The Monks of War

by Desmond Seward

  LIZERAND, G., Le Dossier de l'Affaire des Templiers (Paris 1923).

  MICHELET, J., Procès des Templiers, 2 vols. (Paris 1841–51).

  UPTON-WARD, J. (trans.), The Rule of the Templars: the French text of the Rule of the Order of Knights Templar (London 1992).

  TEUTONIC KNIGHTS

  BITSCHIN, CONRAD, 'Chronica Terrae Prussiae', S.R.P., vol. III.

  BLUMENAUE, L., 'Historia de Ordine Theutonicorum Cruciferorum', S.R.P., vol. IV.

  Chronicon Equestris Ordinis Teutonici (Netherlands 1738).

  Das grosse Amterbuch des Deutschen Ordens (Danzig 1921).

  DUELLIUS, E., Debita seu statuta Equitum Theutonicorum (1724).

  'Historia Brevis Magistrorum Ordinis Theutonici Generalium ad Martinum Truchses continuata', S.R.P.., vol. IV.

  DUSBURG, PETRUS VON, 'Chronica Terre Prussie', S.R.P., vol. I.

  —, Chronicon Prussiae . . . cum incerti auctoria continuatione usque ad annum MCCCCXXXV (Frankfurt and Leipzig 1679).

  MARTIN, K., Minnesänger (Baden-Baden 1953) – illuminated miniatures from the Manessa Codex.

  PERLBACH, M., Statuten des Deutschen Ordens (Halle 1890).

  PUSILGE, JOHANN VON, 'Annalista Thorunensis', S.R.P., vol. III.

  STREHLKE E., Tabulae Ordinis Teutonici (Berlin 1869).

  WAL, G. DE, Histoire de I'Ordre Teutonique, 8 vols. (Paris and Rheims 1784–9°) .

  2. Other Contemporary Sources

  AYALA, P. LOPEZ DE, Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla, 2 vols. (Madrid 1778–80).

  BORCH, M. J., Lettres sur la Sicile et sur l'Isle de Malte (Turin 1782).

  BRANTOME, P. DE BÔURDEILLE DE, Les Vies des Hommes Illustres et Grands Capitaines estrangers de son temps (Amsterdam 1665).

  —, Les Vies des Hommes Illustres et Grands Capitaines François de son temps, 4 vols. (Amsterdam 1666).

  BRYDONE, P., A Tour through Sicily and Malta (London 1773).

  CELLINI, B., The Memoirs of Benvenuto Cellini (Oxford University Press 1961).

  CHARTRES, FULCHER OF, 'Historia Hierosolymitana. Gesta Francorum Iherusalem peregrinantium', R.H.C. oc. 3.

  DICETO, RALPH DE, 'Ymagines Historiarium', The Historical Works of Master Ralph de Diceto, Dean of London, ed. W. Stubbs, 2 vols. (Rolls Series, London 1876).

  HILL, ROSALIND (ed.), Gesta Francorum (Nelson 1962).

  HORSEY, J., The Travels of Sir Jerome Horsey, Kt., ed. A. Bond (Hakluyt Soc. 1856).

  IBELIN, JEAN D', 'Le Livre du Jean d'lbelin', R.H.C. Lois. I.

  JOINVILLE, J. DE, Histoire de Saint Louis, ed. N. de Wailly (Paris 1874); trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (Penguin 1963).

  LELEWEL, J. (ed.), Guillebert de Lannoy et ses voyages en 1413, 1414 et 1421 (Brussels 1844).

  MARIANA, J. DE, Historiae de rebus Hispaniae (Toledo 1592–1610), trans. John Stevens, The General History of Spain (London 1699).

  MONTLUC, B. DE LASSERAN-MASSENCOME DE, Commentaires de Messire de Monluc, 2 vols. (Lyons 1593), trans. C. Cotton, The Commentaries of Messire Blaize de Montluc (London 1674).

  PARIS, MATTHEW, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard, 7 vols. (Rolls Series, London 1872–83).

  STUBBS, W. (ed.), 'Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi', Memorials of the Reign of Richard I (Rolls Series, London 1869).

  VILLEHARDOUIN, G. DE, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. E. Faral, 2 vols. (Paris 1938–9), trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (Penguin 1963).

