Empires at War

by Jr. , William M. Fowler

  22. For a description and analysis of the complicated negotiating patterns in Pennsylvania, see James H. Merrill, Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier, passim (New York: Norton, 1999); Francis Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York: Norton), pp. 249—848, is, as usual, very direct in his opinions.

  23. Jennings, Empire of Fortune, p. 384.

  24. Anthony F. C. Wallace, King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung, 1700—1763 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949).

  25. Ibid., pp. 18—30.

  26. Forbes to Pitt, September 6, 1758, Kimball, Correspondence of William Pitt, 1:338-43; Forbes to Pitt, October 20, 1758, ibid., 1:370—75; Jennings, Empire of Fortune, pp. 396—403.

  27. Bouquets activities can be followed in Sylvester K. Stevens, Donald H. Kent, and Emma E. Wood, eds., The Papers of Colonel Henry Bouquet, Series 21643, 21652, 21653 (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1940). Parker, "Logistical and Tactical Developments," p. 277.

  28. Washington to Francis Fauquier, September 28, 1758, Abbot, Papers of George Washington, 6:52—58; Forbes to Richard Peters (n.d), Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 33 (i909):9i—94; Forbes to Bouquet, September 23, 1758, James, Writings of General John Forbes, p. 220.

  29. Colonel Adam Stephen to Colonel Henry Bouquet, September 15, 1758, Stevens and Kent, Papers of Colonel Henry Bouquet, series 21643, p. 173.

  30. James Grant to John Forbes, September 14, 1758, Stevens, Kent, and Woods, Papers of Colonel Henry Bouquet, series 21652, pp. 130—35; Thomas Mante, The History of the Late War in North America (London: W. Strahan, 1772), pp. 156—57.

  31. Colonel James Burd to Colonel Henry Bouquet, October 12, 1758, Stevens, Kent, and Woods, Papers of Colonel Henry Bouquet, series 21643, p. 189; Burd to Bouquet, October 13, 1758, ibid, p. 190.

  32. Orderly book, Loyal Hannon, October 31, 1758, Abbot, Papers of George Washington, 6:101n; Forbes to Abercromby, Loyal Hanning, November 17, 1758, James, Writings of General John Forbes, pp.

  33. Initially, Forbes renamed Loyal Hannon Pittsburgh, but after the fall of Duquesne he used the minister's name for that post. Abbot, Papers of George Washington, 6:137n.

  34. Questions and answers about Fort Ligonier, November 16, 1758, Stevens, Kent, and Woods, Papers of Colonel Bouquet, series 21643, pp. 196—97.

  35. Forbes to Abercromby and Amherst, Fort Duquesne, November 26, 1758, James, Writings of General John Forbes, pp. 262-64; Bouquet to the duke of Portland, December 3, 1758, Stevens, Kent, and Woods, Papers of Colonel Henry Bouquet, series 21652, pp. 148—44.

  36. Lawrence Shaw Mayo, Jeffrey Amherst, a Biography (London: Longmans, Green, 1916), pp. 12-14.

  37. Pitt to Abercromby, January 27, 1758, Kimball, Correspondence of William Pitt, 1:167-69; Pitt to General Lawrence, January 27, 1758, Kimball, ibid., 1:169-170; Pitt to Admiral Boscawen, February 2, 1758, ibid., 1 : 176; Pitt to Boscawen, February 3, 1758, ibid., 1:180.

  38. Mayo,Amherst, p. 55.

  39. Wolfe to Lord George Sackville, February 7, 1758, Beckles Willson, The Life and Letters of James Wolfe (NewYork: Dodd Mead, 1909), p. 358.

  40. John B. Brebner, New England's Outpost Acadia Before the Conquest of Canada (New York: Columbia University Press, 1927), p. 209.

  41. J. S. McLennan, Louisbourg, from Its Foundation to Its Fall (Halifax: Book Room, 1979), p. 236. For a general overview, see Andrew Peter Podolsky, "Site of Imagination: The Fortress at Louisbourg and Stories of Empire," Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 1998.

  42. DCB, 3; 71-74.

  43. Estimates vary. See: Rene Chartrand, Louisbourg, 1758 (Oxford: Osprey, 2000), pp. 39-42; William Wood, ed., Logs of the Conquest of Canada (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1909), pp. 64—65; McLennan, Louisbourg, p. 279n.

  44. Julian S. Corbett, England in the Seven Years War, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1907), 1:256—60; Richard Middleton, The Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 66—67.

