Empires at War
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25. Bradfield, Fort William Henry, p. 39.
26. Ian Steele, Guerrillas and Grenadiers (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1969), p. 69. For a view more sympathetic to Bigot, see DCB, 4:59-71.
27. F. W Burton, "The Wheat Supply of New France," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd series, vol. 30, section 2 (May 1986): 142; Edward P. Hamiliton, ed., Adventure in the Wilderness, The American Journals of Louis Antoine Bougainville, 1756—1760 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), pp. 86-87.
28. Hamilton, Adventure in the Wilderness, p. 86.
29. M. de Vaudreuil to the keeper of the seals, April 22, 1757, NYCD, 10:542-48; attack on Fort William Henry, 1757, NYCD, 10:544-46; M. de Montcalm to Count d'Argenson, April 24, 1757, NYCD, 10:547-50; Guy Fregault, Canada: The War ofthe Conquest, trans. Margaret M. Cameron (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 151; Steele, Betrayals, pp. 75—77.
30. Hamilton, Adventure in the Wilderness, p. 5.
31. Loudoun to Cumberland, August 29, 1756, Pargellis, Military Affairs, p. 233; Cumberland to Loudoun, December 2, 1756, Pargellis, Military Affairs, pp. 258-57-, Loudoun to Cumberland, November 22, 1756, concluded at New York, December 26, 1756, Pargellis, Military Affairs, pp. 263—80; Evan Charteris, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and the Seven Years War (London: Hutchinson, 1925), p. 205.
32. NYCD, 10:555.
33. "Considerations Offered by [?1 Upon a Scheme for Attacking Louisbourg and Quebec, 1757," Pargellis, Military Affairs, pp. 294-98, n. i; quoted in Pargellis, Lord Loudoun in North America, p. 232.
34. Sherrard, Lord Chatham, p. 194;Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Second, 3:20, Richard Middleton, The Bells of Victory: Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years War, 1757-1762, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 14-15.
35. Rogers, Empire and Liberty, pp. 94-97.
36. Thomas Mante, The History of the Late War in North America (London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1772), p. 101.
37. Pargellis, Lord Loudoun in North America, p. 240.
38. Loudoun to Cumberland, August 6, 1757, Pargellis, Military Affairs, pp. 391—92.
39. DNB, 9:253.
40. Pargellis, Lord Loudoun in North America, p. 242m J. S. McLennan, Louisbourg from Its Foundation to Its Fall, 1713-1758 (Halifax: Book Room, 1959), pp. 208-4.
41. The failure to take Louisbourg was compounded when en route home Holbourne's fleet ran into a hurricane. Half of his ships suffered serious damage, and one was lost.
42. Loudoun to Cumberland, October 2, 1756, Pargellis, Military Affairs, p. 285? Cumberland to Loudoun, December 2, 1756, Pargellis, Military Affairs, p. 254.
43. Notebook of French siege of Fort William Henry, July 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 1757. Microfilm reel A573, CA.
44. Hamilton, Adventure in the Wilderness, p. 104; D. Peter MacLeod, The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years War (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 97-98.
45. M. de Vaudreuil to M. de Moras, June 1, 1757, NYCD, 10:565-66.
46. Hamilton, Adventure in the Wilderness, pp. 142—43. MacLeod, Canadian Iroquois, pp. 98—118; Steele, Betrayals, pp. 87-90; JR 70:119-29. For a discussion about torture, see Nathaniel Knowles, "The Torture of Captives by the Indians of Eastern North America," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 82 (1940) 1151—225;
47. JR 70:113—27; Hamilton, Adventure in the Wilderness, p. 155.
48. Journal of Joseph Fry (transcript), Francis Parkman Papers, 43:137—53, MHS; Fry to Thomas Hubbard, Albany, August 16, 1757, Parkman Papers, 42:154-56.
49. Steele, Betrayals, p. 99.
50. Montcalm to Monro, August 7, 1757, Parkman Papers, 42:140-41.
51. Hamilton, Adventure in the Wilderness, pp. 159—60.
52. Quoted in Steele, Betrayals, p. 100.
53. G. Bartman, aide-de-camp, to Monro, August 4, 1757 (transcript), Parkman Papers, 42:143-44.
54. Hamilton, Adventure in the Wilderness, pp. 166—67.
55. Ibid., p. 170; Steele, Betrayals, p. 108.
56. "Articles of Capitulation," (transcript), Parkman Papers, 42:148—50.
