Darwin's Backyard
Page 47
Knight, Thomas Andrew, 185, 318, 324
“Knight-Darwin Law,” 187
“Knight’s Law,” 187, 202
Knole Park, 355–56
Kölreuter, Joseph Gottlieb, 195, 207, 213
kudzu, 295
Kullenberg, Bertil, 237
ladies’ tresses orchid (Goodyera), 240
lady’s slipper orchid, 257–58
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de, 4–5, 6, 20, 48, 49, 50, 61, 62–63
Lancashire, University of, 368
land bridges, 159, 160, 163, 164, 172
Land’s End, 97, 98
Lane, Dr., 106, 141
Langton, Charles, 167
Langton, Charlotte, 167
Langton, Edmund, 167
Larch wood, 97
Larson, Gary, 53
Lavoisier, Antoine, 1–2
“law of balancement of organs,” 50
Lawn Plot Experiment, 97–98, 100, 113–15, 124
Law of Succession, 26
leaf-current, 285
Lecoq, Henri, 214
legumes, 97, 201
Lehrbuch der Botanik (Sachs), 320
Leith Hill Place, 345, 351, 357, 358, 359–60
lemurs, 255
LeVerrier, Urbain, 254–55
Litchfield, Henrietta, see Henrietta Darwin
Litchfield, Richard, 310, 351
limb structure, 301
limestone, 340, 341–42
limpet, 80, 171
Lindley, John, 240, 248, 267
Lindsay-Carnegie, William Fullerton, 342
Linnaeus, Carl, 86, 151, 231, 286
Linnean Society, 75, 112, 212, 214, 218, 243, 248, 249
Listera orchids, 239
lizard orchid (Catasetum saccatum), 240, 246–47, 247
Llanymynech Hill, 14
Lobelia, 208
lobster-pot traps, 266
Loddiges, George, 56
Loudon’s Gardeners Magazine, 99
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 346
Lophospermum (now Maurandya) scandens, 312–13
lotus seeds, 94
Loves of the Plants (E. Darwin), 279
Lubbock, Sir John, 69, 92, 107, 118, 142, 205, 244, 247, 268, 363
Ludwig Palm, 299
Lumbricus terrestris, 370–71, 371
Lyell, Sir Charles, xv, 17, 18–19, 26, 27–29, 30, 47, 49, 53, 56, 67, 74, 75, 85–86, 151, 153–54, 155–56, 161–62, 171–72, 227, 239, 245, 299, 340, 342, 346, 352
Lymnaea, 170
Lythrum hyssopifolia, 217
Lythrum salicaria, 214, 216, 219, 225
MacArthur, Robert, 111
Macaw Cottage, 182, 189
Macrosila sp. (sphinx moth), 257
Madagascar, 255, 257
Madeira, 159
Madrepora, 20–21
Maer Hall, 57, 59, 189–90, 193, 337–38, 341, 368
Maer hypothesis, 337, 342
Malaxis orchids, 238
Malay Archipelago, 74
Malay Archipelago, The (Wallace), 349–50
Malaysia, 74
Malden, Bingham, 240
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 54, 56, 87
Malthusian population pressure, 84
Malvern, 300
man orchid (Aceras anthromorpha), 229
marine iguana, 24
Marshall, William, 183
Massachusetts, 171
materialism, 49
Melipona bees, 135–37, 136
Mendel, Gregor, 57, 185
Mendeleev, Dmitri, 254
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix, 245
metamorphosis, 45–46
Mexican barberry (Berberis trifoliata), 223
Mexican bee (Melipona beecheii), 135, 136
milkweeds (Asclepias), 230, 295
Millepora, 21
Miller, William Hallowes, 128, 136
Millett, Jonathan, 276
Milne-Edwards, Henri, 67, 71, 88–89, 98
Miss Maling’s Patent In-door Plant Case, 309–11, 310
moles, 301
mollusks, Mollusca, 48, 50
Monachanthus viridis, 248–49
monoculture, 100
Monti, Giuseppe, 286
Moor Park, 106–7, 141
moraines, 33
More, Alexander Goodman, 236, 240
morning glory (Convolvulus), 302
Mount, The 1, 14–15
mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), 222–23
Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants, The (Darwin), 324–25, 326
multiflora rose (Rosa rugosa), 305
Murray, John, 75, 245
muscle, animal, 283
