The Last Viking
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Norwegian Aeronautical Association, ref 1, ref 2
Olonkin, Gennadij, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Omdal, Oscar, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, ref 1
Oscar, king of Sweden, ref 1, ref 2
Oslo (“Christiania” before 1925), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24
Panama Canal, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Peary, Robert Edwin, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21
Petersen, Fredrik, ref 1
Polar Legion, ref 1
Polheim, ref 1, ref 2
Ponting, Herbert, ref 1
Prestrud, Kristian, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Ptolemy, Claudius, ref 1
Queen Maud Range, ref 1, ref 2
Rasmussen, Knud, ref 1
Rae, John, ref 1
Riiser-Larsen, Hjalmar, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22
Ristvedt, Peder, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Rønne, Martin, ref 1
Roosevelt, Theodore, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Ross, James Clark, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Ross, John, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Royal Geographical Society, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13
San Francisco, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Scott, Kathleen, ref 1
Scott, Robert Falcon, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24, ref 25
death, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Scurvy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12
Seattle, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17
Shackleton, Ernest, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11
Shirase, Nobu, ref 1, ref 2
Ski touring, ref 1
South Pole, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24
South Pole Day, ref 1
Spitsbergen, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12
Steen, Aksel, ref 1, ref 2
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, ref 1
Stubberud, Jørgen, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Sundbeck, Knut, ref 1
Sverdrup, Harald, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10
Sverdrup, Otto, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Sverre, Johann, ref 1
Teller, Alaska, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Terra Nova, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Tessem, Peter, ref 1, ref 2
Thommessen, Rolf, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Times of London, ref 1, ref 2
Titanic, ref 1
Transantarctic Mountains, ref 1
Tromsø, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11
United States Exploring Expedition, ref 1
Uranienborg, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20
Urdahl, Laurentius, ref 1
Vadsø, ref 1
Vancouver, George, ref 1
Wainwright, Alaska, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Whymper, Edward, ref 1
Wiik, Gustav Juel, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Wilhelm II, Kaiser (Germany), ref 1, ref 2
Wilkes, Charles, ref 1, ref 2
Wilkins, George Hubert, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Wilson, Woodrow, ref 1
Wisting, Oscar, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17
Woodhouse, Henry, ref 1
World War I, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Wright, Orville and Wilbur, ref 1
Yenisei River, ref 1
Younghusband, Francis, ref 1
Yukon River, ref 1, ref 2
Zapffe, Fritz, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
1. Roald Amundsen as a boy in Christiania, circa 1875.
2. Portrait of Amundsen as a youth, showing how he wanted to be known, an intrepid adventurer, rather than how he was.
3. Amundsen and Hanssen learning from the Inuit, preparing for their first dog sled foray in the winter of 1903/1904.
4. The remnants of practice snow houses litter the ground surrounding the Gjoa, the evidence of Amundsen’s labor.
5. A Netsilingmiut Inuit family lounges inside a snow house, circa 1904.
6. A Netsilingmiut Inuit family readies for travel; note the baby carried on the woman’s back.
7. Young visitors to Gjoa Haven. Amundsen encouraged the people to visit him at the Gjoa so that he could learn Arctic survival and travel skills.
8. The crew of the Gjoa pose in Nome, Alaska, after their successful navigation of the Northwest Passage, 1906.
9. Dancing with the dogs aboard the Fram, 1910. During the voyage south from Norway to Antarctica the dogs had the run of the ship and the attention of the crew. They all knew their failure or success would depend upon the health of the dogs.
10. Framheim snowed-in. The explorers dug tunnels through the snow and constructed several storage and workrooms from the snow. They also held contests to encourage each other to venture outside.
11. The Fram at the ice edge, ready to unload cargo for the expedition before sailing for Argentina.
12. Amundsen and crew working on equipment in the kitchen of Framheim, 1911.
13. Bjaaland, Prestrud, and Wisting packing sledges for the great trip in one of Framheim’s underground snow rooms.
14. Four exhausted explorers stare at the flag they had planted at the South Pole, December 1911.
15. Helmer Hanssen and his dog team pose for a photo at the South Pole, an unremarkable patch of snow.
16. Amundsen and crew posing on the Fram’s deck in Hobart, March 1912, before announcing their news to the world.
17. This formal portrait of Amundsen, circa 1918, shows the classic profile of “the White Eagle of Norway.”
18. Amundsen’s custom built ship, the Maud, in Christiania fjord soon after it was launched, 1918.
19. Reading in the cabin of the Maud along the Northeast Passage
20. Amundsen feeding his pet polar bear Marie along the Northeast Passage in the winter of 1920.
21. Amundsen, looking relaxed at the helm of the Maud, Nome, Alaska, 1920.
22. Amundsen, Kakonita and Camilla in Seattle. It must have been a culture shock for the two girls who had never been away from their tiny Arctic communities before, and who were about to visit New York and cross the Atlantic by steamship to Norway.
23. The fuselage of N25 being unloaded from the transport ship Hobby onto the ice at Kings Bay, May 1925.
24. The flying boats being assembled on the frozen rim of Kings Bay. Note the open cockpits, the lack of landing gear, and the mighty engine on the wings above.
25. Amundsen looking cool, leaning against the side of his plane before the flight.
26. Amundsen, Ellsworth being drawn through the crowd-lined streets of Oslo in celebration, July 5, 1925.
27. Umberto Nobile,
displaying his customary smug expression, and his pet dog Titina, the first dog to reach the North Pole.
28. The Norge leaving Leningrad for Norway, note the men outside tending the engines. The Italian members of the crew had never seen snow before.
29. The Norge is hauled from its green canvas hangar in Kings Bay on May, 11, 1926, in preparation for its historic flight. The mighty open-roofed shed was constructed at great expense with imported materials in the month before the flight.
30. The Norge deflating in Teller, Alaska. Amundsen and Ellsworth went on to Nome while Nobile remained to pack up the damaged airship, May 1926.
31. Amundsen and Ellsworth posing in celebration after the pioneering flight that disproved the existence of land surrounding the North Pole.
32. The leaders of the Norge expedition, Amundsen, Ellsworth, Nobile (seated) and Riiser-Larsen (far left), posing for a photo as they cruised south to Seattle, June 1926. The relaxed atmosphere conveyed in the photo belied the undercurrents of disgruntlement, frustration and distrust that soon erupted into a bitter public feud.
About the Author
Stephen R. Bown is the author of several critically acclaimed, award-winning books on the history of exploration, science, and ideas. These include Merchant Kings: When Companies Ruled the World, 1600–1900; Madness, Betrayal and the Lash: The Epic Voyage of Captain George Vancouver; and Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner, and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail. The Globe and Mail has called him “Canada’s Simon Winchester.” Bown lives with his wife and two children in the Canadian Rockies.
Author website: www.stephenrbown.net
Author Facebook page: www.facebook.com/srbown
Copyright
First published in 2012
by Aurum Press Ltd, 7 Greenland Street, London NW1 0ND
First published in the United States by Da Capo Press in 2012
This eBook edition first published in 2012
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