57. Hamilton, Adventure in the Wilderness, p. 170.
58. JR 70:179.
59. Quoted in Steele, Betrayals, p. 122.
60. Montcalm to Brigadier General Webb, August 4, 1757, NYCD, 10.618.
7. Ticonderoga
Epigraph. Stanley M. Pargellis, ed., Military Affairs in North America, 1748—1765 (New York: D. Appleton Century, 1936), p. 420.
1. Basil Williams, The Life of William Pitt, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1913), 1:337.
2. Quoted in Evan Charteris, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and the Seven Years War (London: Hutchinson, n.d.), p. 253.
3. Ibid., p. 273.
4. Ibid., p. 283.
5. Ibid., pp. 274-317; Richard Middleton, "A Reinforcement for North America, Summer 1757," Bulletin of the Institute for Historical Research 41 (1960): 58.
6. Quoted in Geoffrey Marcus, Quiberon Bay: The Campaign in Home Waters (London: Hollis and Carter, 1960), p. 17.
7. DNB, 11:1121.
8. Ibid., 503—8; O. A. Sherrard, Lord Chatham: Pitt and the Seven Years War (London: Bodley Head, 1955), p. 210.
9. Stephen F. Gradish, The Manning of the British Navy During the Seven Years War (London: Royal Historical Society, 1980), 7n; Herbert W. Richmond, "The Influence of Seapower on the Struggle with France in North America and India," National Review 75 (1920): 397—411. Although much respected for his prowess as a seaman, Anson had a reputation for political naivete. His contemporary remarked that "Lord Anson [was] so ignorant of the world that he had been round it, but never in it." Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Second, 3 vols. (London: Henry Colburn, 1846), 1 : 194.
10. Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Second, 2:263.
11. H. C. B. Rogers, The British Army of the Eighteenth Century (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1977), pp. 129—30.
12. Although it is published somewhat later, Israel Mauduit, Considerations on the Present German War (London: J. Wilkie, 1760) provides a summary and critique of Pitt's strategy.
13. Jeremy Black and Philip Woodfine, eds., The British Navy and the Use of British Naval Power in the Eighteenth Century (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1989), p. 189; Rogers, BritishArmy, p. 130.
14. Rogers, British Army, p. 130.
15. Marcus, Quiberon Bay, p. 21.
16. Julian S. Corbett, England in the Seven Years War, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1907), 1:192; David Syrett, "The Methodology of British Amphibious Operations Duringthe Seven Years and American Wars," Mariner's Mirror 58 (1972): 270—71.
17. Corbett, England in the Seven Years War, 1:200.
18. Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Second, 3:46.
19. Middleton, "A Reinforcement for North America," p. 59.
20. James Wolfe to Henrietta Wolfe, September 17, 1757, CA microfilm reel A-575.
21. Wolfe to Edward Wolfe, September 21, 1757, Robert Wright, The Life of Maj-Gen James Wolfe, 2 vols. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1864), 2:382.
22. Wolfe to William Rickson, Blackheath, November 5, 1757, ibid., 2:896—97.
23. DNB, 13:856.
24. Stanley Ayling, The Elder Pitt (New York: David McKay, 1976), p. 215; Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign, of King George the Second, 3:74—79.
25. Pitt to the governors of Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, December 30, 1757, Gertrude Selwyn Kimball, ed., Correspondence of William Pitt with Colonial Governors and Naval Commissioners in North America, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1906), 1:136.
26. François Mario Arouet Voltaire, Candide. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin, 1999), Chapter xxiii.
27. Quoted in Guy Fregault, War of the Conquest (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 161.
28. Mere la Grange de St. Louis to Pere de Lounay, S.J., Quebec, October 10, 1757, Gerald Kelly, "Thy Hand Shal
l Lead Me: The Story of Esther Wheelwright," Gerald Kelly Research Materials, MHS; M. Montcalm to M. de Paulmy (minister of war), September 18, 1757, NYCD, 10:685-40; Guy Fregault, François Bigot, 2 vols. (Montreal: Guerin, 1948), 2:226—33.
29. D. Peter MacLeod, "Microbes and Muskets: Smallpox and the Participation of the Amerindian Allies of New France in the Seven Years War," Ethnohistory 39 (winter 1992): 42-52.
30. Quoted in D. Peter MacLeod, The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years War (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1996), p. 117.
31. Edward P. Hamilton, ed., Adventure in the Wilderness: The American Journal of Louis Antoine Bougainville, 1756-60 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), p. 192.