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 4
Myanthus barbatus, 248–49
Nägeli, Carl, 349
nasturtium (Tropaeolum), 303
Natural History Museum, 93
natural law, 49
natural selection, 34, 36, 42, 54–55, 58, 59–61, 66, 68, 70, 76–77, 90, 91, 103, 106, 183, 203, 251, 256, 301, 302, 347, 350, 368
brood parasitism and, 138
destruction in, 84–85, 111
divergence and, 108–12
diversity and, 98
domesticated animals and, 54–55
geographical distribution and, 91–92
honeycomb and, 133–34, 135–37
intermediate forms in, 242–43
role of seclusion in, 56
slave-making behavior and, 143
structure repurposing in, 253–54
struggle for existence and, 85–88
superfecundity, 56–57
tangled bank imagery in, 83–85
temporal dimension in, 94–95
Wallace’s manuscript on, 74–75
Natural Selection (Darwin), 59, 74–75, 97, 103, 124, 131, 132, 187, 207
Natural Selection Not Inconsistent with Natural Theology (Gray), 251
natural theology, 11, 86, 251, 254, 264
Natural Theology (Paley), 8, 86
Nature, 171, 368
nauplius, 44
nectar guides, 207–8
nectar robbery, 191–92, 205
Nelson, Gareth, 172
nepenthesin, 277
Nepenthes pitcherplants, 277
Neptune, 254–55
New South Wales, 22
New Zealand, 108, 162
niche partitioning, 111–12
nipples, 66
nitrate of ammonia, 271
nitrogen, 270–71, 276–77
Noachian flood, 151
Norman, Ebenezer, 108
“Note on the Coiling of Tendrils” (Gray), 296
Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles (Huber), 128–29
nullipore coralline algae, 21
nuns (pigeon), 72
obligate brood parasitism, 138
O’Keefe, Georgia, 230
Old Red Sandstone, 15
Oligochaeta, 338
Oliver, Daniel, 200, 280, 298
“On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants” (Darwin), 302
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), xii, xiii, 36, 59, 75–76, 83, 87, 97–98, 106, 110, 111, 132, 136, 142, 143, 157, 178, 202, 203, 212, 219, 227, 240, 242, 250, 258, 263, 266, 272, 346, 350–51, 352
reaction to, 208–9, 299, 349
On the Various Contrivances By Which British and Foreign Orchids Are Fertilised By Insects, and On The Good Effects of Intercrossing (Darwin), 251–53
“orchidelerium,” 231
orchids, 207, 212, 227–61, 228, 281, 301, 302
dissection of, 260–61
pollinia of, 230
pseudocopulation in, 237
Orchis Bank, 84, 228, 229, 233
Orchis mascula, 233, 235
Orchis pyramidalis, 239
Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium), 223
osmosis, 307
otoliths, 322
outbreeding, 185
outcrossing, see intercrossing
Owen, Richard, 25–26, 27, 46, 4
9, 62, 63, 253
owls, 167
Oxenden, George Chicester, 240
Oxford English Dictionary, 277
oxslip, 209–10
Paley, William, 8, 11, 86, 111, 123
Papua New Guinea, 74
“parallel roads” (Glen Roy), 30–33, 31, 246
parasites, 137–38, 143
Paris, Three Glorious Days uprising in, 50–51
Parslow (butler), 73
Partidgeberry (Mitchella repens), 214
passionflower (Passiflora), 308, 327
Patagonia, 24, 35
Peace lily, 195
peas (Pisum), 303, 308
peduncles, 303
penguins, 302, 305
Penwith Peninsula, 97
pepsin, 273–74, 275
periodic table, 254
Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America (Humboldt), 12–13
Pfeffer, Wilhelm, 307
Phalaenopsis orchid, 261
pheromones, 230, 237
of bumblebees, 121
Philoperisteron Society, 72
philosophical anatomy, 4, 10
Philosophical Transactions, 46
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 185
Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (Whewell), 12
