IDA TARBELL_PORTRAIT OF A MUCKRAKER
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Miles, General Nelson A., 107, 108
Milwaukee Sentinel, 175
Mobil Corporation, 158
Moffat, Yard and Company, 232
Montague, Gilbert H., 143, 147–48
Moody, W. H., 180
Morehouse, Charles T., 133
Morgan, Anne, 197–98, 250–51
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 113, 121, 136, 141, 157, 194, 197, 234
Munsey’s (magazine), 93
Mussolini, Benito, 238–41
Napoleon Bonaparte, 101–3, 153, 163, 241
Nation, The (periodical), 101, 152–53, 234
National Arts Club (New York), 146, 160, 205
National Child Labor Committee, 203
National City Bank, 123, 124
National Consumers League, 190
National Cordage Company, 87
National Geographic Magazine, 107
National Geographic Society, 107, 110
National Linseed Oil Trust, 42
New England Magazine, 74, 80
New Republic, The (periodical), 224, 231
New York Central Railroad, 174
New York Evening Post, 105, 150
New York Herald, 24, 210
New York Journal, 108
New York Press, 91
New York Public Library, 124, 249
New York State Association Opposed to the Extension of the Vote to Women, 114–15, 205
New York Sun, 106, 150
New York Times, 118, 152, 169–70, 190, 208, 228, 251, 252
New York Tribune, 37
New York World, 136, 141, 228–29, 246
Nicolay, John, 96, 97, 101
Norris, Frank, 117
Northern Securities railroad, 141
Nurse (later Tarbell), Mary, 10
Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, 11
Oil City Derrick, 152
O’Neil, James E., 227, 228
Page, Walter, 114
Palmer, John M., 97
Palmer, Minerva, 200
Pan American Petroleum, 227
Panama Company, 55
Pasteur, Louis, 72–73, 81
Pathé Film Company, 250–51
Patterson, Mrs. (IMT’s landlady), 94, 103, 115
Paylore, Patricia, 246
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909), 189, 192, 193
Pen & Brush Club (New York), 198–99, 250, 251
Periodical Publishers’ Dinner, 148
Perkins-Gilman, Charlotte, 202
Philadelphia American, 101
Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, 192
Phillips, David Graham, 169, 174
Phillips, Jennie, 112, 146, 171, 219
Phillips, John, 64–65, 75, 103–6, 112–14, 117, 119–21, 130, 133, 146, 148–50, 161–65, 168, 170–73, 175–80, 182–84, 194, 206–7, 209, 210, 219, 220, 228, 233–34, 237, 247, 249–50, 253, 255
Phillips Publishing Company, 179
Pirelli company, 238
Pittsburgh Dispatch, 55, 57
Poindexter, Miles, 231
Police Gazette, 15, 249
Portland (Maine) News, 152
Poth, Herr, 131
Prairie Oil and Gas Company, 227, 231
Pratt, Charles, 22, 127
Presbyterian Banner, The, 155
Price, Ella Tarbell, 147, 248
Pritchett, Henry S., 151
Progressives, 140, 186, 195, 196, 198
Prudential Life Insurance Company, 175
Pujo Committee (House of Representatives), 207
Pullman Company, 97
Pure Oil Company, 110, 131, 146, 184
Raleigh, Hannah, 10
Reader, The (periodical), 150
Reading Railroad, 87
Red Cross Magazine, The, 219, 220, 224–25
Reed, John, 182, 199
Reed, Thomas B., 108–9
Republican Party, 14, 38, 108, 141, 186, 195–96, 231, 242
Reviews of Reviews, The (periodical), 224
Revue des Deux Mondes (periodical), 37, 43, 69
Reynolds, Paul, 224–25, 249
Rice, Alice Hegan, 148–49, 164, 197, 244, 254
Rice, Cale, 148–49, 164, 244
Rice, Mrs. (IMT’s teacher), 17
Richmond Gazette, 152
Robinson, Albert G., 150
Rockefeller, Abby Aldrich, 192