  45. McLennan, Louisbourg, p. 267.

  46. Clarence Webster, ed., The Journal of Jeffrey Amherst (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1981), pp. 33-46; Amherst to Pitt, March 30, 1758, Kimball, Correspondence of William Pitt, 1:219.

  47. Journal of David Gordon, CA microfilm A-575; "Log of HMS Namur," Wood, The Logs of the Conquest, p. 167; Arthur G. Doughty, ed., Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America by Captain John Knox, 3 vols. (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1914), 1 : 179; Webster, Journal of Jeffrey Amherst, pp.

  48—44-48. "Journal of an Expedition Against Louisbourg," The Northcliffe Collection (Ottawa: F. A. Acland, 1926), p. 90.

  49. Ibid., p. 91. Webster, Journal of Jeffrey Amherst, pp. 47-48.

  50. McLennan, Louisbourg, p. 247.

  51. The daily operations of the siege can be followed in "Journal of an Expedition Against Louis­bourg" and Webster, Journal of Jeffrey Amherst.

  52. McLennan, Louisbourg, p. 276.

  53. "Articles of Capitulation," Northcliffe Collection, pp. 87—88.

  54. Amherst to Wolfe, August 6, 1758, William Stanhope Taylor and Captain John Henry Pringle, eds., Correspondence of William Pitt, 4 vols. (London-, John Murray, 1840), 1:330—32; Webster, Journal of Jeffrey Amherst, p. 74.

  55. Captain Thomas Bell, "Journal of the Gaspee Expedition and Other Matters," CA microfilm A 578; Journal of George Williamson, CA microfilm A 578; Wolfe to Edward Wolfe, August 21, 1758, Robert Wright, The Life of Maj-Gen James Wolfe, 2 vols. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1864), 2:455; Wolfe to Amherst, September 30, 1758, ibid., 2:456—58. Amherst ordered a similar expedition to ravage the St. John River area. "Nova Scotia Maj. Morris Report," Aspinwall Papers, Collections of the MHS, 4thseries (Boston: MHS, 1871), 9:222-38.

  56. Bell, "Journal."

  57. Wolfe to Amherst, September 30, 1758, CA add. ms. copy 12845.

  9. Quebec Besieged

  Epigraph: Beckles Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe (New York: Dodd Mead, 1909), p. 453.

  1. Wolfe to William Rickson, December 1, 1758. Robert Wright, The Life of Maj-Gen James Wolfe, 2 vols. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1864), 1:466. During the summer of 1758 Pitt had decided to dispatch additional troops, including cavalry, to Germany. Richard Middleton, The Bells of Victory: ThePitt-Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years War, 1757—1762, (Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 1985), pp. 74-75.

  2. This is the distance from Cap de la Madeleine to Quebec City.

  3. In April Quebec's average high temperature is fifty-one degrees Fahrenheit; the average low is thirty-five degrees. In October the average high is fifty-four degrees Fahrenheit; the average low is thirty-nine degrees.

  4. Gerald S. Graham, ed., The Walker Expedition to Quebec, 1711 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1953).

  5. Reed Browning, "The Duke of Newcastle and the Financing of the Seven Years War," Journal of Economic History 32, 1 (1971):362, 371, 374—77.

  6. Wolfe to Pitt, November 22, 1758, William Stanhope Taylor and Captain John Pringle, eds., Correspondence of William Pitt, 4 vols. (London: John Murray, 1840), 1:870.

  7. Wolfe to Amherst, December 29, 1758, Richard Middleton, ed., Amherst and the Conquest of Canada. (London: Army Records Society, 2003), pp. 9—10.

  8. Wolfe to Pitt, December 24, 1758, Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe, p. 407.

  9. Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Second, 3 vols. (London: Henry Colburn, i846), 3:231.

  10. Wolfe to Henrietta Wolfe, January 25, 1759, Wright, Life of Maj-Gen James Wolfe, 2:414? A. G. Bradley, Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966), pp. 29—82.

  11. Quoted in Stuart Reid, Quebec, 1759 (Oxford: Osprey, 2003), p. 10.

  12. Quoted in Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe, p. 411.

  13. Wright, Life of Maj-Gen James Wolfe, 2:614; Ian McCulloch, "Pratfalls on the Paths to Glory," Beaver (December 1993
-January 1994):14-19; Richard Middleton, The Bells of Victory, p. 103; Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Second, 3:230.

  14. DCB, 4:569-70.

  15. Ibid., 4:772-73.

  16. Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe, p. 359.

  17. Whitworth A. Porter, A History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1899), 1:190; report on Quebec by Major Patrick Mackellar, Arthur G. Doughty, ed., An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America by Captain John Knox, 3 vols. (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1914—16), 3:151—60.