photosynthesis, 23–24
physiological division of labor, 89–90, 98
Phytohormones (Thinmann and Went), 317
pigeons, 42, 69–73, 75, 76–77
breed diversity of, 70
pin and thrum flowers (heterostyly), 210–13, 213, 225–26, 226
genetics of, 213
pistils, 188, 193–94, 195, 201, 209, 210, 215, 221
pitcher plants, 265, 277
pitfall traps, 265
plankton net, 19, 24
Planorbis, 170
plant-growth hormones, 317
plate tectonics, 172
platypuses, 22
Playfair, John, 353
Plinian Society, 6, 7
plumed seeds, 37
pollen, 186, 201–2, 210, 212
orchid, 230
pollen packets, 242–43
pollination, 66, 188–92, 279
experiments in, 220–24
insects’ role in, 207–8, 232, 235–36
of orchids, 227–61
plant mechanisms for, 193–99
role of insects in, 193
pollinia, 230, 232–34, 234, 235, 236, 237–39, 242–43, 249, 260, 261
pollinium, 233, 247
polymorphism, 240
polyps, 6
population growth, 84–85, 88
Port Famine, 20
Portuguese sundew (Drosophyllum filiformis), 266
pouter (pigeon), 71
Pouyanne, Maurice-Alexandre, 237
Power of Movement in Plants, The (Darwin), 318–19, 320, 321–22, 324–25, 326, 336, 361
predators, seed dispersal and, 167–68
Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy (Herschel), 12, 59
Priestley, Joseph, 1, 23–24
primroses, 209–14, 226, 238, 240
Primula, 209
Principles of Geology (Lyell), xv, 17, 19, 27–28, 29, 47, 49, 53, 85–86, 153–54, 155
Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (Paley), 86
Principles of Zoology (Geoffroy), 51–52
Pritchard, Charles, 300
productivity, ecological division of labor and, 98, 99
Proserpina: Studies of Wayside Flowers (Ruskin), 231–32
protandry, 198
proteolytic enzymes, 273–74
Proust, Marcel, xviii
pseudocopulation, 237
Pugh, Miss, 245
purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), 214, 345
pyramidal orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis), 229, 233–34, 234
“Queries About Expression” (Darwin), 347–48, 352
“Questions & Experiments” (Q&E) notebook (Darwin), 35
questions, testable, 35–36
Radiata, 48
rafting, 172, 177
Ramsay, Marmaduke, 13
Ray, John, 7
red algae, 20
red clover, 202–8, 218
bee-exclusion experiment with, 202-4
reflex action, 278, 281, 284, 288
Regent’s Park, 349
Reign of Law, The (Campbell), 256
relic hunters, 358
religion, 49
Remarks on the Improvement of Cattle (Wilkinson), 54–55
reproduction, 47, 66, 83, 182–226
rhododendrons, 192, 193
Rhodophyta, 20
Rio de Janeiro, 22, 24
River Severn, 1
Roberts, Michael, 14
rock pigeon, rock dove, 70, 76
Rogan Josh (curry), 130
roses, varieties of, 56
Ross, James Clerk, 60
rostellum, 233, 243, 246, 261
Rothrock, Joseph Trimble, 214
Rothschild, Walter, 257
round-leaved sundews (D. rotundifolia), 275, 276
Royal College of Surgeons, 63
Royal Exotic Nurseries, 240
Royal Geographical Society, 58
Royal Society, 32, 46, 67, 318
Royal Society of Edinburgh, 169, 170
Ruck, Amy, 350
Ruck, Lawrence, 350
Ruck, Mary Ann, 350
rudimentary structures, 250
Ruricola, 191, 192, 193
Ruse, Michael, 106
Ruskin, John, 231–32
Sachs, Julius von, 278, 320–22, 324
St. Elmo’s fire, 24–25
St. Helena, 102
St. Jago, 18
Salisbury Plain, 357–58
salmon eggs, experiment with, 169, 170
Salvia, 195
Santa Cruz, 18
Sarawak, 74
Sarawak Law paper, 74
Sautoy, Marcus du, 144
Scale of Nature idea, 47–48
Scalpellum, 66
scarlet fever, 129, 216, 217–18, 268
Scheweigger, August Friedrich, 20
