BLAIR’S BRITAIN, 1997–2007
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private v. public sector, 204
business rates, 56, 70, 76
proportional representation and,
Butler, Robin, 11, 87
493
Butler-Sloss, Lady, 297
public spending, 410
by-elections, Brent East, 38
running battle with Tony Blair, 5, 6,
Byers, Stephen, 162, 242, 246, 248, 249,
8, 94, 101–2, 128, 150, 154, 161–2,
258, 259, 378, 649
209, 251, 643, 650
schools, 362, 366, 376, 378–9
cabinet, by-passing, 7, 11, 80, 84–5,
Scottish base, 487
99–100, 121
social justice, 435
Cabinet Office, 83–6, 88, 94, 101
soundbite, 319
Callaghan, James, 4, 8, 12, 38, 154, 170,
Stalinism, 98
171, 200, 210, 488–9
stature, 9, 644
Cameron, David
succession as PM, 6, 160, 162
acceptance of Blair agenda, 14, 418,
taxation policy, 14, 200–3
642, 650
transport, 248, 249, 251, 253,
climate change, 575, 591–2
255–61, 269, 272, 646
education, 481
trust in government, 12
law and order, 319, 329–30, 339
Unionism, 517
leadership style, 140, 143, 147
universities, 472–4, 476, 477, 478,
media and, 149
479, 482–3
move to the centre, 146, 642
Brown, Nick, 20, 477–8
public services, 180, 443, 650
Browne, John, 364
social justice, 418
Brutton, John, 512
WebCameron, 135
Bryson, Alex, 225–6
well-being, 441
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 611
Campbell, Alistair
Bulgaria, 353, 487, 536
Iraq and BBC, 136–7
Bulger, James, 319, 334
media management, 123, 125–7, 149
Burns, Terry, 95
Northern Ireland, 519
Bush, George H., 594, 596
powers, 81, 126, 127
Bush, George W.
public opinion, 445, 461
resignation, 82, 139, 141
integrated approach, 372–3
role, 128–9, 141, 143, 649
international comparisons, 383
Campbell, Colin, 308
poverty, 332, 396, 410–11, 414–18,
Canada, 189, 197, 237, 337, 399, 564,
442
608
Chile, 197
Carey, George, 568
China, 189, 194, 209, 553, 588, 591
Carter, Matt, 154, 159
Chirac, Jacques, 534, 539, 540, 544,
Carter Review, 305
564, 601, 607, 625, 628, 635, 642,
Casey, Louise, 331–2
647
cash for honours, 11–12, 110, 159, 301,
Churchill, Winston, 3, 8, 15, 168, 210,
639
609, 649, 650
Castle, Barbara, 553
citizenship, 357, 359, 457
celebrity culture, 441, 463–4
Civil Contingencies Secretariat, 85
central government
civil partnerships, 499, 641
See also cabinet; Treasury
civil service
Cabinet Office, 83–6, 88, 94, 101,
ministerial suspicions, 205, 206, 246
461
politicisation, 81
centralisation, 17, 79–86, 99, 102,
reduction of numbers, 561
178
reform, 79, 80, 86, 89, 91–3, 103
coordination, 100
retirement age, 203
delivery agenda, 86, 88–91
Clark, David, 116, 617
hyperactivity, 79, 91, 103
Clarke, Charles
joined-up government, 87, 96
foreign prisoners fiasco, 162, 358
management, 9, 86–93, 100–1, 204,
human rights and security, 118
205–6, 251, 641, 648
immigration, 353
media management, 82–3
Labour Party chairman, 154
Prime Minister’s Office, 6, 8, 58,
schools, 365–6, 376
80–3
universities, 470–1, 476–8, 479, 480,
special advisers, 80–2, 127, 138, 139,
483
269, 332–3
Clarke, Kenneth, 9, 378
targets, 91
class, 40–2, 226, 239
Ceremonial Secretariat, 85
Clementi Report, 310
Chakrabarti, Suma, 561
climate change
Chamberlain, Austin, 144
See also Kyoto Protocol; Stern Report
Chamberlain, Neville, 12, 13, 15, 102
1997 agenda, 572–3, 577
Charter ‘88, 105, 116
2007 agenda, 574–5
Chastelain, John de, 527
agenda setting, 209, 587–9, 609
Chechnya, 594, 619, 624–5
assessment, 590–2
Cheney, Dick, 627
Blair leadership, 589–90, 613, 633
Chicago School, 198
Blair years, 576–81
Chilcot, John, 520
Climate Change Levy, 578, 587
children
emission targets, 578, 579, 581–4
child benefit, 416
emission trading, 580, 585
childcare, 412, 416, 425
energy policy, 579–80, 584, 586
Children’s Commissioner, 373
industry and, 581–5, 589
criminal justice, 324
limited achievements, 585–7
health care, 429–30
public opinion, 464–7, 575, 585–6
in care, 396
scientific consensus, 577
climate change ( cont. )
foreign policy, 593–7, 610
tax instruments, 578–9, 582, 586, 587
governance, 84
