184
antiwar factions, 49, 127
as capitalist symbol, 225
corporatism and, 198, 244
dollar replaces pound sterling as world’s reserve currency, 199
effects of war on the American people, 151–52
entrance into war and, 6, 11, 15, 34, 152–53, 186, 244, 428
espionage and, 247–48
exceptionalism of, 59, 396, 397, 430
extremist groups, 419
federal government, war and power of, 196, 235–36
financial support and food distribution for Russia, 210, 413
foreign policy based on ideology, 15, 151
founding ideals, 85
Franco-American friendship, 36–37
German-Americans, 4, 104–5, 245–51, 248n
as a global hegemonic power (superpower), 11, 18, 57, 59, 151, 185, 199, 207, 235, 241, 424–28
industrial power of, 34
internationalism and, 398
Irish-Americans, 238
isolationism and, 48, 50, 126
Jews in, 238
labor strikes, 419
labor unions and, 242–45
League of Nations, public support for, 393
Liberty Bonds, 198, 240, 243
lynching in, 249–50
manpower of, 34
munitions and weaponry manufacture, 253–54
national unity and, 236–38
neutrality of, 4–5, 6, 14–15, 49, 51, 60, 96, 101, 128, 397
new world order and, 150, 153, 183
pacifism in, 49, 113, 152, 237
police repression in (Palmer Raids), 418
postwar economic depression, 418–19
proponents of war, 47–48, 115, 192, 239 (see also Lodge, Henry Cabot; Roosevelt, Teddy)
Prussian Invasion Plot, 129
purge of dissent, 237, 240, 241–51
race riots, 418
Red Scare, 418
Russian and Chinese challenges to, 427–28
sinking of the Lusitania as national shock, 129
as threat to Marxist vision, 226
trade with Germany, 24
trade with Great Britain and France, 24–25, 49, 55
U-boat sinking of American ships, 109–10, 114, 142, 341
war as business opportunity, 195
war as financial bonanza, 49
war mobilization, failure of, 253–54
war propaganda and censorship, 238–41
wartime regulations and price controls, 197–98
wartime tax increases, 198
Wilson’s “Peace without Vic
tory” speech, 56–59, 306
Wilson’s vision for, 14, 18, 49–50, 103, 151, 306–10, 396, 397
as world economic leader, 426
Zimmermann telegram and, 114–15, 129, 226, 237
“Urgent Tasks of Our Movement” (Lenin), 80
U.S. Aircraft Board, 252
U.S. Army
lack of war readiness, 195
machine gun manufacture and, 253
National Defense Act, 187
race riot called mutiny by, 193
segregation in, 193–94
See also American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
U.S. Army Air Service, 254
U.S. Committee on Public Information (CPI), 237–38, 355
censorship by, 241
Division of Civic and Educational Cooperation, 239
Division of Films, 239–40
Division of News, 239
Division of Pictorial Publicity, 239
media barrage by, 240
poster of Uncle Sam, “I Want You,” 240
U.S. Congress
American neutrality and, 124
antiwar factions, 126
Armed Ship Bill, 115, 124, 125, 127–28, 148
Balfour address to, 189
civilian War Cabinet and, 255, 305
Council of National Defense created, 195
declaration of war (1917), 15, 152–53
Democratic midterm defeat (1918), 347, 352, 354
Espionage Act of 1917, 241
League of Nations and, 83, 385–87, 392–96, 398–99, 401–2, 404–9
Lever Act, 196
Liberty Bonds or “Liberty Loans” authorized, 198
Lodge as Senate majority leader, 352, 386
Lodge’s Round Robin, 387, 388
National Defense Act, 187
Naval Appropriations Act, 187
pressure for declaration of war on Germany, 123–30
Republicans reaction to Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 310
Seventeenth Amendment and, 352
Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations rejected, 408–9, 410
Wilson disliked in, 393
Wilson’s address (April 2, 1917), “The world must be made safe for democracy,” 143, 144, 147–50, 151, 153, 186, 257
Wilson’s address (Jan. 22, 1917), “Peace Without Victory,” 56–60, 151, 205, 219, 306, 340
Wilson’s address (July 10, 1919), on League of Nations, 389–91
Wilson’s address to joint session (Jan. 8, 1918), Fourteen Points speech, 305–10
Wilson’s annual address (1917), 255
Wilson’s annual address (1919), 353–54
Wilson severs German relations and, 102–3
Zimmerman telegram as casus belli, 124
U.S. Constitution, 68, 69
U.S. Council of National Defense (CND), 195
U.S. Espionage Act of 1917, 241–42, 248, 250
destruction of the IWW and, 242–43
indictments under, 245
U.S. Federal Food Administration, 197
slogans, 241
U.S. Federal Reserve, 55, 96, 418–19
U.S. Navy
destroyers sent to Britain, 179
lack of war readiness, 195
Naval Appropriations Act, 187
SC-boats (sub-chasers), 179
scientific and technical research and, 194
Sims and, 178–79
size of, 27, 34
U.S. Railroad Administration, 210, 255
U.S. Railroad War Board, 254
U.S. Sedition Act, 244–45, 250
U.S. Selective Service Act, 187–88
U.S. Shipping Board, 198, 252
Emergency Fleet Corporation, 252
U.S. Steel strike, 419
U.S. War Industries Board (WIB), 196, 199, 252, 305
strike-busting by, 242
Valentini, Rudolf von, 100
Van Hise, Charles, 198
Vatican, 30
Venezuela, 423
Verdun, Battle of, 20, 25, 35, 36, 37, 166
Pétain and, 172, 173
Vienna, 290, 292, 321, 323
Vietnam, 423
Vigilancia (ship), 130, 142
Villa, Pancho, 111, 192
Vimy Ridge, Battle of, 165–66
Vladivostok, Russia, 210, 324, 331–32, 334, 335, 356
Washington, George, 386–87
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, 89
Weizmann, Chaim, x, 313
Wemyss, Lord Rosslyn, 344
Werth, Nicholas, 43
Wesleyan College, 69
West, Andrew, 82–83
Weygand, Maxime, 344, 346
What Is to Be Done? (Chernyshevsky), 73–74
What Is to Be Done? (Lenin), 80–81, 82, 89, 90
White, Henry, 353
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 6, 21, 218, 219, 220, 323, 342
abdication of, 341–42
defeat and, 338
proposal of peace negotiations, 29
submarine warfare and, 28, 99–100
Wilson, Edith Galt, 128, 143, 346, 347, 383, 388, 403
acting in place of the president, 409–10
League of Nations and, 407–8
Wilson’s health and, 391, 399, 400, 404, 406–7
Wilson, Joseph, 65, 66
Wilson, Margaret, 406
Wilson, Woodrow, xii, 37
acceptance speech, Democratic nominee for N.J. governor, 65
achievements of, 423
America as superpower and, 11, 18, 151, 185, 199, 207, 241, 424–26, 427–28
American Civil War and, 66–67, 71, 152
as Anglophile, 67–68
approach to political power, 428–29
aspiration of greatness, 382
assumption of world leadership, 60
aversion to war, 67
balance of power concept and, 53, 150, 344, 362, 365, 395, 396–97
belief in God ordaining his presidency, 88, 144
biggest mistakes, 428–29
campaign slogans, 4, 5, 52
career as scholar and intellectual, 68–69
character and personality, 5, 60, 189, 341, 365, 368, 377, 423
charisma of, 64
childhood and background, 64, 65–69
Clemenceau on, 365–67
corporatism and, 244
counsel in 1915, America as mediator, 50–51
critics of, 58, 102–4, 110, 353
death of, 417
destiny of, belief in, 96
disillusionment with, 371
dogmatism of, 14
domestic policies, 67, 96, 194
election as president, 13
ends justified the means and, 423
first inaugural speech, 88