  VITRY, JACQUES DE, Historia orientalis seu Hierosolymitana, ed. J. Bongars (Hannau 1611).

  3. Later Sources and Studies of the Orders

  ALCÁNTARA

  O'CALLAGHAN, J. F., 'The Foundation of the Order of Alcántara', Catholic Historical Review, vol. 47 (1961–2).

  S. PEDRO, M. MÚÑOZ DE, Don Gutierre de Sotomayor, Maestre de Alcántara (Caceres 1949).

  AVIZ

  OLIVIERIA, M. DE, 'A Milicia de Evora e a Ordem de Calatrava', Lusitania Sacra I (1956).

  CALATRAVA

  GUTTON, F., L'Ordre de Calatrava, Commission de l'ordre de Cîteaux, P. Lethellieux (Paris 1955).

  O'CALLAGHAN, J. F., 'The Affiliation of the Order of Calatrava with Cîteaux', Analecta Sacri Ordinis Cisterciensis, vols. 15 and 16 (1959–60).

  —, 'Don Pedro Girón, Master of the Order of Calatrava 1445–66', Hispania, vol. 21 (1961–2).

  CONSTANTINIAN ST GEORGE

  SEWARD, D., Italy's Knights of St George: the Constantinian Order (Gerrards Cross 1986).

  GENERAL

  BRASIER, L., and BRUNET, J., Les Ordres Portugaises (Paris 1898).

  CLINCHAMPS, G. DU PUY DE, La Chevalerie (Paris 1961).

  COCHERIL, M. M., 'Essai sur l'Origine des Ordres Militaires dans la Péninsule Ibérique', Collectanea ordinis Cisterciensium Reformatorum, vols. 20 and 21 (1958–9).

  Encyclopaedia Britannica: articles on Order of St John of Jerusalem, Teutonic Knights and Templars.

  FOREY, A., The Military Orders from the twelfth to the early fourteenth century (London 1992).

  Grande Enciclopedia Portuguesa e Brasileira: articles on Alcántara, Aviz, Calatrava, Order of Christ, Santiago, etc.

  LLAMAZARES, J. FERNANDEZ, Historia Compendiada de las Cuatres Órdenes Militares (Madrid 1862).

  LOMAX, B. W., The Reconquest of Spain (London 1978).

  MACKAY, A., Spain and the Middle Ages (London 1977).

  NICHOLSON, H., Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights: Images of the Military Orders (Leicester 1994).

  SALLES, F. DE, Ordres Religieux de Chevaliers, 2 vols. (Paris 1887–9).

  MALTA

  BASCAPE, G. C, L'Ordine di Malta e gli Ordini Equestri della Chiesa nella Storia e nel Diritto (Milan 1940).

  BELABRE, F. DE, Rhodes of the Knights (Oxford 1908).

  BERTINI FRASSONI, C. A., Il Sovrano Militare Ordine di S. Giovanni di Gerusalemme, detto di Malta (Rome 1929).

  BOISGELIN, P. M. C. DE, Ancient and Modern Malta and the History of the Knights of Jerusalem (London 1805).

  BOUHOURS, A., The Life of the renowned Peter d'Aubusson (London 1679).

  BRADFORD, E., The Great Siege (Hodder & Stoughton 1961).

  BREMOND D'ARS, A. DE, Le Chevalier de Téméricourt (Paris 1904).

  CAMPO BELLO, CONDE DE, A Soberan Militar Ordem de Malta e a sua acção em Portugal (Lisbon 1931).

  CAVALIERO, R., The Last of the Crusaders (Hollis & Carter 1960).

  CHAFFANJON, A., and GALLIMARD FLAVIGNY, B., Ordres et Contres-Ordres de Chevalerie (Paris 1982).

  DAUBER, R., Die Marine des Johanniter-Malteser-Ritterordens (Vienna 1989).

  DELAVILLE LE ROULX, J., Les Hospitaliers en Terre Sainte et à Chypre (1100–1310) (Paris 1904).

  —, Les Hospitaliers à Rhodes jusqu'à la mort de Phillibert de Naillac (1310–1421) (Paris 1913).

  —, La France en Orient au XlVe siècle. Expéditions du Maréchal Boucicaut, 2 vols. (Paris 1885–6).

