Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe

by Gerard Prunier

  ———. Report of the Panel on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Edited by Mahmood Kassem. New York. October 2002.

  ———. Report of the Panel on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Edited by Mahmood Kassem. New York. October 2003.

  United States Agency for International Development. The Anguish of Northern Uganda. Written by Robert Gersony. Kampala. August 1997.

  ———. A Primer on the Historical Context of the Humanitarian Relief Effort in the DRC. Prepared by Herbert Weiss. Washington, DC. September 2004.

  United States Committee for Refugees. Transition in Burundi: The Context for a Homecoming. Washington, DC. September 1993.

  ———. Inducing the Deluge: Zaire’s Internally Displaced People. Written by Renée G. Roberts. Washington, DC. October 1993.

  ———. Masisi down the Road from Goma: Ethnic Cleansing and Displacement in Eastern Zaire. Washington, DC. June 1996.

  ———. Site Visit to Eastern Congo/Zaire: Analysis of Humanitarian and Political Issues. Written by Eleanor Bedford. Washington, DC. June 1997.

  ———. Life after Death: Suspicion and Reintegration in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Washington, DC. February 1998.

  United States Institute of Peace. www.usip.org. Refugees and Rebels: The Former Government of Rwanda and the ADFL Movement in Eastern Zaire. Written by William Cyrus-Reed. Washington, DC. 1997.

  ———. Angola’s Last Best Chance for Peace: An Insider’s Account of the Peace Process. Written by Paul Hare. Washington, DC. 1998.

  ———. Reconstructing Peace in the Congo. Written by John Prendergast and David Smock. Washington, DC. August 1999.

  ———. Post-Genocidal Reconstruction: Building Peace in Rwanda and Burundi. Written by John Prendergast and David Smock. Washington, DC. September 1999.

  ———. Dealing with Savimbi’s Hell on Earth. Written by John Prendergast. Washington, DC. October 1999.

  United States Government. Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives. 104th Congress, 2nd Session. Refugees in Eastern Zaire and Rwanda. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa. December 4, 1996.

  ———. Committee on International Relations. House of Representatives. 105th congress, 1st session. Zaire: Collapse of an African Giant? Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa. April 8, 1997.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. February 1998.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. February 1999.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. February 2000.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. February 2001.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in Rwanda. February 1998.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in Rwanda. February 1999.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in Rwanda. February 2000.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in Rwanda. February 2001.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in Angola. February 1998.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in Angola. February 1999.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in Angola. February 2000.

  ———. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices in Angola. February 2001.

  ———. Diamonds and Conflic: Policy Proposals and Background. Written by Nicolas Cook. Washington, DC. Congressional Research Service. February 2001.

  ———. Global Humanitarian Emergencies: Trends and Projections, 2001–2002. Written by David Gordon. Washington, DC. National Intelligence Council. September 2001.

  World Bank. Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results and the Road Ahead. Washington, DC.

  ———. Can Africa Claim the 21st Century? Washington, DC. 2000.

  ———. Conflict Diamonds. Written by Louis Goreux. Washington, DC. February 2001.

  ———. Greater Great Lakes Regional Strategy for Demobilization and Reintegration. Washington, DC. March 2002.

  ———. Post-Conflict Recovery in Africa: An Agenda for the Region. Written by S. Michailof, M. Kostner, and X. Devictor. Washington, DC. May 2002.

  World Council of Churches. The Angels Have Left Us: The Rwanda Tragedy and the Churches. Written by H. McCullum. Geneva. 1997.

  Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum. The Unleashing of Violence: A Report on Political Violence in Zimbabwe. Harare. May 2000.

  Unpublished Theses

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  Mouzer, F. “Diaspora et pouvoir dans le Rwanda post-génocide.” MA thesis. Paris Sorbonne, Department of African Studies, 2002.

  Rozès, A. “Angola: Guerre civile et interventions extérieures (1975–1988).” PhD thesis. University of Nantes, Department of Political Science, 1996.

  Torrenté, N. de. “Post–Conflict Reconstruction and the International Community in Uganda (1986–2000).” PhD thesis. London School of Economics, 2001.

  Willum, B. “Foreign Aid to Rwanda: Purely Beneficial or Contributing to War?” Dissertation for the Candidate Degree in Political Science, University of Copenhagen, October 2001.

  Books and Articles

  Adelman, H., and Rao, G. C., eds. War and Peace in Zaire/Congo: Analyzing and Evaluating Intervention (1996–1997). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004.

  Adelman, H., and Suhrke, A., eds. The Path of Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1999.

  Africano, M. A. L’UNITA et la deuxième guerre civile angolaise. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1995.