32.M. de Montcalm to M. de Moras, Quebec, February 19, 1758, NYCD, 10:686.
33. In a coded message to Paulmy, February 23, 1758, Montreal, ibid., 10:691, Montcalm confided, "Notwithstanding our success, peace is desirable for New France or Canada, which must be reduced in the long run, considering the number of English and the difficulty of transporting provisions and reinforcements."
34. Quoted in Fregault, War of the Conquest, p. 228.
35. Quoted in Stanley M. Pargellis, Lord Loudoun in North America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1933), p. 344.
36. Pitt to Loudoun, December 30, 1757, Kimball, ed., Correspondence of William Pitt, 1:133—34; Pitt to Abercromby, Whitehall, December 30, 1757, ibid., 1:184-35; John Shy, "James Abercromby and the Campaign of 1758," M.A. thesis, University of Vermont, 1957, pp. 6—11.
37. Loudoun to Cumberland, October 2, 1756, Pargellis, Military Affairs, p. 285.
38. Kimball, Correspondence of William Pitt, i:133—53.
39. Captain Hugh Arnot to Loudoun, August 1, 1758, Nicholas Westbrook, ed., "'Like Roaring Lions Breaking from Their Chains,' The Highland Regiment at Ticonderoga," Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum 16 (1998): 28.
40. Daniel P. Marston, "Swift and Bold: The 60th Regiment and Warfare in North America," M. A. thesis, McGill University, 1997, pp. 28-87-, King L. Parker, "The Influence of Warfare in Colonial America on the Development of British Light Infantry;" Anglo-American Wilderness Campaigning, 1754—1764: Logistical and Tactical Developments," Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1970, pp. 171—72 and Rogers, The British Army, pp. 71—72.
41. Loudoun to Pitt, February 14, 1758, Parkman Papers, MHS, 42:212-20.
42. James is sometimes confused with his son John, who also served in North America.
43. William Eyre to Robert Napier, Lake George, 10 July 1758, Pargellis, Military Affairs in North America, p. 420.
44. Joshua Loringto James Rivers May 31, 1758, quoted in Shy, "Abercromby," pp. 74-75.
45. Arnot to Loudoun, August 1, 1758, Westbrook, "Like Roaring Lions," pp. 34—35; "Extracts from Captain Montgomery's Orderly Book, Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum 12 (1970): 328-57, 439-40.
46. DCB, 3:399-400.
47. The Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum is an indispensable source for the history surrounding Fort Ticonderoga. For the battle, see also: NYCD, 10:719—817; William Eyre to Robert Napier, Lake George, July 10, 1758, Pargellis, Military Affairs, pp. 418—22; Hamilton, Adventure in the Wilderness, pp. 228—35; "Montcalm's Correspondence," Dominion of Canada, Report of the Public Archives for the Year 192, 9 (Ottawa: F. A. Acland, 1980), pp. 72—77; Timothy Todish, ed., Journals of Major Robert Rogers. (Fleishmanns, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 2002), pp. 117—29; Rene Chartrand, Ticonderoga (London: Osprey, 2000); Ian McCulloch, " 'Like Roaring Lions Breaking from Their Chains': The Battle of Ticonderoga." Donald E. Graves, ed., Fighting for Canada Seven Battles, 1758-1945 (Toronto: Robin Brass, 2000), pp. 23-80; Marston, "Swift and Bold," pp. 47-52.
48. Captain Alexander Monypenny to John Calcraft, July 11, 1758, in McCulloch, "Like Roaring Lions," p. 4, 1; Frank B. Wickes, "Lord Howe," New York State Historical Association Proceedings 10 (1911): 238.
49. Eyre to Napier, Lake George, July 10, 1758, Pargellis, Military Affairs, p. 418.
50. Lawrence W. Lande, Montcalm Before and During the Siege of Quebec: A Monograph (Montreal: M. Lande, 1986), p. 56.
51. List and composition of the French army, July 8, 1758, Hamilton, Adventure in the Wilderness, pp. 23l-32.
52. Abercromby to Pitt July 12, 1758; Kimball, Correspondence of William Pitt i:299-300.
53. Eyre to Napier July 10, 1758, Pargellis, Military Affairs, p. 420.
54. Westbrook, "Like Roaring Lions," p. 41.
55. Journal of Abiel Spicer, Russell P. Bellico, ed., Chronicles of Lake George: Journeys in War and Peace (Fleischmanns, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 1995), p. 101.
