The Last Viking

by Stephen Bown

  home in Norway, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19

  leadership qualities, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24, ref 25, ref 26

  learns to deal with the media, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  love of Alaska, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  in New York, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12

  in the New York Times, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24, ref 25, ref 26, ref 27, ref 28, ref 29

  nicknames, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; explorer as entertainer, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13

  physical fitness, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  proficiency in English, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  relationship with Bess Magids, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  relationship with Dr. Frederick Cook, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13

  relationship with Fridtjof Nansen, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16

  relationship with Kristine Bennett, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15

  relationship with Sigrid Castberg, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Amundsen, Roald, early life

  attendance at university, ref 1, ref 2

  birth and childhood, ref 1

  death of father, ref 1

  death of mother, ref 1

  first Antarctic sledging journey, ref 1

  first Antarctic winter, ref 1, ref 2

  first efforts to join Polar expeditions, ref 1, ref 2

  joins Belgica expedition, ref 1

  lessons learned from the Belgica expedition, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  military service, ref 1, ref 2

  plans to become an explorer, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  rift with de Gerlache over command, ref 1, ref 2

  ski trip over Hardangervidda, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  training to become ship’s officer, ref 1, ref 2

  Amundsen, Roald, expedition leader, the Northwest Passage

  boyhood dream of sailing the Northwest Passage, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  buys the Gjøa, ref 1, ref 2

  celebrations, ref 1 publication of The North-West Passage, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  financial difficulties and departure, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  financial loss through breaking of exclusive news contract, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  at Gjøahavn, ref 1

  granted use of the Fram, ref 1

  interpersonal quarrels, ref 1, ref 2

  learns Arctic survival techniques, ref 1, ref 2

  lecture tour of Europe, ref 1

  lecture tour of the United States, ref 1, ref 2

  meeting with Inuit, ref 1

  near loss of the Gjøa in the Arctic, ref 1

  overland expedition to Eagle City, Alaska, ref 1

  plans for the Northwest Passage expedition, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  purchase of house, ref 1

  selects crew of the Gjøa, ref 1

  talk at the Royal Geographical Society, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  training for the Northwest Passage, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  use of and attitude toward sled dogs, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  visits Nome, ref 1

  Amundsen, Roald, expedition leader, the South Pole

  aborted first attempt, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  announces plans to crew, ref 1, ref 2

  in Argentina, ref 1, ref 2

  arrives in Antarctica, ref 1, ref 2

  arrives in Hobart, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  changes destination to South Pole, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  construction of Framheim, ref 1

  departure for the pole, ref 1

  diet, ref 1, ref 2

  difficulty raising funds, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  eating of the dogs, ref 1, ref 2

  encounter with the Terra Nova, ref 1, ref 2

  equipment and clothing, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  famous letter to Nansen, ref 1

  financial contribution of Christophersen, ref 1, ref 2

  guilt over the death of Scott, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  historical research, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  honors and awards, ref 1, ref 2

  lecture tour, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  legacy of the South Pole victory, ref 1

  names land features, ref 1

  preparation and planning, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  publication of The South Pole, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  quarrel with Johansen, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  reaches the South Pole, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  reception in the U.S., ref 1, ref 2

  returns to Norway, ref 1

  speech at the Royal Geographical Society, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  treatment and use of dogs, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14

  use of food depots, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  U.S. fundraising tour, ref 1

  U.S. lecture tour, ref 1

  wireless communication technology, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Amundsen, Roald, expedition leader, the Northeast Passage

  adopts two foster daughters, Kakonita and Camilla, ref 1, ref 2

  bad luck and injuries during the voyage, ref 1

  becomes a celebrity in the U.S., ref 1, ref 2

  cancels use of airplanes, ref 1, ref 2

  circumnavigates the Arctic Ocean, ref 1

  expedition delayed by the war, ref 1, ref 2

  expedition finances, ref 1, ref 2

  expedition objectives, ref 1

  flying lessons, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  fundraising, ref 1