as a “good hater,” 353, 423
as governor of N.J., 86–87
health of, 374–75, 383, 388, 391, 394, 399, 400, 401–4, 406–7, 409, 410
heroes of, 67
Hopkins dissertation of, 68
House and, 255–56, 304, 388, 391
influence of Hegel, 14, 84–85, 96, 96n, 251, 422
international trade and, 307–8
on leadership, 251
League of Nations and, 16, 51, 53, 57, 58, 66, 148, 309, 325, 351, 374, 384–96, 398, 399–409, 428–29
League of Nations, cross-country speaking tour, 399–401
legacy of, 17, 410, 419, 421, 422–30
Lodge and, 305, 352, 385–86, 391–410
lucky number, 385
mad scheme of Dec. 17, 1919, 409
as man of “strenuous mind and high ideals,” 251, 257
new world order and, 13, 17, 61, 150, 153, 344, 362, 397, 418, 423
“one-track mind,” 368
open diplomacy and, 306, 307
oratory and, 67, 84, 86
political last testament, 417
Presbyterian heritage and spiritual arrogance, 65–66, 309, 351, 368
presidential election (1912), 87–88
as Princeton University president, 5, 69, 82–84
as Progressive, 56, 64, 68, 82, 85–87, 194, 198, 236, 244, 275, 419
racial policies, white supremacy and, 67, 102, 152, 193–94, 368, 373
reelection campaign (1916), 51–52
relationship with Congress, 393, 407
religious fervor, 384
second inauguration, 128, 236
as secular millennialist, 422
“self-determination” and, 207, 306, 308, 309, 362
self-righteousness of, 83, 422–23
sense of self, 251–52
sensitivity to criticism, 58, 251, 368
on separation of powers, 68–69
speech at Philadelphia, Fourth of July, “My dream,” 49–50
speech at Princeton, 83–84
speech at the Willard Hotel, 50–51
speech to U.S. Senate on League of Nations, 389–91
speech to World League for Peace, 14, 15
theory of government, 85, 87, 194, 236
U.S. Congress rejects Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations and, 408–9
as utopian idealist, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 61, 65, 143, 151, 307, 366, 369, 382, 422
vision for America, 14, 17, 18, 49–50, 85, 103, 151, 199, 207, 236, 306–10, 382, 396, 397–98, 430
Zionism and, 313
Wilson, Woodrow, World War I and
administration and bureaucracy of, 194, 236, 252
alliance with Entente nations (as Associated Power), 102, 103, 112, 115, 151, 186, 188–89, 288, 344
Allied signing of the armistice, 346–47
America as a force for good, 252
American troops and, 174, 328
America’s maritime commerce and, 51
America’s role in determining policy, 303, 305–6
annual Congressional address and (1917), 255
annual Congressional address and (1919), 353–54
Armed Ship Bill, 110, 113–14, 115, 127–28
Armistice and, 351
Bolshevik Russia and, 274–75, 278, 303–5, 306, 308, 310–11
Bolshevik Russia and Allied intervention, 330–37
corporatism and, 244
Czech Legion and, 334–35
declaration of war on Germany, pressure for, 123–30, 142
defeating Germany as priority, 257
entrance into war and, 6, 34, 153, 428
Fourteen Points and, 305–10, 336, 339, 347
freedom of the seas and, 306, 307
German-Americans and, 245–51, 248n, 251n
German armistice terms and, 339–42, 344
German humiliation of, 114
German peace offer and, 28
German relations severed, 102, 105, 115
German submarine warfare and, 4, 27, 28, 51–52, 60, 101–2, 109–10, 149
globalist vision, 275, 288
halt to loans to Allies and, 55
labor unions and, 243
Lenin and, 161, 274–75, 307, 308, 310, 311
Lenin’s U.S.-Russian consortium offer and, 333–34
on the lynching of Robert Prager, 250
meeting with Joffre and Balfour (1917), 188–89