  18. "Secret Instructions of George II to General Wolfe with Respect to the Conduct of the Expedition, February 5, 1759," Northcliffe Collection (Ottawa: F. A. Acland, 1926), pp. 131-32; Arthur G. Doughty, ed., Siege of Quebec and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, 6 vols. (Quebec: Dussault and Proulx, 1901—2), 1:95, 97, 99.

  19. Wolfe to Amherst, March 6, 1759, Middleton, Amherst and the Conquest of Canada, pp. 27-28.

  20. Murray to Amherst, March 18, 1759, CAadd. ms. copy 12845.

  21. Wolfe to Amherst, May 1, 1759, CA add. ms. copy 12845; Wolfe to Amherst, May 11, 1759, ibid.

  22. J. C. Beaglehole, The Life of Captain James Cook (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), pp. 40-51.

  23. Wolfe to Amherst, May 1, 1759, CAadd. ms. copy 12845.

  24. Edward P. Hamilton, ed., Adventure in the Wilderness: The American Journals of Louis Antoine Bougainville, 1756—1760 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), p. 824.

  25. Tabular transcription of Wolfe's journal, CA MG 18, L5, vol. 5; Doughty, An Historical Journal, 1:849-50.

  26. Wolfe to Pitt, May 1, 1759, Taylor and Pringle, eds., Correspondence of William Pitt, 1:406.

  27. Doughty, An Historical Journal, 1:349—50.

  28. Ibid., 1:353.

  29. Log of HMS Lowestoft, William Wood, ed., The Logs ofthe Conquest of Canada (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1909), p. 233.

  30. H. R. Casgrain, ed., Journal du Marquis De Montcalm (Quebec: L. J. Demers and Freres, 1895), P-558.

  31. "Minute Respecting the Promotion of M. de Montcalm, January 25, 1759," NYCD, 10:940.

  32. Narrative of the siege of Quebec, ibid., 10:993-1001; Colin G. Calloway, The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600-1800. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), p. 172; Northcliffe Collection, p. 135; D. Peter MacLeod, The Canadian Iroquis and the Seven Years War (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1996), p. 131; Memoires sur la defense de Quebec par le Marquis de Montcalm," Doughty, An Historical Journal, 3:179-83.

  33. Hamilton, Adventure in the Wilderness, p. 323.

  34. An Authentic Plan of the River St. Lawrence (London: Thomas Jeffreys, 1759) and A Plan of Quebec (London: E. Oakley, 1759); Sylvester K. Stevens, Donald H. Kent, and Emma E. Wood, Travels in New France byj. C. B. (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1941), pp. 9—14.

  35. Northcliffe Collection, pp. 209—14; Rene Chartrand, Quebec, 1759 (Oxford: Osprey, 1999), pp. 65-74; W. J. Eccles and Susan L. Laskin, "The Battles for Quebec, 1759 and 1760," Historical Atlas of Canada, 3 vols. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), 1: plate 43.

  36. Journal of the Siege of Quebec, Northcliffe Collection, pp. 228-27.

  37. Wolfe to Edward Wolfe, September 4, 1756, Wright, Life of Maj-Gen James Wolfe, 2:324.

  38. Order, July 5, 1759, Doughty, An Historical Journal, 1:398-488; orders, July 27, 1759, CA micro-film A-575.

  39. Quoted in Guy Fregault, Canada: The War of the Conquest, trans. Margaret M. Cameron (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 250.

  40. Wood, Logs of the Conquest of Canada, pp. 147-48.

  41. Wolfe to Montcalm, July 28, 1759, Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe, p. 453.

  42. Reid, Quebec, p. 34.

  43. Wolfe to Pitt, September 2, 1759, Gertrude S. Kimball, ed., Correspondence of William Pitt, 2 vols. (NewYork: Macmillan, 1906), 2:153.

  44. Doughty, An Historical Journal, 1:451—52.

  45. Wolfe's journal of the Quebec expedition, July 31, 1759 CA MG18, L5, vol. 5.

  46. Quoted in Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe, p. 459.

  47. Wolfe to mother, August 31, 1759, Wright, The Life of Maj-Gen James Wolfe, 2:553.

  48. Order to Murray, August 4, 1759, Doughty, ed., An Historical Journal, 2:9-10.

  49. Journal of the siege of Fort Niagara, NYCD, 10:979.

  50. Quoted in Brian L. Dunnigan, "Vauban in the Wilderness, the Siege of Fort Niagara," Niagara Frontier, 21 (1974)142; Dunnigan, Siege-The 1759 Campaign Against Niagara (Youngstowm Old Fort Niagara Association, 1996), pp. 11-22; M. Pouchot, Memoir Upon the Late War in North America, translated and edited by Franklin B. Hough, 2 vols. (Roxbury: W. Elliot Woodward, 1866), 2:160-206.