  Aguilar, M. I. The Rwanda Genocide and the Call to Deepen Christianity in Africa. Eldoret, Kenya: Gaba Publications, 1998.

  Ali, A. A. G., and P. Collier, eds. Special Issue on Aid of the Journal of African Economies 8, no. 4 (December 1999).

  Ambrossetti, D. La France au Rwanda: Un discours de légitimation morale. Paris: Karthala, 2000.

  André, C., and L. Luzolele. “Politique de l’Union Européenne et effets pervers pour le conflit des Grands Lacs.” In S. Marysse and F. Reyntjens, eds., L’Afrique des Grands Lacs (2000–2001), 365–396. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2001.

  André, C., and J. Ph. Platteau. “Land Relations under Unbearable Stress: Rwanda Caught in the Malthusian Trap.” Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 34, no. 1 (February 1998): 1–47.

  Anonymous. “Memorandum du Département des Affaires Etrangères du Zaïre.” Politique Africaine, no. 41 (March 1991): 102–110.

  ———. RPF Riding Herd. Report written by a middle-ranking U.S. civil servant. Posted on the Internet, dated January 26, 1999.

  ———. “Africa’s Great Black Hope: A Survey of South Africa.” Supplement to The Economist, February 24, 2001.

  Ansoms,
A. “Résurrection après la guerre civile et le genocide: Croissance économique, pauvreté et inégalité dans le Rwanda post-conflit.” In F. Reyntjens and S. Marysse, eds., L’Afrique des Grands Lacs: Annuaire 2005–2006. Dix ans de transitions conflicturelles, 373–387. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2006.

  Anstee, M. Orphan of the Cold War: The Inside Story of the Collapse of the Angolan Peace Process (1992–1993). London: Macmillan, 1996.

  Ayittey, G. Africa in Chaos. New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 1998.

  Bakajika-Banjikila, Th. Epuration ethnique en Afrique: Les Kasaïens (Katanga 1961–Shaba 1992). Paris: L’Harmattan, 1997.

  Bakatuseka, C. La “libération” de Lubumbashi (1997). Paris: L’Harmattan, 1999.

  Banegas, R., and B. Jewsiewicki, eds. “RDC, la guerre vue d’en bas.” Special Issue of Politique Africaine, no. 84 (December 2001). [With texts by G. de Villers and J. Omasombo, A. Maindo, L. N’Sanda Buleli, J. Kabulo, F. van Acker and K. Vlassenroot, S. Jackson, and J. F. Ploquin.]

  Barnett, M. “The Politics of Indifference at the United Nations.” Cultural Anthropology, November 1997.

  ———. Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002.

  Bassinet, A. “Congo: Á qui profite la rente pétrolière?” Imprecor, no. 173 (May 14, 1984): 30–34.

  Bayart, J. F. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. London: longman, 1993.

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  ———. “L’Afrique dans le monde: Une histoire d’extraversion.” Critique internationale, no. 5 (Autumn 1999): 97–120.

  Bayart, J. F., S. Ellis, and B. Hibou. The Criminalisation of the State in Africa. Oxford: James currey, 1999.

  Bazenguissa-Ganga, R. “Milices politiques et bandes armées à Brazzaville, enquête sur la violence politique et sociale des jeunes déclassés.” Les Etudes du CERI, no. 13 (April 1996).

  ———. Les voies du politique au Congo: Essai de sociologie historique. Paris: Karthala, 1997.

  ———. “Les milices politiques dans les affrontements.” Afrique Contemporaine, no. 186. (April–June 1998): 46–57.

  Ben Hammouda, H. Burundi: Histoire économique et politique d’un conflit. Paris: l’Harmattan, 1995.

  Berghezan, G. Trafics d’armes vers l’Afrique: Pleins feux sur les réseaux français et le “savoir-faire” belge. Brussels: Editions Complexe, 2002.

  Berghezan, G., and F. Nkundabagenzi. La guerre du Congo-Kinshasa. Brussels: GRIP, 1999.

  Berman, E., and K. Sams. Peacekeeping in Africa: Capabilities and Culpabilities. Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2000.

  Bernault, F. “La communauté africaniste française au crible de la crise rwandaise.” Africa Today 45, no. 1 (1998): 45–58.

  Bertrand, J. Rwanda: Le piège de l’histoire. L’opposition démocratique avant le génocide (1990–1994). Paris: Karthala, 2000.

  Bizimana, J. D. L’Eglise et le genocide au Rwanda. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2000.

  Blanc, Th. “Diamonds Are Forever: Le Zimbabwe, les diamants et la guerre en République Démocratique du Congo.” Afrique Contemporaine, no. 197 (January–March 2001): 34–46.