  launch of the Maud, ref 1

  makes money during the war, ref 1, ref 2

  new plan to fly to the North Pole, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  overhaul of the Maud, ref 1

  publication of The North East Passage (in Norwegian), ref 1

  purchases the Maud, ref 1

  returns German awards, ref 1

  several men leave the expedition, ref 1

  uninspired preparations, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  U.S. enters the war, ref 1

  wartime activities ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Amundsen, Roald, expedition leader, the North Pole

  aid to Richard Byrd, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  in Alaska, ref 1

  attacked in the press, ref 1, ref 2

  celebration of survival, ref 1, ref 2

  claims of Edwin Fairfax Naulty, ref 1

  conditions aboard the Norge, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  crash en route to Seattle, ref 1, ref 2

  crash of the Junkers, ref 1

  departs from Spitsbergen, ref 1

  entrusts Haakon Hammer as business manager, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  fiftieth birthday, ref 1

  financial trouble and bankruptcy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  flying boats land near the pole, ref 1

  fundraising, ref 1, ref 2

  language and communication problems, ref 1, ref 2

  leadership quarrels, ref 1, ref 2, re
f 3, ref 4, ref 5

  lecture tour of U.S., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  meets Lincoln Ellsworth, ref 1

  muses about retirement, ref 1

  at the North Pole, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Omdal nearly drowns, ref 1

  opinion on dirigibles, ref 1

  across the Polar Sea, ref 1, ref 2

  publication of Our Polar Flight ref 1

  publicity of the Norge voyage, ref 1, ref 2

  purchases airplanes, ref 1, ref 2

  purchases airship, ref 1

  quarrel with Leon, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  resumes expedition, ref 1, ref 2

  return journey, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  seeks new flying boat, ref 1, ref 2

  sovereignty of discovered lands, ref 1

  technical difficulties of airships, ref 1, ref 2

  U.S. lecture tour, ref 1

  Amundsen, Roald, post-expedition

  lecture tour of Japan and Russia, ref 1

  lecture tour of the United States, ref 1

  loss at sea in search of Nobile, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  publication of First Crossing of the Polar Sea, with Lincoln Ellsworth, ref 1, ref 2

  publication of memoir My Life as an Explorer, ref 1, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  quarrel with Nobile, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  quarrel with the Norwegian Aero Club, ref 1, ref 2

  reception in Seattle, ref 1, ref 2

  Anyon Island, ref 1

  Arctic Archipelago, ref 1, ref 2

  Arctic, temperature and climate, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Astrup, Eivind, ref 1

  Baden-Powell, Robert, ref 1

  Balchen, Bernt, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Barents Sea, ref 1

  Bartlett, Robert, ref 1

  Bay of Whales, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Beck, Andreas, ref 1

  Belgica, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22

  Bennett, Floyd, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Bennett, Kristine, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15

  Bering Sea, ref 1

  Bjaaland, Olav, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17

  Blanchard, Jean-Pierre, ref 1

  Bleriot, Louis, ref 1

  Bolshevik Revolution, ref 1, ref 2

  Borchgrevnik, Carsten, ref 1, ref 2

  Byrd, Richard Evelyn, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13

  Campbell, Victor, ref 1, ref 2

  Cape Chelyuskin, ref 1

  Cape of Good Hope, ref 1

  Carpendale, Camilla, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Carpendale, Clarendon (later known as Charles), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Castberg, Sigrid, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Cedarstrom, Carl, ref 1

  Chantier, ref 1

  Charcot, Jean-Baptiste, ref 1

  Charles Hansson, ref 1

  Chester, Colby M., ref 1

  Christiania (“Oslo” after 1925). See Oslo

  Christophersen, Peter (a.k.a. Don Pedro Christophersen), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Christophersen, Silas, ref 1

  Christy, Gerald, ref 1, ref 2

  Chukchi people, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Cook, Frederick A., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23

  Cook, James, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Curzon, George Nathaniel, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Dalrymple Rock, ref 1