  —, Mélanges sur l'ordre de St Jean de Jérusalem (Paris 1910).

  DESCHAMPS, P., Les Châteaux des croisés en Terre Sainte. Le Crac des Chevaliers (Paris 1934).

  DUCAUD-BOURGET, F., The Spiritual Heritage of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (Vatican City 1958).

  EASSON, D. E., Mediaeval Religious Houses – Scotland (Longmans, Green 1957)

  FIGUERIDO, J. A., Nova Historia da Miltar Ordem de Malta . . . en Portugal (Lisbon 1800)

  GABRIEL, A., La Cité de Rhodes (Paris 1921 and 1922).

  GAEA, M., German Knights of Malta (Valetta 1986).

  GATTINI, M., I Priorati, i baliaggi e le commende del Sovrano Militare Ordine di San Giovanni nelle provincie meridionali d'Italia (Rome 1928).

  HERQUET, K., Juan Ferrandez [sic] de Heredia, Grossmeister des Johanniterordens (1337–99) (Mulhausen i. Th. 1878).

  HUMPHREY-SMITH, C, Hugh Revel, Master of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem 1258–1277 (Chichester 1994).

  JURIEN DE LA GRAVIERE, J. E., Les Chevaliers de Malte et la Marine de Philippe II (Paris 1887).

  KING, E. J
., The Knights Hospitallers in the Holy Land (Methuen 1931).

  KING, E. J. and LUKE, H., The Knights of St John in the British Realm (St John's Gate 1967).

  KNOWLES, D. and HADCOCK, R. N., Mediaeval Religious Houses – England and Wales (Longmans, Green 1953).

  LACROIX, A., Déodat de Dolomieu (Paris 1921).

  LAVIGERIE, O., L'Ordre de Malte depuis la Revolution Française (Paris 1889).

  LUTTRELL, A., 'The Aragonese Crown and the Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes 1291–1350', English Historical Review, vol. 76 (1961).

  —, 'Jean and Simon de Hesdin – Hospitaller Theologians', Recherches de Théologie Ancienne et Mediévale, vol. 31 (1964).

  —, The Hospitallers in Cyprus, Rhodes, Greece and the West 1291–1440 (London 1978).

  —, Latin Greece, the Hospitallers and the Crusades 1291–1440 (London 1982).

  MIFSUD, H., Knights Hospitallers of the Venerable Tongue of England in Malta (Malta 1914).

  LA VARENDE, J., Touwille et son Temps (Paris 1943).

  L'Ordre Souverain, militaire et hospitalier de Saint Jean de Jérusalem, de Rhodes et de Malte (Paris 1963).

  MICHEL DE PIERREDON, COUNT G., Histoire Politique de l'Ordre Souverain de Saint-Jean de Jerusalem (Ordre de Malte) de 1789 à 1955, 3 vols. (Paris 1956–90).

  PORTER, W., History of the Knights of Malta (London 1858).

  PROKOPOWSKI, C, L'Ordre Souverain et Militaire Jérosolymitain de Malte (Vatican 1950).

  RILEY-SMITH, J., The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, 1050–1310 (Macmillan 1967).

  ROSSI, E., Storia della Marina dell'Ordine di S. Giovanni di Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta (Rome 1926).

  SAINTY, G. S., The Orders of St John (New York 1991).

  SCHERMERHORN, E. W., Malta of the Knights (Heinemann 1929).

  —, On the Trail of the Eight-Pointed Cross (New York 1940).

  SCICLUNA, H. P., The Church of St John in Valetta (Rome 1955).

  SIRE, H. J. A

  ., The Knights of Malta (Yale University Press 1994). SPAGNOLETT, A., Aristocrazie e Ordine di Malta nell'Italia Moderna (Rome 1988).

  TAAFFE, J., History of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (London 1852).

  WIENAND, A. (ed.), Der Johanniterorden, Der Malteserorden (Cologne 1988).

  SANTIAGO

  LOMAX, D. W., La Orden de Santiago, MCLXX–MCCLXXV (Madrid 1965).

  —, 'The Order of Santiago and the Kings of León', Hispania vol. 18 (1958).

  MONTHERLANT, H. DE, Le Maître de Santiago (Paris 1947).