Rockefeller, Frank, 125, 144, 146, 154, 155
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 210, 228, 231–32, 234, 247
Rockefeller, John D., Sr., 9, 10, 22–24, 87, 88, 95, 122–33, 136–38, 142–47, 151–59, 161, 171, 192, 195, 215, 226–27, 231–32, 234, 241, 243; IMT’s profile of, 153–55, 166–67; see also Standard Oil Company
Rockefeller, William, 136, 142–43, 154–55
Rockefeller Foundation, 232
Rockefeller Institute, 142
Rogers, Henry, 22, 126–29, 145–46, 157
Roland, Madame Manon Phlipon de, 44–47, 58, 60, 62–63, 66, 70, 72, 76–79, 93, 95, 101, 111
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 228
Roosevelt, Theodore, 38, 108, 121, 134, 140–42, 159, 169, 174–75, 182, 187, 189, 195–97
Roseboro, Viola, 115, 117, 119, 133, 134, 142, 150–51, 172, 197, 199, 216, 219, 236, 237, 239–41, 244, 247, 249, 250, 252, 253
Round Table (periodical), 113
Roux, Pierre Emile, 73
Russian-Japanese Peace Conference, 169
Rutledge, Ann, 100, 241–42
St. John-New Brunswick Globe, 152
Samuel S. McClure Company, 172, 176, 232; see also McClure, Samuel Sidney; McClure’s Magazine
Sandburg, Carl, 235
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Sr., 244–45
Schurz, Carl, 100, 105–6, 165, 169
Scott, Ella, see Tarbell, Ella Scott
Scribner, Charles, 93
Scribner’s Magazine, 54, 57–58, 61, 65, 66, 72, 74, 116
Seaver (later Wheeler), Laura, 15, 16, 18, 72, 249
Sedgwick, Ellery, 135–36, 175
Seignobos, Charles, 70–71, 111, 220, 221
Senate, U.S., 169, 174; and tariff issue, 189; and Teapot Dome, 228, 230
Séverine, Mlle (Caroline Remy Guebhard), 66–67
Shaw, Anna Howard, 202, 219
Sherard, Robert, 88
Sherman Act, 158
Shilling, Warren, 30
Shirtwaist Workers Strike, 190
Siddall, John McAlpin, 125–26, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 137, 142–45, 149, 151, 164, 171, 172, 176–80, 209, 235
Sinclair, Harry, 227, 228, 230–31
Sinclair, Upton, 157
Sinclair Oil, 227, 231
Sloan, William H., 91, 92
Smith, Alfred E., 242
Sorbonne (Paris), 47, 56, 60–61, 71, 80
South Improvement Company, 21, 22, 123–24, 127, 130, 136–38
Southard, George F., 72
Spanish-American War, 94–95, 107–9, 134, 196
Springfield Republican (newspaper), 231
Staël, Madame de, 44
Standard Oil Company, 6, 9, 22–24, 33–34, 39, 42, 45, 72, 87–88, 110, 122, 146–47, 155, 187, 209; IMT’s studies of, 120–33, 135–49, 151–60; 169, 170, 187, 191, 227–34, 245; dissolution of, 158–59, 180–81, 184, 227, 231; and Teapot Dome, 227–28
Standard Oil of California, 158
Standard Oil of Indiana, 158, 227, 231
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 22, 158, 159, 227, 228, 231
Standard Oil of New York, 158, 227, 231
Standard Oil of Ohio, 158
Stanford University, 195
Steed, Henry Wickman, 71, 123, 221
Steffens, Lincoln, 135, 136, 138–40, 142, 148, 151, 157, 162, 164, 170, 172, 174–80, 182–84, 208, 219, 221, 239
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 64, 92, 104
Stewart, Robert W., 227, 228
Stolberg, Bejamin, 234
Straner, Juliet V., 204
Stubbs, Walter R., 179
Suffrage Party, 199
Sugar Trust,
121
Sullivan, Mark, 140
Supreme Court, U.S., 158, 159, 227
Survey, The (magazine), 209
Taft, William Howard, 189, 196
Tarbell (later Tupper), Clara (IMT’s niece), 84, 146, 198–99, 226, 233, 245, 247, 254
Tarbell, Ella Scott (Will’s wife), 34, 39, 59, 147, 204, 235–36, 254