Climbié, Victoria, 372
health service, 5
Clinton, Bill
immigration, 341, 342
Blair and, 540, 601–2, 641
industrial policy, 279, 285
development aid, 553
international aid, 551, 552, 556
European policy, 596
law and order, 318–19, 320, 329
Kosovo intervention, 624
leaders, 144
Major and, 596
local government, 56, 57, 62
New Labour model, 324, 333
Northern Ireland, 513, 516
Northern Ireland and, 513, 521
poll tax, 489
welfare to work, 208
press support, 129, 130, 131, 132
coalition governments, 497–9, 500
public opinion, 39, 450
Cocker, Jarvis, 464
public services, 436–8, 443
Cohen, Jane, 292
rail privatisation, 247, 250, 252
Coke, Edward, 313
sleaze, 4, 11, 128, 445–6
Collins, Lawrence, 297–8
taxation, 201
Colombia, 197
trade unions, 219
Communism, 167
transport policy, 242
competition
universities, 469–70, 477, 480, 481
EU and UK convergence, 545–6
constitutional reform
health service, 387, 388, 399, 402,
2005 Act, 293–5
452
assessment, 115–22
importance, 286
Bl
air detachment, 121–2
policy, 278–9
consensus, 4
Congo (DRC), 560, 608
delivery, 107–14
Conservatives
European Union and, 547–8
1950s, 172–3
Labour manifesto, 104–7
1997 legacy, 3, 182
lack of coherence, 119–20
2005 elections, 445
Smith’s legacy, 105–6, 116, 121
accepting New Labour agenda,
undelivered promises, 115–16
14–15
unintended consequences, 116–19
arts policy, 461
consultants, 206, 251, 253, 254, 260,
backbench rebellions, 27
269, 270
Blair impact on, 163, 642
control orders, 117–18
climate change, 573–4, 575, 592
Conway, Paul, 463
Conference, 155
Cook, Robin, 13, 18, 20, 21, 128, 155,
constitutional status quo, 104, 105
160, 553, 619, 620
defence, 617–18, 622
‘Cool Britannia’, 463
devolution, 489–90, 492, 503
Corn Laws, 26
economic legacy, 171, 223
Corrigan, Paul, 9
economic reputation, 37, 47, 52
Costello, Elvis, 463
education, 361, 362, 366, 369, 371,
Cotis, Jean-Philippe, 285, 286
376, 377, 378, 380
Council of Europe, 547
electoral record, 36, 38, 39–40
council tax, 61, 70, 71, 73, 76, 201, 505
energy policy, 580
counter-terrorism. See war on terror
EU policy, 192, 530–1, 535, 542, 545,
Cranborne, Lord, 109, 516
595, 601, 633
Cridland, John, 230, 233
criminal justice
Dearing Report, 375, 468–72, 473, 478,
assessment, 335–40, 647
481, 482, 483
Blair control, 332–3
defence
Blair use of media, 334–5
Blair activism, 616, 621, 634
‘Broken Windows’, 331
Conservative legacy, 617–18
causes of crime, 332, 338, 339
equipment, 630–1
crime as public enemy no. 1, 325
European Union, 539, 548
crime control works, 326
Faslane nuclear submarines, 504–5
crime trends, 320–3, 335–9, 448
funding, 405, 631
defining deviancy up, 330–2
impact of Kosovo, 622–6
foregrounding victims, 325–6
nuclear disarmament, 36, 617
high-crime society, 326–7
pressure on armed forces, 629–32
individual responsibility, 325
Strategic Defence Review, 599–600,
initiativitis, 333, 335
619–22, 631
juries, 302
Trident, 27, 617, 622
Labour opposition, 151
war on terror, 626–9
new crimes, 329–30
democratic participation, 39, 120, 146,
police powers, 327–8
448, 448–9
policymaking, 330–5
Denmark, 237, 400, 405, 548
politicisation, 323–30
Department of Constitutional Affairs,
public opinion, 453–5
120
safeguards, 327–8, 329
Desmond, Richard, 159
sentencing harshness, 336–8
detention and training orders, 324
serious and organised crime,
development
328–9
2007 aid contribution, 552–3
spin, 333–4
Blair commitment, 562–5, 608–9,
system, 301–3
613
torrential legislation, 302, 324, 327,
Blair effect, 569–70
330
debt relief, 552, 562, 565, 568, 576,
toughness discourse, 318–19, 340
609, 641
Cripps, Stafford, 9
failures, 561–2
Croatia, 536
funding increases, 565–7, 568
Crossland, Anthony, 165–8, 169, 170,
inter-ministerial strategies, 558
171, 172, 174, 474
international comparisons, 556–7,
Crossrail, 267–8
558
Cruddas, John, 157
new approach, 570–1
culture, 461–3, 575, 637
policy drivers, 562–9
Cunningham, John, 58
post-1997 changes, 553–8
curfews, 324
pre-1997 aid, 551–2
Cyprus, 536, 595