  Danish Greenland Literary Expedition, ref 1

  Davison, Ralph, ref 1

  de Gerlache, Adrien, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11

  Dickson Island, ref 1

  Dietrichsen, Leif, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  Dobrowlski, Antoine, ref 1

  Dornier, Claude, ref 1

  Doxrud, Christian, ref 1

  Eagle City, Alaska, ref 1

  Eckroll, Martin, ref 1, ref 2

  Edmonton, Alberta, ref 1

  Eielson, Carl Ben, ref 1, ref 2

  Ellsworth, James W., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Ellsworth, Lincoln, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24, ref 25, ref 26

  Empress of Asia, ref 1

  Erichsen, Mylius, ref 1

  Fairbanks, Charles W., ref 1

  Fallieres, Armand, ref 1

  Filcher, Wilhelm, ref 1

  First World War. See World War I

  Fram, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24

  diesel engine, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  in need of repairs, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Framheim, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11

  Franklin, Sir John, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Franz Josef Land, ref 1, ref 2

  Fullerton, Elmer G., ref 1, ref 2

  Fuecht, Karl, ref 1

  Gade, Fredrik Herman, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Geographical Congress, ref 1

  Gjøa, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24

  Gjoa Haven (modern Canadian

  village), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Gjøahavn (Amundsen’s overwintering site), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Godhavn, Greenland, ref 1, ref 2

  Great Depression, ref 1

  Haakon VII, King (of Norway), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Hammer, Haakon H., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Hansen, Godfred, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Hanssen, Helmer, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21

  Hardangervidda, ref 1

  Hassel, Sverre, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Heimdal, ref 1

  Helland-Hansen, Bjorn

  Hellig-Olav, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Hensley, William, ref 1

  Herschel Island, ref 1

  Hindenburg, ref 1

  Hinlopen Strait, ref 1

  Hobby, ref 1

  Holst, Villhelm, ref 1

  Horgen, Emil, ref 1

  Italia (airship), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Jackson, Frederick, ref 1

  Jensen, Christian, ref 1

  Johansen, Hjalmar, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Josephine Ford, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Kakonita. See Amundsen, Kakonita

  Keedick, Lee, ref 1

  Keltie, J. Scott, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Kings Bay, Spitsbergen, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  King Edward VII Land, ref 1, ref 2

  Knutsen, Paul, ref 1, ref 2

  Kolyma River, ref 1

  Kotzebue Bay, Alaska, ref 1

  Lauger, Rainer K., ref 1

  Lindstrøm, Adolf Henrik, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17

 
Lund, Anton, ref 1

  Lund, Reidar, ref 1

  Magids, Bess, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Magids, Sam, ref 1, ref 2

  Markham, Sir Clements, ref 1

  Maud, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15

  Maud, Queen (Norway), ref 1

  McMurdo Sound, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Mogg, Captain William, ref 1

  Mussolini, Benito, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12

  Nansen, Fridtjof, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24, ref 25, ref 26, ref 27, ref 28, ref 29, ref 30, ref 31, ref 32, ref 33, ref 34, ref 35, ref 36

  Naulty, Edwin Fairfax, ref 1

  National Geographical Society, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Netsilik Inuit (a.k.a. Netsilingmiut, “the people of the ringed seal”), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Neumayer, Georg, ref 1, ref 2

  Nilsen, Thorvald, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Nimrod, ref 1, ref 2

  Nobile, Umberto

  early career, ref 1, ref 2

  flight and crash of the Italia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  design of the Norge, ref 1

  lecture tour of the U.S., ref 1, ref 2

  meets Amundsen and Riiser-Larsen, ref 1, ref 2

  Norge expedition, ref 1, ref 2

  quarrel with Amundsen, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Nome, Alaska, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11

  Nordenskiöld, Erik Adolf, ref 1, ref 2

  Norge (airship), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11

  Norway, national independence, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  North Pole, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24, ref 25, ref 26, ref 27, ref 28, ref 29

  North Magnetic Pole, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Northwest Passage, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22

  Norwegian Aero Club, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9