Tarbell (later Aldrich), Esther (IMT’s niece), 23, 84, 146, 167–68, 174, 179, 181, 198–99, 245, 254
Tarbell, Esther Ann McCullough (IMT’s mother), 10–18, 20–26, 29, 34, 45, 59, 60, 75, 110, 146, 147, 155, 185–86, 202, 204, 207, 218, 235
Tarbell, Franklin, Jr. (IMT’s brother), 15, 19, 249
Tarbell, Franklin Sumner (IMT’s father), 10–14, 16, 18–23, 26, 33–34, 45, 57, 59, 75, 87–88, 95, 99, 109–10, 122, 123, 127, 130, 136–37, 146, 147, 155, 157, 186, 215
Tarbell, Ida Minerva: Ada McCormick and, 236–37, 243–48, 250, 254; Albert Boyden and, 117, 118; at Allegheny College, 25–31, 61; in Alps, 148–49; at The American, 178–84, 186–95, 203, 207–9; birth of, 10–11; in California (1911), 195; Carl Schurz and, 105–6, 165, 169; Charles Borgeaud and, 71, 130; at The Chautaquan, 35–38, 42–47, 58, 59, 62, 66, 67, 80, 171, 185: childhood of, 11–25; at Clifton Springs Sanitarium, 102, 114, 195; death of, 255; diary of, 157, 165–67, 171, 173, 177; early political views of, 28, 32, 37–38; early reading of, 16–19, 27; as editor of McClure’s 114–65, 167–77; eightieth birthday of, 251–52; in Europe, 130–31; family of, see individual family members; in film for Authors League, 207–8; first investigative reporting, 43–44; “flying boat” trip of, 207; in France (1919), 220–24; as freelancer for McClure’s, 65–66, 69, 71–75, 80–83, 87; on the French, 53–55; in Great Britain (1893), 82–83; during Great War, 215–19; and Hazen, 56, 62–63, 102, 118–19, 148; Henry Demarest Lloyd and, 123, 131–32, 138; Henry James and, 165–67; Henry Rogers and, 126–29, 145–46; Herbert B. Adams and, 89–90; Herbert Hoover and, 228–31, 242; history of family of, 10–12; Hoar and, 94–95, 108–9; honored by Titusville (1939), 252; hospitalized with tuberculosis, 218–19; at Hull House, 184–85, 205; interviews Pasteur, 72–73, 81; in Italy (1926), 238–41; Jane Addams and, 150, 184–85, 193, 202–3, 205, 216, 223, 246; John Burroughs and, 165; John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and, 231–32; joins McClure’s full-time, 83–84, 87, 88; in Kansas and Missouri (1905), 156; as labor expert, 209–10; leaves The American, 209; life in Paris (1891–93), 51–64, 69–76, 80–82; life in Washington (1893–97), 88–90, 94–96, 102–3, 106–7; Lincoln Steffens on, 136, 157; lives “co-operatively” in Meadville, 39, 46; and marriage, 18, 30–31, 33, 39–41, 62, 70–72, 78–79, 148, 201–2; and Marillier-Seignobos circle, 70–71, 111, 115, 220, 221; meets McClure, 64–66; moderates views on big business, 208–9, 233–34; moves to Paris (1891), 48, 51–52; Paris writings (1891–93), 54–58, 60–61, 66–68, 70, 72–83; Parkinson’s disease, 219, 251; Paul Reynolds and, 224–25, 249; personality of, 6–7, 9–10, 12, 18–21, 38, 96, 103, 115–16, 150–51; Phillips and, 103, 112–13, 130, 133, 149–50, 163–65, 167, 170–73, 197, 206–7, 219, 249–50, 253, 255; physical appearance of, 9, 10, 115; private and social life in New York, 89, 102–3, 109, 114–15, 118, 119, 146, 150–51, 165–68, 196–99, 205, 253–54; Redding Ridge (Connecticut) house of, 173–74, 181–82, 185–86, 197, 205, 209, 225–26, 233, 235–36, 254; relationship with father, 21–23, 58–59, 75, 109–10; relationship with McClure, 64, 65, 78, 83–84, 87, 95, 96, 103, 104, 121–22, 148–50, 157, 161–65, 168–69, 171–73, 176–78, 