successes, 558–61
Czech Republic, 535, 548
devolution
See also Scottish devolution; Welsh
D’Alema, Massimo, 637
devolution
Dannatt, Richard, 629
1974–9 failure, 105, 488
Darling, Alistair, 119, 249–50, 263, 272
1994–2007, 488–93
Davies, Gavin, 137
2007 position, 493–504
Davies, Ron, 128, 488, 491, 493, 499
achievement, 14, 107–8, 115, 641
Dayton Peace Accord, 596
assessment, 504–7
devolution ( cont. )
growth rate, 186–8, 189, 274, 277–8,
Blair’ s detachment from, 487, 491,
283–4
507–8
inflation targeting, 195–8, 277
coalition government, 497–9
macro-economic record, 186–90
containing nationalism, 504–5
neo-liberalism, 144, 158, 168–9, 180,
English backlash, 506–7
216, 224, 225, 324
European Union and, 547–8
public opinion, 438, 439, 442
finance, 501–3
public spending, 204–5, 436–8,
impact on England, 506
443–4
impact on parties, 145, 153
vested interests, 10
Labour manifesto, 106, 107
Eddington Review, 98, 269–70, 271
natural experiment, 505–6, 508
Eden, Anthony, 12, 13, 15
proportional representation, 111,
education
145, 492, 493, 497
See also schools; universities
social democracy and, 177–8
crime control and, 331
unintended consequences, 116–17,
delivery agenda, 89
177, 493
Leitch Review, 98
West Lothian Question, 503–4,
maintenance allowances, 412
506–7
nursery education, 376–7, 412, 425
Dewar, Donald, 488, 490, 491, 493
priority, 243, 361
Diana, Princess, 460, 519
productivity and, 278
disabled, social security, 422
public opinion, 449–50
divorce, 314
social justice, 372–3, 424, 426–8
DNA database, 326
special advisers, 364
Dobbs, Linda, 297
elections
Dobson, Frank, 62, 386, 649
See also general elections
Dome, 11, 128, 204, 293, 461, 462
Brent East by-election, 38
Donaldson, Jeffrey, 521–2, 524
European elections, 37–38–9, 111,
Dromey, Jack, 159
145, 541
drugs, 562
local elec
tions, 37, 39, 53, 77, 157
Duncan-Smith, Ian, 144, 149, 152,
voter turnout, 39, 146, 448
481
electoral system. See proportional
Dunleavy, Patrick, 146
representation
Dunwoody, Gwyneth, 253, 259
Elias, Patrick, 292
DUP, 513, 518, 522, 523, 524, 526, 527,
Empey, Reg, 523–4
528
employment
Durkan, Mark, 527
See also trade unions
Dykes, Greg, 138
1997 policy, 218–22
anti-poverty programmes, 416–17,
East Timor, 625
422
Ecclestone, Bernie, 11, 128, 159
Blair as labour lawyer, 291
economic policy
employment rate, 223
See also taxation; Treasury
family-friendly workplace, 231–3
assessment, 210–11, 637
globalisation, 215, 216, 239
business policy, 217–19
hybrid model, 224, 225, 234–40
continuity, 5
individual rights, 225–34, 239–40
economic efficiency, 14
information technology and, 285
euro, 190–4, 211
international comparisons, 280
migrants, 349–54
defence, 539, 548, 625–6
modernisation, 214
development aid, 559–60, 566–7,
New Deal, 220–1, 223
568
public sector, 286
employment policy, 230
skills shortage, 234–6, 278
energy policy, 579, 580, 584, 585
social inequalities, 237
enlargement, 352–3, 532, 535–7,
state role, 214–15, 216, 217
548, 594, 595, 603
stresses, 224–5
environment, 545
Thatcherite continuity, 225
Europeanisation, 545–7
training, 221–2, 234–5
financial planning, 544
women, 233–4
Franco-German axis, 538–9, 594
energy policy, 84, 579–80, 584, 585,
immigration policy, 356
586
internal market, 173, 535–6, 537
environment
Iraq effect, 534, 549, 607
See also climate change
Labour objectives, 532–3
European Union, 545
Lisbon Strategy, 174, 539, 548
public opinion, 464–7, 575
neo-liberalism, 174, 537, 538
Equal Opportunities Commission, 228
policy orientation, 538–42
equality. See social justice
poor relations with, 4, 548
Ervine, David, 513
single currency. See euro
Essex Man, 41
Social Chapter, 218–19, 531, 532,
Ethiopia, 559
533
ethnic minorities, 412, 427
social democracy and, 173, 175–6
euro, 7, 107, 114, 132, 151, 174, 190–4,
sovereignty and, 311, 532, 549–50
210, 211, 532, 534, 541, 542–4,
trade unions and, 224
612, 644
treaties, 537–8
European Central Bank, 197
UK membership, 36, 104, 105, 541
European Convention of Human