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  ———. Kabila, clone de Mobutu? Paris: Moreux, 1998.

  Booh Booh, J. R. Le patron de Dallaire parle: Révélations sur les dérives d’un général de l’ONU au Rwanda. Paris: Editions Duboiris, 2005.

  Bradol, J. H., and A. Guibert. “Le temps des assassins et l’espace humanitaire: Rwanda-Kivu 1994–1997.” Hérodote, no. 86/87 (1997): 116–149.

  Braeckman, c. Le dinosaure. Paris: Fayard, 1992.

  ———. Terreur Africaine: Burundi, Rwanda, Zaïre. Les racines de la violence. Paris: Fayard, 1996.

  ———. L’ enjeu congolais. Paris: Fayard, 1999.

  ———. Les nouveaux prédateurs: Politique des puissances en Afrique Centrale Paris: Fayard, 2003.

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  Bridgland, F. Jonas Savimbi, a Key to Africa. Johannesburg: Macmillan, 1986.

  ———. “Savimbi et l’exercice du pouvoir: Un témoignage.” Politique Africaine, no. 57 (March 1995): 94–102.

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  Bucyalimwe Mararo, s. “La société civile du Kivu: Une dynamique en panne?” In S. Marysse and F. Reyntjens, eds., L’Afrique des Grands Lacs 1998–1999, 237–271. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1999.

  Bulambo Katambu, A. Mourir au Kivu. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2001.

  Cain, K., H. Postlewait, and A. Thomson. Emergency Sex (and Other Desperate Measures): True Stories from a War Zone. New York: Random House, 2004.

  Calderisi, R. The Trouble with Africa: Why Foreign Aid Isn’t Working. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.

  Callaghy, T. M. The State Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984.

  ———. “Africa and the World Political Economy: More Caught between a Rock and a Hard Place.” In J. W. Harbeson and D. Rothchild, eds., Africa in World Politics: The African State System in Flux, 42–82. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000.

  Cassimon D., and S. Marysse. “L’évolution socio-économique au Rwanda et au Burundi (2000–2001) et la politique financière internationale.” In S. Marysse and F. Reyntjens, eds., L’Afrique des Grands Lacs (2000–2001), 1–20. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2001.

  Cavalieri, R., et al. Burundi: Democrazia in calvario. Parma: Alfa Zeta Editore, 1994.

  ———. Bujumbura, citta dell’ odio. Parma: Alfa Zeta Editore, 1995.

  ———. Balcani d’Africa: Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire: oltre la guerra etnica. Torino: Edizioni Gruppo Abele, 1997.

  Chabal, P., and J. P. Daloz. Africa Works: Disorder as a Political Instrument. London: James currey, 1999.

  Cheuzeville, H. Kadogo, enfants des guerres d’Afrique Centrale. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2003.

  Chrétien, J. P. Burundi, l’histoire retrouvée. Paris: Karthala, 1993.

  ———. “Burundi: The Obsession with Genocide.” Current History, May 1996, 206–210.

  ———. Le défi de l’ethnisme: Rwanda et Burundi 1990–1996. Paris: Karthala, 1997.

  ———. “Le Rwanda piégé par son histoire.” Esprit, nos. 266–267 (August–September 2000): 170–189.

  ———. The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History. New York: Zone Books, 2003.

  ———, ed. Rwanda: Les médias du génocide. Paris: Karthala, 1995.

  Chrétien, J. P., and J. F. Dupaquier. Burundi 1972: Au bord des génocides. Paris: Karthala, 2007.

  Chrétien, J. P., and G. Prunier, eds. Les ethnies ont une histoire. Paris: Karthala, 1989.

  Chrétien, J. P., et al., eds. Rwanda, un génocide du XXème siècle. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1995.

  Cilliers, J., and P. Mason, eds. Peace, Profit or Plunder: The Privatisation of Security in War-Torn African Societies. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 1999.

  Clark, J. F. “Democracy Dismantled in the Congo Republic.” Current History, May 1998, 234–237.

  ———. “Explaining Ugandan Intervention in Congo.” Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 2 (2000): 261–287.

  ———, ed. The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Press, 2002.

  Clark, P. “When t
he Killers Go Home: Local Justice in Rwanda.” Dissent, July 2005.

  Collins, B. Obedience in Rwanda: A Critical Question. Sheffield, UK: Hallam University Press, 1998.

  Compagnon, D. “Terrorisme électoral au Zimbabwe.” Politique Africaine, no. 78 (June 2000): 180–190.

  ———. “Zimbabawe: L’alternance ou le chaos.” Politique Africaine, no. 81 (March 2001): 7–25.