180, 186, 190, 232; relationship with mother, 22, 58–59, 202; relationship with sister Sarah, 111–12, 147; and religion, 9, 12, 16, 18–20, 29, 31, 61, 76, 84; resigns from McClure’s, 173, 175–77; returns to U.S. (1893), 83–84; Roosevelt and, 141–42, 175, 187, 195–97; schooling of, 17–20; and science, 9, 16, 19–20, 24, 26, 28–29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 42, 72–73, 81, 106–7; and sexuality, 77–78, 122, 165, 198, 201; Siddall’s collaborations with, 125–26, 132, 133, 137, 142–45, 149, 164; at Sorbonne, 47, 56, 60–61, 71, 80; and Spanish-American War, 94–95, 107–9; on Tariff Commission, 186, 217; as teacher at Poland Union Seminary, 31–33; and Teapot Dome, 227–33; as traveling lecturer, 216–19, 225, 233, 243; in Tucson (1931), 245–48; vacation in Europe (1897), 111–12; visits family (1893), 87–88; Washington years with McClure’s, 87–109, 112–14; Western vacation (1906), 171–72; Willa Cather and, 134; and Women’s Defense Committee, 218, 219, 228; and women’s issues, 6–7, 23–24, 29–30, 37, 43–45, 61, 66–67, 114–15, 186, 189–91, 194, 199–207, 209–10, 242 writings: All in the Day’s Work, 249–50; “American Women” series, 186, 189–90; “The Arts and Industries of Cincinnati,” 43; “Billy Brown” stories, 97; The Business of Being a Woman, 201–2; “A Chemical Detective Bureau,” 74; “The Compatriot,” 79–80; “Disillusion of Women,” 40; early attempts at fiction, 40, 42, 43; “Florida—And Then What?,” 237–38; “France Adorée,” 54, 57–58, 60; “The Golden Rule in Business,” 208; “The Greatest Story in the World Today,” 238–41; “He Knew Lincoln,” 97, 236; The History of the Standard Oil Company (and related work), 120–33, 135–49, 151–60, 169, 170, 187, 191, 227–34, 245; “The Hunt for a Money Trust,” 207; In the Footsteps of the Lincolns, 235; introduction to Giddens’s Birth of the Oil Industry, 245; “John D. Rockefeller, A Character Study,” 153–55, 166–67; The Life of Abraham Lincoln (and related work), 95–102, 104–6, 111, 119, 123–26, 129, 235, 241–42; Life After Eighty, 253, 255; The Life of Elbert H. Gary, 233–34, 245; Madame Roland, 44–47, 58, 60, 62–63, 66, 70, 72, 76–79, 93, 95, 101, 111; “Making a Man of Herself,” 202; “Man’s Inhumanity to Women,” 190; “Marrying Day in Paris,” 57; “Napoleon Bonaparte” (and related writings), 87–95, 101–3, 158; The Nationalizing of Business, 244–45; “The New Woman Power of France,” 224–25; Owen D. Young: A New Type of Industrialist, 245; “A Paris Press Woman,” 67–68; “Patriotic Shopping,” 219; “The Paving of Paris by Monsieur Alphand,” 65; Peacemakers—Blessed and Otherwise, 224; preface to The Book of Women’s Power, 194; “The Queen of the Gironde,” 44–45; “The Relation of Woman to the French Institute,” 67; The Rising of the Tide, 219–20; “The Salons of Paris,” 75; The Short Life of Napoleon, 93; A Sketch of the Life of Josephine, 93; on tariff issue, 180, 181, 186–94; “Twenty Cent Dinners,” 203
Tarbell, John, 10
Tarbell, Mary Nurse, 10
Tarbell, Sarah Asenath (IMT’s sister), 15, 18–19, 22, 23, 28–29, 45, 57, 59–60, 102, 111–12, 130, 147, 155, 185, 202, 204, 215, 236, 249, 251, 253, 254
Tarbell, Scott (Will’s son), 110–11, 204, 226, 245, 247, 248, 254
Tarbell, Thomas, 10