Schomburgk, Robert Hermann, 247–48
School of Military Engineering, 336
Schwann, Theodor, 273
science:
as human endeavor, 30
laboratory-based, 321
observation in, 36–39
practice of, 12
as process, 15, 30
process of, 1–2
professionalism of, 322
testable questions in, 35–36
scientific rivalry, 7
“scientist,” introduction of term, 12
Scotland, 246
Scottish Enlightenment, 4
Scyphanthus, 308
sea anemones, 278
seabream, 340
Sebright, John Saunders, 54–55, 56, 71, 183
Sedgwick, Adam, 13–16, 17, 208
Sedgwick, Sara, 361
seed bank concept, 94–96
seed dispersal, 91–92, 149–50, 162–69, 344
by birds of prey, 167
by waterfowl, 167, 168–69
seeds, observation of, 36–39
seed-salting experiments, 163–67, 173–77
selective breeding, 54–55, 56, 76
self-fertilization (selfing), 199–202, 204, 211, 220, 237–38
self-incompatibility, 199–200
self-pollination, 199–200
among orchids, 235–37
sea jellies, 89
Shelley, Mary, 4
Shrewsbury, 1, 14–15
Shrewsbury School, 1, 2, 3
Silliman, Benjamin, Sr., 298
Sinclair, George, 99–100
Singapore, 74
skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), 196
slavery, 140, 143–44
Smith, Adam, 98, 125
Smith, Frederick, 130, 140–41, 242
snail
ery, 170, 177
snails:
aquatic, 169
freshwater, 170
snap traps, 265, 267, 279–82
“snowing butterflies,” 24
Soret, Frédéric, 51
sorghum, 323
Southampton, 217–18
Sowerby, George, 245, 246
spadix, 195–97
spathe, 195–97
speciation, 101
species change, rate of, 54
species distribution:
and centers of origin, 150–54
“dual flux” idea in, 159
ecological history and, 155–59
regionalism in, 151–52
scripture and, 151
species Essay (Darwin), 35, 59–60, 75, 87, 157, 160, 186,
Species Plantarum (Linnaeus), 286
species Sketch (Darwin), 35, 87, 157, 160
sphinx moth, 255–57
sponges (Porifera), 20
spontaneous generation, 4–5
Sprengel, Christian Konrad, 188, 190, 194, 195, 207, 213
stable nuclear isotope technology, 276
Staffordshire, 105
stamens, 66, 188, 193–94, 195, 201, 209, 210, 215, 221, 223, 230
spring-action, 194–95
spring-loaded, 233
star-of-Bethlehem orchid, 255–57
statoliths, 322–24
stem rust fungus, 194
stepping stones, islands as 156, 160
sterility, 183
stigmergy, 133
Stonehenge, 354, 357–58, 358
Strait of Magellan, 20
structural complexity, 89
struggle, 110
“struggle for existence,” 84–88, 103, 106
Strychnos, 303
Sturm, Saint, 123
subsidence, 30, 31, 156, 157–58, 159
suction traps, 265–66
Sudbrook Park, 238
Sulivan, Bartholomew, 64
sundews:
digestive ability of, 272–77
Drosera rotundifolia, 218, 238, 239, 262–94, 270, 296
experiments with, 289–94
“irritability” of, 277–78
see also Drosera
superfecundity, 56–57
swallow-wort (Cynanchum louiseae), 295
sweet autumn clematis (Clematis terniflora), 327
tangled bank, see entangled bank
Tasmania, 21, 162
Tegetmeier, William, 73, 127–28, 129, 131, 132, 134, 136
telephone, use of in ant-communication experiment, 363
Temple of Nature, The (E. Darwin), 86
tendrils, 296–97, 300, 301, 303–5, 306–7, 308, 313, 325–26
circular motion of, 298–99, 307–8
coil perversion in, 304, 304
“irritability” in, 312
speed of, 308
super-coiling in, 304
Tenerife, 13, 14, 18
Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 86, 346
termite nests, 133
thermogenesis, 196
thermotropism, 315
Thimann, Kenneth V., 317
Thompson, John Vaughan, 43–44, 45, 46, 52
Thoreau, Henry David, 139, 219
Thorley, Catherine, 92, 93, 94, 368