56. Anonymous to Dr. Peter Middleton, July 10, 1758, Charles E. Lart, ed., "Eyewitness Accounts of the British Repulse at Ticonderoga," Canadian Historical Review 2 (1921): 36i-62.
57. Loudoun to Cumberland, November 22, 1756, December 26, 1756, Pargellis, Military Affairs, p. 264.
58. Westbrook, "Like Roaring Lions," p. 45.
59. H. R. Casgrain, ed., Journal Du Marquis De Montcalm (Quebec: L. J. Demers and Frere, 1895), p. 462.
60. Quoted in Francis Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe (Boston: Little, Brown, 1897), p. 186.
61. Gilbert Parker and Claude G. Bryan, Old Quebec (New York: Macmillan, 1903), p. 261.
62. McCulloch, "Like Roaring Lions," p. 75.
8. Duquesne and Louisbourg
Epigraph. Alfred P. James, ed., Writings of General John Forbes (Menasha, Wise.: Collegiate Press, 1938), p. 262.
1. Montcalm to Madame la Marquise de St. Veran at Montpelier, Carillon, July 14, 1758. Dominion of Canada, Report of the Public Archives for the Year 1929 (Ottawa: F. A. Acland, 1980), p. 72.
2. M. Doreil to Marshal de Belle Isle, August 31, 1758. NYCD, 10:819-20.
3. Abercromby to Pitt, July 12, 1758, Gertrude S. Kimball, ed., Correspondence of William Pitt, 2 vols. (NewYork: Macmillan, 1906), 1:300.
4. Ian McCulloch, " 'Believe Us, Sir, This Will Impress Few People!' Spin-Doctoring, 18th Century Style," Bulletin ofthe Fort Ticonderoga Museum 16 (i998):92—107.
5. Eyre to Robert Napier, July 10, 1758, Stanley M. Pargellis, ed., Military Affairs in North America, 1748-1765 (NewYork: D. Appleton Century, 1936), pp. 418-22.
6. Frederick A. Rahmer, Dash to Frontenac (Albany: Holland Patent, 1973), p. 14.
7. John Bradstreet, An Impartial Account of Lieut. Col. Bradstreet's Expedition to Fort Frontenac (London: Printed for T. Wilcox, 1759), p. 2.
8. Abercromby to Pitt, August 19, 1758, Kimball, Correspondence of William Pitt, i:323—24; Francis Parkman Papers, 42:258-71, MHS.
9. Bradstreet, An Impartial Account, p. 128.
10. "A Journal of the Expedition Against Fort Frontenac in 1758 by Lieut. Benjamin Bass," Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association 16 (1985):450.
11. Lieutenant Archibald McCauley to Captain Horatio Gates, Frontenac, August 30, 1758 (transcript), Parkman Papers, 42:272-78; Bradstreet to Abercromby, Frontenac, September 10, 1758 (transcript), ibid., 42:274-75. Fred Anderson, A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), pp. 157-58. Guy Fregault, Canada: The War of the Conquest (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 222.
12. Vaudreuil to Massiac, September 2, 1758, NYCD, 10:822.
13. Sylvester K. Stevens, Donald H. Kent, and Emma E. Woods, eds., Travels in New France by J. C. B. (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1941), p. 103.
14. Forbes to Abercromby, April 20, 1758, Alfred P. James, Writings of General John Forbes, p. 65; King L. Parker, "Anglo-American Wilderness Campaigning, 1754-1764: Logistical and Tactical Developments." Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1970, pp. 252—65.
15. Forbes to Abercromby, May 21, 1758, James, Writings of General John Forbes, p. 69.
16. Forbes to John Stanwix, May 29, 1758, ibid., p. 102.
17. Helen Jackson, ed., "Selections from the Correspondence of Colonel Henry Bouquet, 1757-1764," Pennsylvania Magazine
of 'History and Biography32 (1908): 433; George Washington to John Stanwix, Fort Loudoun, April 10, 1758, W. W. Abbot, ed., The Papers of George Washington (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1988), 5:117—20; Douglas S. Freeman, George Washington: A Biography, 7 vols. (New York: Charles Scribners's Sons, 1948), 2:305—21.
18. Quoted in Freeman, George Washington, 2:827.
19. Washington to Francis Halkett, August 2, 1758, Abbot, Papers of George Washington, 5:861.
20. John Forbes to William Pitt, September 6, 1758, Parkman Papers, 42:276—81.
21. Forbes to Peters, August 28, 1758, Alfred P. James, ed., "Letters of John Forbes," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 32 (1908):90.