Tarbell, William (IMT’s brother), 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 28, 34, 39, 45, 59, 60, 88, 105–6, 110, 131, 146–47, 152, 154, 155, 178, 184, 204, 215, 230, 233, 235–36, 238, 245, 249, 251, 252, 254
Tarbell, William (IMT’s grandfather), 10, 23
Tariff Commission, 186, 217
Tarkington, Booth, 116–17
Taylor, Henry Osborn, 247
Teagle, Walter, 227
Teapot Dome scandal, 227–33, 242
Thomas, Benjamin, 101, 235
Thompson, J. Walter, 175
Times, The (London), 221
Tingley, Jeremiah, 27–28
Todd, Mary, 97, 100
Topeka Democrat, 91–92
Topeka Herald, 152
Toussoum, Prince Said, 53
Towle, Annie, 52–53, 56, 58, 61, 62
Toynbee Hall (London), 185
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, 190
Trup, Paul, 226
Tupper, Caroline Tarbell, 147, 199, 226, 254
Tupper, Clara, see Tarbell, Clara
Tupper, Tristram, 226, 247
Twain, Mark, 37, 98, 114, 116, 127, 129, 181
Unemployment Conference (1922), 224
United States Patent Office, 6, 43–44
U.S. Steel Corporation, 121, 187, 233–34
Universal Magazine, 170–72
Vacuum Oil Works, 129
Van Dyke, James W., 227
Van Rensselaer, Mrs. Schuyler, 114–15, 189, 190
Varian, George, 143
Versailles Conference, 220–23
Vincent, Ada, 56, 61, 89, 102, 197
Vincent, George, 232
Vincent, Bishop John H., 35, 38, 56, 57, 61, 63, 71, 89, 102, 232
Wald, Lillian, 190, 191, 193, 202, 203, 210
Walker, Clara (Dot), 32–33, 194, 220, 249
Walker, Robert, 249
Wanamaker, Thomas B., 178
Warner, Charles Dudley, 98
Washington Literary Society, 96
Wells, H. G., 64, 107
Wharton, Joseph, 187
Wheeler, Laura Seaver, 15, 16, 18, 72, 249
Wherry, Edith, 169
Whiskey Trust, 42
White, Andrew D., 131
White, Stanford, 179
White, William Allen, 103–4, 116, 171, 179, 196, 198, 221, 223
Wilkinson, Florence, 148–49, 161–62, 167, 173
Willard, Frances, 23, 46, 61
Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, 98, 210, 217, 218, 221–23, 228, 229
Wolfe, Thelma, 248, 252
Woman Suffrage League of France, 67
Woman’s Home Companion (magazine), 203, 219
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 38
Women’s Defense Committee, 218, 219, 228
Young, Owen D., 184, 245
Zola, Émile, 55, 81, 82
Zola, Mme Émile, 82, 111
Acknowledgments
This is a happy task, shadowed only by the need to omit many names because of lack of space. My thanks go first to Stella Edwards, the librarian of special collections at Pelletier Library of Allegheny College where most of Tarbell’s papers are housed. Besides her help, I appreciate her friendship, and that of her husband Sam. I also thank everyone at Pelletier Library, particularly Margaret Moser, the head librarian, and the people at Drake Well Museum. I would like to express my gratitude to Bonnie Smith and Vance Packard, Jr.; Ferdinand Lundberg; Linda Showalter; Rolf Kaltenborn of the Kaltenborn Foundation which gave me a grant; Ellen Steese of The Christian Science Monitor whose assignments enabled me to research Tarbell’s Paris haunts and The Lincoln Trail; and all the librarians around the country whom I encountered in person and through the miracle of photocopying.
Extra special thanks go to Ida Tarbell’s grandnieces, Caroline Tarbell Tupper and Ella Tarbell Price, who gave me much guidance, information, and personal joy, and Lawrence J. Brady, my brother, who read the manuscript in its early stages and provided invaluable help and encouragement.