  ST LAZARUS

  CIBRARIO, G. A. L., Précis historique des Ordres Religieux et militaires de S. Lazare et de S. Maurice avant et après leur reunion, trans. H. Ferrand (Lyons 1860).

  GRASSIERE, P. BERTRAND DE LA, Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitallers de Saint Lazare (Paris 1932).

  —, L'Ordre Militaire et Hospitalier de Saint-Lazare de Jerusalem (Paris 1960). 'The Hospital of Burton Lazars', Victoria County History: 'Leicestershire', vol. 2 (Oxford University Press 1954).

  NICHOLS, J., History of the County and Antiquities of Leicestershire, 2 vols. (London 1795).

  'The Preceptory of Locko', Victoria County History: 'Derbyshire', vol. 2 (Constable 1907).

  Regi magistrali provvedimenti relativi all'ordine dei santi Maurizio e Lazzoro (Turin 1855).

  ST THOMAS

  FOREY, A., 'The Military Order of St Thomas of Acon', in English Historical Review xciii (1977).

  'St Thomas of Acon', Victoria County History: 'London', vol. 1 (Constable 19O9).

  STUBBS, W., The Mediaeval Kingdoms of Cyprus and Armenia (Oxford 1878).

  WATNEY, J., Some Account of the Hospital of St Thomas Acon in the Cheap, London, and of the Plate of the Mercers' Company (London 1892).

  SWORDBRETHREN

  BLOMBERG, C. J. VON, An Account of Livonia with a Relation of the Rise, Progress and Decay of the Marian Teutonick Order (London 1701).

  BUNGE, F. G. VON, 'Der Orden der Schwertbrüder', Baltische Geschichtstudien (Leipzig 1875).

  HERDER, J. G., Der Orden Schwertbrüder (Cologne 1965).

  LEVENCLAVIUS,JOHANNES, 'DeMoscovitarium bellisadversusfinitimos gestis', H.R.S.E., vol. 1.

  SCHURZFLEISCH, H., Historia Ensiferorum Ordinis Teutonici Livonorum (Wittemberg 1701).

  TEMPLARS

  ADDISON, C. G., The Knights Templars (London 1842).

  BARBER, M., The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge 1978).

  —, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge 1993).

  BORDONOVE, G., Les Templiers (Paris 1963).

  BOUYER, L., The Cistercian Heritage (Mowbray 1958).

  CAMPBELL, G. A., The Knights Templars (Duckworth 1937).

  DESSUBRE, M., Bibliographic de l'Ordre des Templiers (Paris 1928).

  EDWARDS, J., 'The Templars in Scotland in the thirteenth century', Scottish Historical Review, V, no. 17 (October 1907).

  FINKE, H., Papstumm und Untergang des Templerordens (Munster 1907).

  LIZERAND, G., Jacques de Malay (Paris 1928).

  MARTIN, E. J., The Trial of the Templars (Allen & Unwin 1928).

  MELVILLE, M., La Vie des Templiers (Paris 1951).

  OURSEL, R., Le Procès des Templiers (Paris 1955).

  PARKER, T. W., The Knights Templars in England (Tucson 1963).

  PIQUET, J., Les Banquiers du Moyen ge: Les Templiers (Paris 1939).

  PRUTZ, H., Entwicklung und Untergang des Tempelherrenordens (Berlin 1888).

  SCHOTTMUELLER, K., Der Untergang des Templer-Ordens, 2 vols. (Berlin 1887).

  SIMON, E., The Piebald Standard (Cassell 1959).

  TEUTONIC KNIGHTS

  BOOCKMANN H., Der Deutsche Orden (Munich 1981).

  BOSWELL, A. B., 'The Teutonic Order', Cambridge Mediaeval History, vol. VII (1932).

  CARSTEN, F. J., The Origins of Prussia (Oxford University Press 1954).

  CHRISTIANSEN, E., The Northern Crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525 (Macmillan 1980).

  FABRICIUS, DYONISIUS, 'Livonicae Historiae Compendiosa series', S.R.L., vol. II.

  HALECKI, O., Borderlands of Western Civilisation (New York 1952).

  KOCH, H . W., History of Prussia (Longmans 1978).

  LAVISSE, E., 'Chevaliers Teutoniques', Revue des Deux Mondes, vol. 32 (1879).