  10. The Fall of Quebec

  Epigraphs. W. J. Eccles and Susan L. Laskin, "The Battle of Quebec September 13, 1759," Historical Atlas of Canada, 3 vols. (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1987), vol.1, plate 43. Beckles Willson, The Life and Letters of James Wolfe (New York: Dodd Mead, 1909), p. 469.

  1. Montcalm to Bougainville, July 21, 1759, Lawrence Lande, Montcalm Before and Duringthe Siege of Quebec (Montreal: L. M. Lande, 1986), p. 28; H. R. Casgrain, ed., Journal du Marquis De Montcalm (Quebec: L. J. Demers et Frere, 1895), pp. 579-80.

  2. Saunders's movements are detailed in William Wood, ed., The Logs of the Conquest of Canada (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1909), pp. 203-322.

  3. Wolfe to brigadiers, August 29, 1759, CAadd. ms copy 32895; Arthur G. Doughty, ed., An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, 3 vols. (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1914), 2:3.

  4. Nathaniel Cotton to George Grenville, August 27, 1759, CA MG18, L5, vol. 4; Northcliffe Collection (Ottawa: F. A. Acland, 1926), pp. 140—41.

  5. Casgrain, Journal du Marquis De Montcalm, p. 598.

  6. Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe, p. 464.

  7. Wolfe to Saunders, September 2, 1759, Robert Wright, The Life of Maj-Gen James Wolfe. 2 vols. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1864), 2:549.

  8. Orders, Camp at Montmorency, August 1, 1759, Doughty, An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, 2:47m Wright, Life of Maj-Gen James Wolfe, 2:544-45.

  9. Brigadiers to Wolfe, August 29, 1759, Wright, Life of Maj-Gen James Wolfe, 2:545—46.

  10. Quoted in Stuart Reid, Quebec, 1759 (Oxford: Osprey, 2003), p. 48.

  11. Wolfe to Henrietta Wolfe, August 13, 1759, Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe, pp. 468-69.

  12. David Syrett, "The Methodology of British Amphibious Operations During the Seven Years War," Mariner's Mirror 58 (1972):269.

  13. Montcalm to Bougainville, September 5, 1759, Northcliffe Collection, p. 433.

  14. Nathaniel Cotton to George Grenville, August 27, 1759, Wood, Logs of the Conquest of Canada, p.230.

  15. History and folklore have conspired to produce numerous stories about how Wolfe "discovered" this path. In fact, after weeks of reconnaissance, the path was obvious; the French had posted a guard at the top of the path. W J. Eccles, "The Battle of Quebec: A Reappraisal," French Colonial Historical Society Proceedings 3 (1978): 72—78.

  16. Northcliffe Collection, p. 143.

  17. Brigadiers Monckton, Townshend, and Murray to Wolfe, September 12, 1759, CA add. ms. copy 32895.

  18. Wolfe to Monckton, September 12, 1759, ibid.

  19. Wolfe to Townshend, September 12, 1759, ibid.

  20. Daniel W. Olson et al, "Perfect Tide, Ideal Moon: An Unappreciated Aspect of Wolfe's Generalship at Quebec, 1759," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 59 (2002): 957-74.

  21. He was also the brother of Captain Richard Howe, the commander of Dunkirk.

  22. A number of quotes have been attributed to Wolfe and his officers before and during the battle. This particular version is in Christopher Hibbert, Wolfe at Quebec (New York: Cooper Square Press, 1987), pp. 135-36. Simon Schama, Dead Certainties (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), pp. 17-39.

  23. Doughty, An Historical Journal, 2:96.

  24.
DCB, 4:249.

  25. Quoted in Rene Chartrand, Quebec 1759 (Oxford: Osprey, 1999), p. 86.

  26. Chartrand, Quebec, 1759, pp. 86-87.

  27. Quotes from the battlefield abound in a wide variety of sources. For a summary of them see Simon Schama, Dead Certainties, pp. 328-331.

  28. "Colonel George Williamson to Lt. Gen Commander Ordnance [n.d.]," CA MG 18, L5, vol. 5.

  29. The details and ceremony surrounding the surrender are described in Doughty, An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, 2,: 128-184.

  11. The Year of Great Victories

  Epigraphs. Gazette de France, quoted in Guy Fregault, Canada: The War of the Conquest (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 257.