  MICKIEWICZ, A., Konrad Walenrod (California 1925).

  SALLES, F. DE, Ordres Religieux de Chevalerie, 2 vols. (Paris 1887–9).

  SCHUMACHER, E., Die Burgen in Preussen und Livland (1962).

  SIENKIEWICZ, H., The Teutonic Knights (trans, ed., London 1943).

  TREITSCHKE, H. VON, Das deutsche Ordensland Preussen (Leipzig 1915); trans. E. and C. Paul, Treitschke's Origins of Prussianism (Allen & Unwin 1942).

  TUMLER, P. M., Der Deutsche Orden im Werden, Wachsen und Wirken bis um 1400 (Vienna 1955).

  VOIGT, J., Geschichte Preussens, 9 vols. (Koenigsberg 1827–39).

  VOIGHT, J., Geschichte des deutschen Ritterordens in seinen zwölf Balleien in Deutschland, 2 vols. (Berlin 1857–9).

  WAL, G. DE, Recherches sur l'ancienne constitution de l'Ordre Teutonique (Mergentheim 1807).

  WIESER, K. (ed.), Acht Jahrhunderte Deutscher Orden (Bad Godesberg 1967).

  * The Franks called them 'Hermins' and their country of Cilicia 'Erminie'.

  * 'Magister Militum Templi' – it is perhaps significant that 'Magister Militum' had been the title of the Commander-in-Chief of the later Roman Empire.

  * Professor Rilcy-Smith believes that the tradition of a Basilian rule may stem from the fact that a considerable number of the Order's first brethren were Greek-rite Italians – many names from southern Italy are found witnessing the earliest known charters of St Lazarus.

  * See Chapter 5, 'The Crusade on the Baltic'.

  * Fra' Nicholas Roberts's rendering of his outlandish name – see p. 263.

  * I must thank Dom Alberic Stacpoole for this analysis of strategy and tactics.

  * For the last twenty years of Outremer we are la
rgely dependent on the Chronicle of the Templar of Tyre (in the 'Gestes des Chyprois'). Its author was probably Gerard de Montreal who belonged to the Palestinian gentry and was not a Templar but merely 'ecrivain sarrasinois' or Arabic secretary to Master Guillaume de Beaujeu.

  * Israeli archaeologists have disproved an impression, based on contemporary chronicles, that Acre was completely destroyed; almost a third of the crusader city remains, including the Hospitaller refectory and several streets in the Genoese quarter. I owe this information to Professor Riley-Smith.

  * The Spittler's headquarters would later be at Elbing at the mouth of the Vistula – the modern Elblag – in western Prussia.

  * Oddly enough, Hitler's Wolfschanz, from where he directed his own Drang nach Osten, was near the site of the Teutonic Order's Komturei of Rastenburg.

  * Conrad Bitschin was so heartbroken that he composed a lament filling nearly a page of his chronicle and entitled 'Exclamacio dolorosa contra maliciam Hussitorum'.

  † A work which would one day have great influence on Martin Luther.

  *The enthusiastic author of the near contemporary 'Historia Brevis Magistrorum Ordinis Theutonici . . .' calls Heinrich 'alter Hector et Achilles'.

  * Westphalians continued to dominate the Order, even during this period. One of the last Landmeisters was Heinrich von Galen, whose family also provided a Prince-Bishop of Munster and, in our own day, Cardinal Count Clemens von Galen, Bishop of Munster, notable for his defiance of the Nazi regime.

  * Chastity was interpreted as 'coniugal castidad': the Rule comments that 'It is a better thing to marry than to be burnt in the flames'. (Clause I.)

  † The Rule states that 'The intention of all shall be to defend the Church of God, in order to give souls to Jesus Christ and to go against the Moors not for plunder but for the increase of the Faith of God'. (Clause 34.)

  * In 1221 King Fernando ordered that Monfrac – the rump of Montjoie – should be incorporated with Calatrava.

  * At the Chapter of 1259 Santiago reserved castellanries for freyles of noble blood, limited profession to candidates of knightly birth and reserved many privileges to brethren – lay and clerical – of knightly birth. Lomax (op. cit., p. 88) believes that before this date many freyles caballeros must have been of plebeian origin.